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Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues
This report examines debates regarding what constitutes an "unfunded federal mandate" and the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995's (UMRA) implementation. It focuses on UMRA's requirement that the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) issue written cost estimate statements for federal mandates in legislation, its procedures for raising points of order in the House and Senate concerning unfunded federal mandates in legislation, and its requirement that federal agencies prepare written cost estimate statements for federal mandates in rules. It also assesses UMRA's impact on federal mandates and arguments concerning UMRA's future, focusing on UMRA's definitions, exclusions, and exceptions which currently exempt many federal actions with potentially significant financial impacts on nonfederal entities.
Date:
August 29, 2013
Creator:
Dilger, Robert Jay & Beth, Richard S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy Policy: 113th Congress Issues
This report discusses the energy policy in the United States that is focused on three major goals: assuring a secure supply of energy, keeping energy costs low, and protecting the environment.
Date:
November 29, 2013
Creator:
Behrens, Carl E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Constitutional Analysis of Suspicionless Drug Testing Requirements for the Receipt of Governmental Benefits
This report gives an overview of the issues related to federal or state laws that condition the initial or ongoing receipt of governmental benefits on passing drug tests. These regulations are vulnerable to constitutional challenge, most often due to issues of personal privacy and Fourth Amendment protections against "unreasonable searches."
Date:
January 29, 2014
Creator:
Carpenter, David H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorizations, Appropriations, and Activities
This report summarizes congressional authorization and appropriations processes for the Army Corps of Engineers. It also discusses agency activities under general authorities. Congress directs the Corps through authorizations, appropriations, and oversight of its studies, construction projects, and other activities.
Date:
January 29, 2014
Creator:
Carter, Nicole T. & Stern, Charles V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Overview, Reauthorization, and Appropriations Issues
This report provides an overview of nanotechnology, the National Nanotechnology Initiative, possible reauthorization of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-153), and appropriations issues.
Date:
August 29, 2013
Creator:
Sargent, John F., Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Agricultural Disaster Assistance
This report has four sections. The first describes recent developments in weather and policy. The second provides an overview of the current USDA disaster assistance programs: federal crop insurance, NAP payments, and emergency disaster loans. The third section discusses the now expired disaster programs under the 2008 farm bill, specifically Supplemental Revenue, Assistance Payments Program (SURE), and four other smaller disaster programs. The fourth section briefly reviews the potential reauthorization of disaster programs proposed in both House and Senate versions of the 2013 farm bill. An appendix reviews the recent history of emergency supplemental farm disaster assistance and USDA administrative actions.
Date:
August 29, 2013
Creator:
Shields, Dennis A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The U.S. Income Distribution and Mobility: Trends and International Comparisons
Report that looks at the growing income disparity and the decreasing financial mobility in the United States.
Date:
November 29, 2012
Creator:
Levine, Linda
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A Brief Overview of Actions Taken by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) in Its First Year
Report that looks at actions taken by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) during its first year. The CFPB exists to implement and enforce federal consumer financial laws, ensure consumer access to financial products and services, and ensure that the markets for consumer financial services and products are fair, transparent, and competitive.
Date:
August 29, 2012
Creator:
Hoskins, Sean M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Immigration Detainers: Legal Issues
Report that provides background information regarding the Immigration and Naturalization Service rules and regulations and discusses the "immigration detainer", a document by which U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) advises other law enforcement agencies that it seeks custody of individual aliens whom these agencies are detaining.
Date:
May 29, 2013
Creator:
Manuel, Kate M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tax Provisions to Assist with Disaster Recovery
Report that provides a basic overview of existing, permanent provisions that benefit victims of disasters, as well as past, targeted legislative responses to particular disasters. The relief is discussed without examining either the qualifications for or the limitation on claiming the provisions' benefits.
Date:
November 29, 2012
Creator:
Lunder, Erika K.; Pettit, Carol A. & Teefy, Jennifer
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Army Corps Supplemental Appropriations: Recent History, Trends, and Policy Issues
Report that summarizes recent trends in supplemental funding for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, particularly related to natural disasters. It provides summary data and analysis on Corps funding over the last 10 years and includes a general discussion of how the Corps funds emergency actions at its own facilities and elsewhere.
Date:
November 29, 2012
Creator:
Stern, Charles V. & Carter, Nicole T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Economic Recovery: Sustaining U.S. Economic Growth in a Post-Crisis Economy
Report examining how Congress has been proactive in helping the economy recover after the 2008-2009 recession, as well as how it can help to keep recessions at bay in the future.
Date:
November 29, 2012
Creator:
Elwell, Craig K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Membership of the 113th Congress: A Profile
Report that presents a profile of the membership of the 113th Congress (2013-2014). Statistical information is included on selected characteristics of Members, including data on party affiliation, average age, occupation, education, length of congressional service, religious affiliation, gender, ethnicity, foreign births, and military service.
Date:
May 29, 2013
Creator:
Manning, Jennifer E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Proposed U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement: Background and Issues for Congress
This report discusses the offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico that provide a setting for domestic and international energy production, U.S. military training and border operations, trade and commerce, fishing, tourist attractions, and recreation.
Date:
August 29, 2013
Creator:
Hagerty, Curry L. & Uzel, James C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Spectrum Policy in the Age of Broadband: Issues for Congress
Report that discusses some of the commercial and federal radio frequency spectrum policy changes required by the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012. It also summarizes new policy directions for spectrum management under consideration in the 112th Congress, such as the encouragement of new technologies that use spectrum more efficiently.
Date:
August 29, 2012
Creator:
Moore, Linda K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Reauthorization Proposals in the 113th Congress: Comparison of Major Features of Current Law and S.1356
This report summarizes each of the WIA titles and highlights the major features of S. 1356, as ordered reported, pertaining to each title. The report also compares the proposed provisions of S. 1356 to current law
Date:
October 29, 2013
Creator:
Bradley, David H. & Collins, Benjamin
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Multiyear Procurement (MYP) and Block Buy Contracting in Defense Acquisition: Background and Issues for Congress
This report provides background information and issues for Congress on multiyear procurement (MYP) and block buy contracting (BBC),1 which are special contracting mechanisms that Congress permits the Department of Defense (DOD) to use for a limited number of defense acquisition programs. Compared to the standard or default approach of annual contracting, MYP and BBC have the potential for reducing weapon procurement costs by several percent.
Date:
October 29, 2013
Creator:
O'Rourke, Ronald & Schwartz, Moshe
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Presidential Permits for Border Crossing Energy Facilities
This report discusses the executive orders regarding the construction, operation, and maintenance of facilities that cross the U.S.-Mexico or U.S.- Canada border, including the source of the executive branch authority to issue the orders, the standards set forth in the orders, and the projects approved pursuant to the orders.
Date:
October 29, 2013
Creator:
Vann, Adam & Parfomak, Paul W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Veterans and Homelessness
This report discusses several issues relating to homelessness among veterans, which has become more prominent since the beginning of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Date:
November 29, 2013
Creator:
Perl, Libby
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Department of Energy: Progress Made Overseeing the Costs of Contractor Postretirement Benefits, but Additional Actions Could Help Address Challenges
A letter report issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "The Department of Energy (DOE) relies on contractors to conduct its mission activities. DOE reimburses these contractors for allowable costs, including the costs of providing pension and other postretirement benefits, such as retiree health care plans. Since the economic downturn, DOE has had to devote significantly more funding toward reimbursing these benefit costs, in part because of a decline in interest rates and asset values that has increased contractor pension contributions. In a challenging budgetary environment, further growth in these costs could put pressure on DOE's mission work. GAO was asked to report on (1) the level of control DOE has over contractor pension and other postretirement benefit costs under its current business model and (2) the changes DOE has adopted since the national economic downturn to manage those costs and the extent to which those changes have enhanced its approach. To do so, GAO reviewed relevant laws, regulations, and DOE guidance; analyzed agency financial data; and interviewed officials."
Date:
April 29, 2011
Creator:
United States. Government Accountability Office.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fiscal Exposures: Improving Cost Recognition in the Federal Budget
A letter report issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "Fiscal exposures may be explicit in that the federal government is legally required to pay for the commitment; alternatively, it may be implicit in that the exposure arises from expectations based on current policy or past practices. The nine programs GAO examined illustrate the range of federal fiscal exposures (see figure) and how they can change over time. Also, some programs may have elements of both explicit and implicit exposure. Federal insurance programs, for example, fall across the spectrum: if an event occurs, some payment is legally required--an explicit exposure. However, there may be an expectation that the government will provide assistance beyond the amount legally required--that is an implicit exposure. Prior to 2008, securities issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac were explicitly not backed by the U.S. government. However, in response to the financial crisis, the government's agreement to provide temporary assistance to cover their losses up to a set amount created a new explicit exposure. The amount of future spending arising from federal fiscal exposures varies in the degree to which it is known and can be measured."
Date:
October 29, 2013
Creator:
United States. Government Accountability Office.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Recovery Act: Tax Debtors Have Received FHA Mortgage Insurance and First-Time Homebuyer Credits
A letter report issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insured over $1.44 billion in mortgages for 6,327 borrowers with $77.6 million in federal tax debt who benefited from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Of these borrowers, 3,815 individuals claimed and received $27.4 million in Recovery Act First-Time Homebuyer Credits (FTHBC). This analysis includes tax debtors who (1) benefited from FHAs increased loan limits, or (2) claimed the FTHBCs and received FHA mortgage insurance of any value. Federal policy makes delinquent tax debtors ineligible for FHA mortgage insurance unless they repay their debt or are in a valid repayment agreement with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), but the FTHBC, like all tax credits, was available to those who qualified, regardless of their tax debt. GAO could not determine the proportion of borrowers who were ineligible for FHA insurance because GAO could not systematically identify which of the 6,327 borrowers were in valid repayment agreements using the data GAO received from IRS. However, GAO did find that 5 of the 8 borrowers completely evaluated were ineligible because they were not in valid repayment agreements at the time they obtained FHA …
Date:
May 29, 2012
Creator:
United States. Government Accountability Office.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Management Report: Opportunities for Improvement in the Federal Housing Finance Agency's Internal Controls and Accounting Procedures
Correspondence issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "In November 2010, we issued our opinion on the Federal Housing Finance Agency's (FHFA) fiscal years 2010 and 2009 financial statements. Our report also included our opinion on the effectiveness of FHFA's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2010, and our evaluation of FHFA's compliance with provisions of selected laws and regulations for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2010. The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA) created FHFA and gave it responsibility for, among other things, the supervision and oversight of the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), and the 12 federal home loan banks. Specifically, FHFA was assigned responsibility for ensuring that the regulated entities operate in a fiscally safe and sound manner, including maintenance of adequate capital and internal controls, in carrying out their housing and community-development finance mission. HERA requires FHFA to annually prepare financial statements, and requires GAO to audit these statements. The purpose of this report is to present additional information on the internal control and accounting procedure issues we identified during our audit of FHFA's fiscal year 2010 …
Date:
April 29, 2011
Creator:
United States. Government Accountability Office.
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Entrepreneurial Assistance: Efficiency and Effectiveness of Fragmented Programs Are Unclear
Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "In summary, based on our work to date, we have found that"
Date:
March 29, 2012
Creator:
United States. Government Accountability Office.
Object Type:
Text
System:
The UNT Digital Library