A new laboratory building is being constructed adjacent to the Shiva laser to house the Phase I $137M ten-beam Nova laser and a target chamber designed for twenty beams. The first ten beams will be operational in early 1980. Following Phase I, it is planned that the Shiva laser will be shut down and upgraded into ten Nova laser beams. These beams will then be combined with Nova Phase I beams to provide the full twenty beams having a minimum output energy of 300 kJ in a 3 nc pulse, or a power capability of 300 terawatts (10/sup 12/ watts) in a 100 ps pulse. This paper will describe the Phase I engineering project.

The Fire Science Group of the Hazards Control Department, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has been asked to design a probable fire scenario for a fuel-pellet fabrication facility. This model was used to estimate the potential for thermal damage to the final HEPA filters. These filters would not experience direct fire exposure because they are the last component of the ventilation system before the exhaust air pumps. However, they would be exposed to hot air and fire gases that are drawn into the ventilation system. Because fire is one of the few occurrences that can defeat the containment integrity of facilities where radioactive materials are stored and processed, the fire scenarios must be defined to ensure that containment systems are adequate to meet the threat of such events. Fire-growth calculations are based on the measured fuel load of materials within the fabrication enclosure and on semi-empirical fire-spread models. It is assumed that the fire never becomes ventilation controlled. The temperature rise of ceiling gases and heat transfer from ventilation ducting are calculated using accepted empirical relationships, and the analysis shows that even under the most severe exposure conditions, heat transfer from the duct reduces the fire gas temperatures to levels that would …

Normal incident solar energy measurements made at Upton, L.I., New York, are reported and analyzed relative to the total energy received on a horizontal surface. A new method for estimating normal incident solar radiation is developed and used to determine average values for other east coast locations.

Although limited, the results of tests evaluating the comparative effects of chlorinated and ozonated thermal discharges on mummichog and white perch indicate that the biological effects of ozonation are much less severe than those of chlorination. The data also show white perch to be more sensitive than mummichog to the tested biocides. The relative effects of ozonation and chlorination in the behavioral studies were similar to those observed in the toxicity studies. Cough rates were higher in chlorinated than in ozonated thermal discharges at similar test concentrations. Avoidance concentrations of white perch were less than those for mummichog and all determined avoidance concentrations were less than lethal levels. The biological effects of any oxidizing biocide on a given species, however, are usually site specific. The chlorine avoidance concentrations of white perch tested at Bergen averaged 0.04 mg/1 total chlorine but averaged 0.06 mg/1 total chlorine when tested in Delaware estuarine waters. Although the amount of data obtained at Bergen is not large, it is indicative of the comparative biological effects in despoiled waters. Assuming such waters will be improved, however, concern then arises over the comparative effects of chlorination and ozonation in waters which support large populations of aquatic organisms. …

The current program to convert biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels is an extension of the previous program to ferment marine algae to acetic acid. In that study, it was found that marine algae could be converted to higher aliphatic organic acids and that these acids could be readily removed from the fermentation both by membrane or liquid-liquid extraction. It was then proposed to convert these higher organic acids to aliphatic hydrocarbons via Kolbe Electrolysis, which may be used as a diesel fuel. The accompishments in this program for the first year of work are as follows: a coenzyme M anologue, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid has been shown to be an effective suppressor of methane in nonsterile anaerobic fermentation of cellulosic substrates; a tapered auger device has been designed and built which has been demonstrated on the bench to be effective for adding substrate and removing residue in a continuous manner from a fixed packed bed fermenter; a solvent extracter system using kerosene as the nonaqueous phase has been constructed and is currently in operation in series with the 300 liter fixed packed bed fermenter; although additional work is required to optimize the electrolysis process the electrolytic oxidation of organic acids produced in …

A brief description and complete listings of the SOC finite-difference computer code and its related family of codes are given.

Using existing and new biological screening and testing systems, the presence of carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and physiologic or metabolically toxic agents associated with coal and oil shale extraction, conversion or utilization was identified. The purpose of the study is to further develop and apply the detection of morphologically abnormal mammalian sperm as a rapid, simple, quantitative assay of the pathologic response of the male gonad to toxic agents associated with the recovery, process stream, and emission of nonnuclear sources of energy, with primary attention to substances from in situ coal gasification and in situ oil-shale extraction. Changes in mouse sperm head dimensions following low dose x-ray exposure have been compiled and analyzed.

The DART II is a data acquisition system that can be used with air pollution monitoring equipment. This volume contains appendices that deal with the following topics: adjustment and calibration procedures (power supply adjustment procedure, ADC calibration procedure, analog multiplexer calibration procedure); mother board signature list; schematic diagrams; device specification sheets (microprocessor, asynchronous receiver/transmitter, analog-to-digital converter, arithmetic processing unit, 5-volt power supply, +- 15-volt power supply, 24-volt power supply, floppy disk formater/controller, random access static memory); ROM program listing; 6800 microprocessor instruction set, octal listing; and cable lists. (RR)

This paper discusses decontamination methods for LWRs. Emphasis is on the chemical cleaning of primary systems and contaminated equipment and components. The equipment is composed primarily of stainless steel, Inconel, Zircaloy, and a few other materials. Variables affecting efficiency are discussed. 10 figures. (DLC)

This operator's manual for the DART II Data Acquisition, Reduction, and Transmission system is divided into the following sections: system capabilities and configuration; ways in which the microprocessor-based central processing unit communicates with the memory and peripheral devices; theory of operation for the system components; and a section of reference data including schematic diagrams, cable lists, device specification sheets and other detailed information. (GHT)

It was shown that by controlling the sputtering preparation conditions of noncrystalline Ge films the surface microstructure can be drastically altered by simply etching in 30% H/sub 2/O/sub 2/. The resulting surface has a total reflectance of less than 3% in the solar spectrum. This flat-black surface appearance is shown to be due to a dense array of aligned, needle-like protrusions which have an extremely high aspect ratio and both a cross-sectional area and a separation between needles on the order of the wavelength of solar radiation. A systematic series of thin films were prepared by rf-sputtering with rf-power and Ar gas pressure as the primary preparation parameters and characterizing the various films.

We have developed a new tool for ultrahigh-pressure research at LLL. This system, which we call the electric gun, has already achieved thin flyer plate velocities in excess of 20 km/s and pressures of the order of 2 TPa in tantalum. We believe that the electric gun is competitive with laser- and nuclear-driven methods of producing shocks in the 1-to-5 TPa range because of its precision and ease and economy of operation. Its development is recommended for shock initiation studies, dry runs for Site 300 hydroshots, and as a shock wave generator for surface studies.

Experiments have been performed with a 125-kJ plasma focus to investigate mechanisms for rapid coupling of inductively-stored energy into plasmas. The coupling can take place through the formation of an electron or ion beam that deposits its energy in a target or directly by the penetration of the magnetic field into a resistive plasma. Some preliminary results from experiments of both types are described. The experiments use a replaceable conical anode tip that is intended to guide the focus to within a few millimeters of the axis, where it can suddenly deliver energy either to a small target or to particles that are accelerated. X-ray and fast-ion diagnostics have been used to study the effects.

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a unique silicon substrate with which laser-target components can be mass produced. Different sizes and shapes of gold foils from 50 to 3000 microns in diameter and up to 25 microns thick have been produced with this process since 1976.

A unique model of fusion product (fp) slowing down and thermalization in field-reversed mirror (FRM) plasmas has been developed. It couples the Hill's spherical vortex representation of a field-reversed equilibrium with a monte carlo treatment of coulomb scattering, and thus provides a complete picture of fps from birth through their thermal diffusion. The incorporation of drag and scattering effects allows the code to address both the energy deposition and the ash buildup question. Results of several test cases are presented along with selected results from FRM studies.

New laboratory data are reported on the effect of confining (lithostatic) pressure, pore-water pressure, and principal stress difference on permeability of Westerly granite and White Lake gneissic granite. Permeabilities as low as 10/sup -19/ cm/sup 2/ (10/sup -11/ D) have been measured successfully, using a transient technique. Principal strains, electrical conductivity, and compressional velocity are determined simultaneously. Applied loads on the 15-cm diameter by 28-cm long test sample are controlled automatically and all data are taken by a microcomputer. Results on the gneissic granite indicate permeabilities of 10/sup -18/ to 10/sup -19/ cm/sup 2/ that appear to be unaffected either by effective pressure or by stress. The granite yields permeabilities of 4x10/sup -16/ cm/sup 2/ that decrease by a factor of two with pressure and vary by a factor of two with stress. When compared to the initial value, compressional velocities increase by 4% and conductivity decreases by 50% as pressure is increased to 50 MPa in the gneissic granite. In granite, these become 3% and 58%, respectively. At pressure, loading of the granite of 0.5 of failure stress increases conductivity by about 20%.

A feasibility study was made of the hydroelectric power potential at Broadwater Dam in western Montana. Two alternative configurations for the potential project were evaluated and the economics of four possible sources of project funding were assessed. The configurations analyzed were an apron-mounted configuration, in which the turbine-generator units are located on the downstream apron of the existing dam, and a conventional configuration, in which the units are located in a new powerhouse adjacent to the existing dam. The funding sources considered were the Department of Energy loan program, the United States Bureau of Reclamation PL-984 loan program and conventional revenue bonds, both taxable and tax-exempt. The optimal project alternative was determined to be the apron-mounted configuration. The final choice of funding would be dependent on the power purchaser. It was shown that, regardless of the configuraton or funding source selected, the project would be feasible. The cost of the apron-mounted configuration, which would consist of four turbine-generator units for a total installed capacity of 9.76 MW, was estimated as $13,250,000 with financing provided by either a PL-984 loan or tax-exempt bonds. The cost per installed kilowatt was therefore $1,350, and the cost per kilowatt-hour was 19.6 mills. The average …

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We evaluated mechanical, thermal, thermodynamic, and chemical properties of Dow Corning DC-S-2000, a silicone rubber filled with silica, that was selected as an O-ring material for SHIVA laser amplifiers. We compared the properties of a batch cured in-house with the manufacturer's specifications, and we developed specific quality-control tests to evaluate future production batches of this elastomer. We also examined mechanical and thermal transitions not described in the manufacturer's bulletin. Because the silicone O-rings must function under prolonged compression, we recommend an examination of the compression properties of DC-S-2000.

To avoid the effects of fluid instabilities, stringent requirements must be imposed on the surface quality and wall thickness uniformity of fuel pellets used in Inertial Confinement Fusion compression experiments. A systematic method was developed for specifying the type of defects which must be avoided and for evaluating measurement techniques for their suitability for detecting these defects. A review is given of the techniques currently available and those under development to show the relationship between these capabilities and the current and future requirements for pellet uniformity. The speed of these techniques and the implications for automated production of fuel pellets for a reactor are discussed.

A computer model was developed which predicts the axial temperature profile and heat flux at the outer surface of the test section of the Sodium Boiling Test Facility constructed by the Engineering Technology Division at ORNL. The model was in agreement with observed temperature profiles at furnace power levels representative of single phase, dual phase, and dry-out operations. A parametric study demonstrated the effect of sodium flow rate and surface emissivities on the predicted temperature profile. It was concluded that axial conduction in the Hastelloy tube and sodium must be incorporated into the model to improve accuracy.

The objective of this study was to assess the potential for the application of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (a field of interconnected WTGs denoted in this report by the acronym WECS) in a specific utility contest to gain advance information concerning their economic feasibility; their optional problems; the criteria and procedures for site selection; environmental impacts; legal, social, and other problems; and the balance of cost and benefits from the point of view of the consumer and the utility. This study addresses the circumstances of the Hawaiian Electric Company operations onthe Island of Oahu.

This wind energy application study was performed by The Aerospace Corporation for the Wind Systems Branch of the Department of Energy. The objective was to identify integration problems for a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) placed into an existing conventional utility system. The integration problems included environmental, institutional and technical aspects as well as economic matters, but the emphasis was on the economics of wind energy. The Hawaiian Electric Company utility system on the island of Oahu was selected for the study because of the very real potential for wind energy on that island, and because of the simplicity afforded in analyzing that isolated utility.

To determine the permeabilities of granular materials emplaced in vertical drill holes used for underground nuclear tests, an experiment at the USDOE Nevada Test Site (NTS) was conducted. As the hole is being filled, falling material increases pressure above and within the granular beds beneath. When the filling operation starts or stops, a transient pressure response occurs within the beds; measurements of this response in beds of various compositions were made. The permeabilities after emplacement were found by matching analytical predictions of the response to these data. This information is useful in assuring the containment of nuclear tests conducted in such drill holes.