The United States Agency for International Development (AID), in joint collaboration with the Government of India (GOI), supported a research and development program in Alternate Energy Resources during the period March 1983 to June 1987. The primary emphasis of this program was to develop new and advanced coal and biomass conversion technologies for the efficient utilization of coal and biomass feedstocks in India. This final ''summary'' report is divided into two volumes. This Report, Volume I, covers the program overview and coal projects and Volume II summarizes the accomplishments of the biomass projects. The six projects selected in the area of coal were: Evaluation of the Freeboard Performance in a Fluidized-Bed Combustor; Scale-up of AFBC boilers; Rheology, Stability and Combustion of Coal-Water Slurries; Beneficiation of Fine Coal in Dense Medium Cyclones; Hot Gas Cleanup and Separation; and Cold Gas Cleanup and Separation.

IDA is a beam transport line calculation program which runs interactively on an IBM PC computer. It can be used for a large fraction of the usual calculations done for beam transport systems or periods of accelerators or storage rings. Because of the interactive screen editor nature of the data input, this program permits one to rather quickly arrive at general properties of a beam line or an accelerator period.

This document defines the top level requirements of potential users of a space based nuclear electric power supply. This provides the SP-100 Project and information required to design the modular (10-1000 KWe) space power systems to meet the needs of most potential users.

During the first year of its research program, the Consortium for Fossil Fuel Liquefaction Science has made significant progress in many areas of coal liquefaction and coal structure research. Research topics for which substantial progress has been made include integrated coal structure and liquefaction studies, investigation of differential liquefaction processes, development and application of sophisticated techniques for structural analysis, computer analysis of multivariate data, biodesulfurization of coal, catalysis studies, co-processing of coal and crude oil, coal dissolution and extraction processes, coal depolymerization, determination of the liquefaction characteristics of many US coals for use in a liquefaction database, and completion of a retrospective technology assessment for direct coal liquefaction. These and related topics are discussed in considerably more detail in the remainder of this report. Individual projects are processed separately for the data base.

The electronic excitation cross sections leading to H/sub 2/(v'') molecules are discussed. The effect of shortening the length of the first chamber of a tandem configuration for the purpose of reducing the atomic concentration is shown to enhance the extracted current density.

In the US the evolution of automated decision support tools for plant operators has spanned from ''event-oriented'' diagnostic systems to ''symptom-oriented'' computer-based emergency operating procedures. A problem common to both kind of systems is in the initial level of effort required for development of the associated models and software. In the following we will discuss some of the general issues that arise in the development and application of these decision-support systems. We will also propose and discuss an approach founded on the application of an event diagnosis and plant stabilization philosophy. This approach is based on the use of logic flowgraph process-oriented models - arranged in a modular architecture and developed with the aid of an expert-system model builder - as a possible means of achieving the development of an automated and integrated plant management system. This approach should allow the developer to achieve a high process recovery and management capability with a focused and controlled expenditure of development time and resources.

The Oak Ridge Research Reactor (ORR) was constructed in the mid 1950s. Since it is an older facility, the issue of life-limiting conditions or material deterioration resulting from prolonged exposure to the normal operating environment is an item that should be addressed in the safety analysis for the ORR. Life-limiting conditions were considered in the original design of ORR; but due to the limited data that were available at that time on material performance in research reactors, various studies were completed during the first 10 years of operation at ORR to verify the applicable life-limiting parameters. Based on today's knowledge of life limiting conditions and the previous 30 years of operating experience at the ORR facility, the three specific areas of concern are addressed in this supplement: (1) embrittlement of the structures due to radiation damage, which is described in Section 2; (2) fatigue due to the effects of both thermal cycling and vibration, which is addressed in Section 3; and (3) the effects of corrosion on the integrity of the primary system, which is described in Section 4. The purpose of this document is to provide a review of the applicable safety studies which have been performed, and to …

This disposal concept is based on the Tumulus design developed by the French at the La Manche facility. Waste units are stacked above-grade on a concrete pad. The facility currently under development at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) involves sealing waste in concrete vaults, placing the vaults on a grade level concrete pad, and covering the pad and vaults with a soil cover after vault emplacement is complete. Emplacement is expected to continue until the facility exhausts its approximate 800 m/sup 3/ (28,000 ft/sup 3/) capacity. The facility incorporates engineered barriers to radionuclide migration; a monitoring system to ensure barrier performance; and a newly developed set of Demonstration Waste Acceptance Criteria to reduce the likelihood of groundwater contamination.

This report provides a detailed account of a two year chronic inhalation study of methyl bromide toxicity in B6C3Fl mice conducted for the National Toxicology Program. Mice were randomized into three dose groups (10, 33 and 100 ppm methyl bromide) and one control group (0 ppm) per sex and exposed 5 days/week, 6 hours/day, for a total of 103 weeks. Endpoints included body weight; clinical signs and mortality, and at 6, 15 and 24 months of exposure, animals were sacrificed for organ weights, hematology and histopathology. In addition, a subgroup of animals in each dosage group was monitored for neurobehavioral and neuropathological changes. After only 20 weeks of exposure, 48% of the males and 12% of the females in the 100 ppm group had died. Exposures were terminated in that group and the surviving mice were observed for the duration of the study. Exposure of B6C3Fl mice to methyl bromide, even for only 20 weeks, produced significant changes in growth rate, mortality, organ weights and neurobehavioral functioning. These changes occurred in both males and females, but were more pronounced in males.

The nuclear reactor industry has been in a state of decline for more than a decade in most of the world. The reasons are numerous and often unique to the energy situation of individual countries. Two commonly cited issues influence decisions relating to construction of reactors: costs and the need, or lack thereof, for additional generating capacity. Public concern has ''politicized'' the nuclear industry in many non-communist countries, causing a profound effect on the economics of the option. The nuclear installations and future plans are reviewed on a country-by-country basis for 36 countries in the light of the resources and objectives of each. Because oil and gas for power production throughout the world are being phased out as much as possible, coal-fired generation currently tends to be the chosen alternative to nuclear power production. Exceptions occur in many of the less developed countries that collectively have a very limited operating experience with nuclear reactors. The Chernobyl accident in the USSR alarmed the public; however, national strategies and plans to build reactors have not changed markedly in the interim. Assuming that the next decade of nuclear power generation is uneventful, additional electrical demand would cause the nuclear power industry to experience …

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is an ideal engine power source for manned spacecraft to Mars because of its inherently high power-to-mass ratios and high specific impulses. We have produced a concept for a vehicle powered by ICF and utilizing a magnetic thrust chamber to avoid plasma thermalization with wall structures and the resultant degradation of specific impulse that are unavoidable with the use of mechanical thrust chambers. This vehicle is capable of 100-day manned Mars missions with a 100-metric-ton payload and a total vehicle launch mass near 6000 metric tons, based on advanced technology assumed to be available by A.D. 2020. Such short-duration missions minimize radiation exposures and physiological deterioration of astronauts.

Using Wallace's analysis for steady weak shocks, this paper establishes for Cu, Ur, and 6061T6Al an approximate relations between the shock strength and the maximum deviatoric stress, tau/sub m/, and plastic strain at tau/sub m/. In addition it is shown that the plastic strain rate is very nearly proportional to the total normal strain rate at tau/sub m/. These results and the universal shock strength/strain rate relation of Swegle and Grady are used to draw conclusions about the general plasticity constitutive relation.

As part of the Solid Waste Storage Area (SWSA) 6 remedial investigation activities, surface seismic refraction surveys will be conducted to characterize the thickness of the soil/saprolite horizon (Boegly et al. 1985). The primary advantage of the seismic method is the ability to detect sudden changes in bedrock topography in regions with insufficient borehole data. The lateral resolution capability offered by the seismic refraction method is highly desirable to properly characterize the thickness of the soil/saprolite horizon. This progress report presents a project design for this activity and documents investigations that have been accomplished to complete this project. Data acquisition is expected to be completed during FY-87.

As part of the Solid Waste Storage Area (SWSA) 6 remedial investigation activities, surface seismic refraction surveys will be conducted to characterize the thickness of the soil/saprolite horizon (Boegly et al. 1985). The primary advantage of the seismic method is the ability to detect sudden changes in bedrock topography in regions with insufficient borehole data. The lateral resolution capability offered by the seismic refraction method is highly desirable to properly characterize the thickness of the soil/saprolite horizon. This progress report presents a project design for this activity and documents investigations that have been accomplished to complete this project. Data acquisition is expected to be completed during FY-87.

Theoretical discussions of the propagation of pulses of laser radiation through atomic or molecular vapor rely on a number of traditional approximations for idealizing the radiation and the molecules, and for quantifying their mutual interaction by various equations of propagation (for the radiation) and excitation (for the molecules). In treating short-pulse phenomena it is essential to consider coherent excitation phenomena of the sort that is manifest in Rabi oscillations of atomic or molecular populations. Such processes are not adequately treated by rate equations for excitation nor by rate equations for radiation. As part of a more comprehensive treatment of the coupled equations that describe propagation of short pulses, this memo presents background discussion of the equations that describe the field. This memo discusses the origin, in Maxwell's equations, of the wave equation used in the description of pulse propagation. It notes the separation into lamellar and solenoidal (or longitudinal and transverse) and positive and negative frequency parts. It mentions the possibility of separating the polarization field into linear and nonlinear parts, in order to define a susceptibility or index of refraction and, from these, a phase and group velocity. The memo discusses various ways of characterizing the polarization characteristics of …

A coupled channel analysis has been carried out using amplitudes of the K/sub s//sup 0/K/sub s//sup 0/ system produced in the reaction ..pi../sup -/p ..-->.. K/sub s//sup 0/K/sub s//sup 0/n at 22 Gev/c, which contained about 40,000 events in the low-t region (absolute value of t-tmin < 0.1 Gev/sup 2/). The I/sup G/ = 0/sup +/, J/sup PC/ = 0/sup + +/, 2/sup + +/, 4/sup + +/ amplitudes from this analysis is considered, together with available data from other experiments in channels with the same quantum numbers in order to determine which 0/sup + +/ and 2/sup + +/ isoscalar mesons have significant pseudoscalar-pseudoscalar couplings. It is found that we need one pole for the 4/sup + +/ amplitudes while the 2/sup + +/ needs five poles and the 0/sup + +/ needs 7 poles.

New results are presented from analyses of several mesonic and baryonic states containing one or more strange quarks. The data are taken from a high statistics (4 events/nb) study of K p interactions at 11 GeV/c carried out in the LASS Spectrometer at SLAC. New information is reported on the underlying K* states and also evidence for selective coupling of K eta to the K*'s; on the strangeonium members of the axial vector nonets in the K anti K channel; and on evidence for an * state.

A large cantilevered mirror was constructed to focus the vertical divergence from a synchrotron radiation source. The advantages of this mirror are its compactness, simple bending device, simplicity of construction, and good thermal contact to structures outside the vacuum. The central portion of the mirror is supported with variable loading springs to reduce gravitational sag. The figure and thermal stability of the mirror have proven to be excellent, though the focusing is limited by the roughness of the mirror-surface. This paper describes the design, construction, and performance of the mirror.

This memo presents basic background theory for treating simultaneous propagation of electromagnetic pulses of various colors, directed along a common ray, through a molecular vapor. The memo discusses some techniques for expanding the positive frequency part of the transverse electric field into pulse modes, characterized by carrier frequencies within a modulated envelope. We discuss, in the approximation of plane waves with slowly varying envelopes, a set of uncoupled envelope equations in which a polarization mode-envelope acts as a source for an electric-field envelope. These equations, when taken with a prescription for the polarization field, are the basic equations of plane-wave pulse propagation through a molecular medium. We discuss two ways of treating dispersive media, one based upon expansions in the frequency domain and the other based in the time domain. In both cases we find envelope equations that involve group velocities. This memo represents a portion of a more extensive treatment of propagation to be presented separately. Many of the equations presented here have been described in various books and articles. They are collected and described here as a summary and review of contemporary theory.

A partial wave analysis of high statistics data collected by AGS Experiment No. 771 in reaction ..pi../sup -/p ..-->.. K/sup +/ anti K/sub S/..pi../sup -/ + n shows evidence for a 1/sup + +/ and a 0/sup - +/ state in the 1280 MeV region, a 0/sup - +/ state in the 1420 MeV region and a 1/sup + +/ state in the 1500 MeV region. Preliminary data from reaction K/sup -/p ..-->.. K/sup +/ anti K/sub S/..pi../sup -/ + X are presented.

The objective of this project is to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the convective heat transfer process in complex, unsteady turbulent reacting flows, typical of those which occur in internal combustion engines. The specific area of research will be the representation of heat transfer in detailed multi-dimensional Navier-Stokes models, and modeling of turbulent transport mechanisms. The detailed tasks will include a review of relevant prior work. Based on this review, and original work done under this contract, several modeling approaches will be formulated and further studied and tested. The tests will be carried out on flow cases which have relevance to engine flows, and for which reliable experimental data exist. Such data will be sought and identified. The analytical studies will lead to the determination of the best modeling approaches to be used for heat transfer simulation in internal combustion engines. Following that, a detailed study will be carried out of spatial and temporal heat flux distribution in a representative engine. This will be complemented by a parametric study of engine heat transfer dependence on intake flow details, combustion chamber geometry, engine speed and engine load.

An aluminum button and plate were yielded to compare the experimental and calculated button to plate stress ratios. Using the fact that compressive stress is directly proportional to area and load, the calculated button to plate stress ratio is equal to the plate to button area ratio for a constant load. The loads that caused the button and plate to yield were estimated from a load test cell graph obtained from the materials testing facility. The button was simply compressed, but the plate was compressed with a steel cylinder of the same diameter as the aluminum button. The experimental and calculated stress ratios for the button and plate are the same within experimental error. The equation for the plate bearing area is therefore correct.

Quarks are considered to be the basic constituents of matter. In a series of recent experiments, Carroll studied exclusive reactions as a means of determining the interactions between quarks. Quantum Chromo-dynamics (QCD) is the modern theory of the interaction of quarks. This theory explains how quarks are held together via the strong interaction in particles known as hadrons. Hadrons consisting of three quarks are called baryons. Hadrons made up of a quark and an antiquark are called mesons. In his lecture, Carroll describes what happens when two hadrons collide and scatter to large angles. The violence of the collision causes the gluons that bind the quarks in a particular hadron to temporarily lose their grip on particular quarks. Quarks scramble toward renewed unity with other quarks, and they undergo rearrangement, which generally results in additional new particles. A two-body exclusive reaction has occurred when the same number of particles exist before and after the collisions. At large angles these exclusive reactions are very rare. The labels on the quarks known as flavor enable the experimenter to follow the history of individual quarks in detail during these exclusive reactions. Carroll describes the equipment used in the experiment to measure short distance, …

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