This paper describes the method used to drive Pockels cells on the 20-arm Shiva laser for inertial confinement fusion research at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Shiva became operational last fall, and has just completed a series of 20-arm target shots. It uses two pockels cell gates in each laser arm for suppression of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) that can damage or destroy the target before the main pulse arrives. Two additional Pockels cells are used in the preamplification stages, so that a total of 42 cells must be driven by the pulser system.

Techniques for producing intense negative ion beams are discussed. These beams are required for intense neutral beam development at energies greater than 150 keV. Handling, acceleration, and stripping of negative ion beams are described.

A comprehensive review of the pellet injector program is given. Some operational basics and future prospects of light gas guns, centrifugal techniques, and railgun accelerators are discussed. (MOW)

The interaction of a stream of dielectric spheres in an electric field in a high vacuum is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. This investigation is motivated by an elaborate attempt to detect fractional electric charges which might exist in matter, namely, a search for isolated quarks in matter. The theoretical analysis is intended for pinpointing the basic interaction mechanism by which a stream of dielectric spheres becomes destablized in an electric field. One important result of this analysis is a suggested method by which to eliminate the destabilizing forces. The experiments performed are intended to study the behavior of a stream of monodisperse dielectric liquid drops in an electric field in a high vacuum. It is seen from these experiments that the deflections of any two drops in the stream with charges differing by one electronic charge is not always the same due to the destabilization effects.

The functions to be performed by the ATA diagnostic data handling system are discussed. The capabilities of the present data acquisition system (System 0) are presented. The goals for the next generation acquisition system (System 1), currently under design, are discussed. Facilities on the Octopus system for data handling are reviewed. Finally, we discuss what has been learned about diagnostics and computer based data handling during the past year.

Net current enhancement to levels in excess of the beam current has been observed in gases at pressures excess of 50 torr. We delineate the regimes where enhancement is observed. The experimental results fall into two very distinct classes; current enhancement at injection where the beam is only slightly displaced and current enhancement clearly associated with the high amplitude hose instability. A careful theoretical and experimental study of the diagnostics revealed no fundamental flaws although there are several complex and unlikely scenarios which could introduce fictitious current enhancement. Theoretical efforts indicate several mechanisms for generating enhancement but none of the theories can account for the detailed observations. 4 references, 4 figures.

Emittance measurements on beams produced by the ETA and ATA accelerators are discussed. Emittance and brightness are defined. The significance of emittance for a beam in an accelerator and in gas is discussed. Various measurement techniques and results are presented and contrasted. Implicit calculations of emittance are also reported. Finally, the measurement of the time variation of emittance is discussed and the techniques to be used on the upcoming ATA experiments are outlined.

Ten-dimensions seem to be a unique setting for unifying at the classical level cosmology and elementary particle physics. Some interesting results along these lines are obtained starting with a Yang-Mills coupled to supergravity theory in 10-dimensions. However, further progress will require finding an underlying quantum theory.

A workshop cosponsored by ICPEMC and the US Department of Energy was held in Alta, Utah, December 9-13, 1984 to examine the extent to which DNA-oriented methods might provide new approaches to the important but intractable problem of measuring mutation rates in control and exposed human populations. The workshop identified and analyzed six DNA methods for detection of human heritable mutation, including several created at the meeting, and concluded that none of the methods combine sufficient feasibility and efficiency to be recommended for general application. 8 refs.

In the CHO cell line, UV-sensitive mutants representing five genetic complementation groups have been identified. Mutants from each of these groups were shown to be defective in performing the incision step of repair after exposure to UV. The large number of complementation groups of xeroderma pigmentosa mutations has raised the question whether these groups all correspond to single gene loci. The same issue applies to the 5 groups of UV-sensitive CHO mutants. One approach toward answering this question is to localize in the human karyotype the genes that complement the defects in the CHO mutants. Thus, by making CHO/human cell hybrids under the appropriate selective conditions, we have begun to map each of the complementing human genes. The mutation in strain UV20 (Group 2) was complemented by human chromosome 19. Preliminary evidence suggests that UV5 may also be complemented by human chromosome 19 while each of the other 3 groups involves a different human chromosome. Somewhat surprisingly, mutant EM9 is also complemented by a gene on chromosome 19.

A press release describing an educational institute for thirty North Texas art educators and principals sponsored by the North Texas Institute for Educators on the Visual Arts (NTIEVA) held at the Amon Carter Museum on June 20, 1990. The goal of the institute was teach visual literacy and sensory awareness to educators in order to give them tools to teach creative and higher-level thinking skills to their students. The institute used interactive exercises like role playing and a "sound symphony" based on artworks held by the Amon Carter to teach these concepts.

A family of nuclear driven engines is described in which nuclear energy released by fissioning of uranium or plutonium in a prompt critical assembly is used to heat a working gas. Engine performance is modeled using a code that calculates hydrodynamics, fission energy production, and neutron transport self-consistently. Results are given demonstrating a large negative temperature coefficient that produces self-shutoff of energy production. Reduced fission product inventory and the self-shutoff provide inherent nuclear safety. It is expected that nuclear engine reactor units could be scaled from 100 MW on up. 7 refs., 3 figs.

Space exploration has demonstrated that it stimulates the national economy by creating new and improved products, increased employment, and provides a stimulus to education. The exploration of the Moon and Mars under the Space Exploration Initiative has the potential of accelerating this stimulates to the economy. It is difficult to identify all of the concrete ways this will be accomplished. However, many areas can be identified. The space exploration building blocks of power, propulsion, spacecraft, robotics, rovers, mining and manufacturing, communications, navigation, habitats, life support and infrastructures are reviewed to identify possible technology areas. For example, better means for working in hazardous areas and handling hazardous waste are potential outcomes of this initiative. Methods to produce higher quality goods and improve America's competitiveness in manufacturing will undoubtedly evolve from the need to produce products that must last many years in the harsh environments of space and planetary surfaces. Some ideas for technology transfer are covered in this paper.

Space exploration has demonstrated that it stimulates the national economy by creating new and improved products, increased employment, and provides a stimulus to education. The exploration of the Moon and Mars under the Space Exploration Initiative has the potential of accelerating this stimulates to the economy. It is difficult to identify all of the concrete ways this will be accomplished. However, many areas can be identified. The space exploration building blocks of power, propulsion, spacecraft, robotics, rovers, mining and manufacturing, communications, navigation, habitats, life support and infrastructures are reviewed to identify possible technology areas. For example, better means for working in hazardous areas and handling hazardous waste are potential outcomes of this initiative. Methods to produce higher quality goods and improve America`s competitiveness in manufacturing will undoubtedly evolve from the need to produce products that must last many years in the harsh environments of space and planetary surfaces. Some ideas for technology transfer are covered in this paper.

Although various legislation and regulations have been adopted to promote the use of alternative-fuel vehicles for curbing urban air pollution problems, there is a lack of systematic comparisons of emission control cost-effectiveness among various alternative-fuel vehicle types. In this paper, life-cycle emission reductions and life-cycle costs were estimated for passenger cars fueled with methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, and electricity. Vehicle emission estimates included both exhaust and evaporative emissions for air pollutants of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and air-toxic pollutants of benzene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and acetaldehyde. Vehicle life-cycle cost estimates accounted for vehicle purchase prices, vehicle life, fuel costs, and vehicle maintenance costs. Emission control cost-effectiveness presented in dollars per ton of emission reduction was calculated for each alternative-fuel vehicle types from the estimated vehicle life-cycle emission reductions and costs. Among various alternative-fuel vehicle types, compressed natural gas vehicles are the most cost-effective vehicle type in controlling vehicle emissions. Dedicated methanol vehicles are the next most cost-effective vehicle type. The cost-effectiveness of electric vehicles depends on improvements in electric vehicle battery technology. With low-cost, high-performance batteries, electric vehicles are more cost-effective than methanol, ethanol, and liquified petroleum gas vehicles.

A 6-mm-diameter, plane-wave shock generation system has been developed and characterized as a laboratory bench driver for small scale experiments. The driver is based on an exploding-foil-driven slapper used either directly or to initiate an HE pellet. The slapper is driven by a low-inductance fireset with burst currents on the order of 30 kA and burst times of about 250ns, with a time-to-burst jitter under 10ns. Both the slapper impact and the detonation breakout of the pellet have been measured to be flat to within 10ns over a 6-mm diameter. Fabry-Perot velocimetry of impacts with LiF crystals were used to characterize shock pressures and durations. Attenuator plates and flyers driven by the HE were also measured, which provided a variety of available pulse shapes and data for modeling efforts.

This paper deals with the solution of potential flow problems via a panel or boundary element method on a network of scientific workstations. The idea is to treat the workstation network as a relatively course grained parallel computer and to distribute the work of constructing the influence coefficient matrix over the network. We make use of the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) software developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to do the interprocess communications. We specifically address the problem of how to distribute the data across the network as well as the implementation of the parallel linear system solver.

The Iterative Optimizing Quantization Technique (IOQT) is a novel method in reconstructing three-dimensional images from a limited number of two-dimensional projections. IOQT reduces the artifacts and image distortion due to a limited number of projections and limited range of viewing angles. IOQT, which reduces the number of projections required for reconstruction, can simplify the complexity of an experimental set-up and support the development of techniques to nondestructively image microstructures of materials without the problems of chemical changes or damage. In this paper, we will demonstrate the capability of IOQT in reconstruction of an image from four projections. The advantage of IOQT in using a limited number of arbitrary-angled projections and the possibility of modification of IOQT are also mentioned.

The National Ignition Facility Target Areas and Experimental Systems has reached mid-Title I design. Performance requirements for the Target Area are reviewed and design changes since the Conceptual Design Report are discussed. Development activities confirm a 5-m radius chamber and the viability of a boron carbide first wall. A scheme for cryogenic target integration with the NIF Target Area is presented.

Experiments were performed on Nova at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to study the ablation and condensation process of National Ignition Facility (NIF) first wall materials. Plates of candidate first wall materials (SiO{sub 2}, B{sub 4}, and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) were exposed to x-rays from hohlraums in the Nova chamber. Ablated material was collected and measured on a receiving plate which was blocked form direct x-ray exposure. This article presents the results form these experiments and comparisons with predictions from numerical simulations The net condensation flux was calculated using the TSUNAMI code, which was modified to incorporate the feature of condensation boundaries.

Thermal analysis was performed for the proposed PUREX exhaust system after deactivation. The purpose of the analysis was to determine if condensation will occur in a sufficient quantity to plug or damage the filtration components. A heat transfer and fluid flow analysis was performed to evaluate the thermal characteristics of the underground duct system, the deep bed glass fiber (DBGF) filter No. 2, and the HEPA filters in the fourth filter building. The analysis is based on the extreme variations of air temperature, relative humidity, and dew point temperature using fifteen years of Hanford weather data as a basis. The results will be used to evaluate the need for electric heaters that are proposed for the PUREX canyon exhaust to prevent condensation.

High gain targets for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) contain a layer of deuterium-tritium (DT) ice which surrounds a volume of DT gas in thermal equilibrium with the solid. The roughness of the cryogenic fuel layer inside of ICF targets is one of the sources of imperfections which cause implosions to deviate from perfect one dimensional performance. Experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have shown that applying a heat flux across the inner surface of a hydrogen layer such as that inside an ICF target reduces the intrinsic roughness of the surface. We have developed a technique to generate this heat flux by applying and electric field to the DT vapor in the center of these shells. This vapor has a small but significant conductivity due to ionization caused by beta decay of tritium in the vapor and the solid. We describe here experiments using a 1.15 GHz cavity to apply an electric field to frozen DT inside of a sapphire test cell. The cell and cavity geometry allows visual observation of the frozen layers.

Most radionuclide generation/depletion codes consider only neutron reactions and assume that charged particles, which may be generated in these reactions, deposit their energy locally without undergoing further nuclear interactions. Neglect of sequential charged-particle (x,n) reactions can lead to large underestimation in the inventories of radionuclides. PCROSS code was adopted for use with the ACAB activation code to enable calculation of the effects of (x,n) reactions upon radionuclide inventories and inventory-related indices. Activation calculations were made for Flibe (2LiF + BeF{sub 2}) coolant in the HYLIFE-II inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant design. For pure Flibe coolant, it was found that (x,n) reactions dominate the residual contact dose rate at times of interest for maintenance and decommissioning. For impure Flibe, however, radionuclides produced directly in neutron reaction dominate the contact dose rate and (x,n) reactions do not make a significant contribution. Results demonstrate potential importance of (x,n) reactions and that the relative importance of (x,n) reactions varies strongly with the composition of the material considered. Future activation calculations should consider (x,n) reactions until a method for pre-determining their importance is established.

Calculations of x-ray driven igniting implosions require several critical parameters which have been separately tested on Nova, viz., acceptable levels of SBS and SRS from plasmas equivalent to the plasmas in igniting hohlraums, quantitative understanding of radiation temperature in gas-filled hohlraums, demonstration of control of drive symmetry in gas-filled hohlraums, low levels of seeding of hydrodynamic instabilities from surfaces, especially cryogenic deuterium tritium ice, and quantitative understanding of the mix of cold fuel into a hot spot in high growth factor implosions. 14 refs.