2003 Environmental Monitoring Report for the Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory Pittsburgh Site (open access)

2003 Environmental Monitoring Report for the Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory Pittsburgh Site

The 2003 results for the Bettis-Pittsburgh radiological and nonradiological environmental monitoring programs are presented. The results demonstrate that the existing procedures ensured that releases to the environment during 2003 were in accordance with applicable Federal, State, County, and local regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data indicates that current operations at the Site continue to have no adverse effect on human health and the quality of the environment. A conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of Site operations demonstrates that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits established by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the U.S. Department of Energy. A risk assessment of potentially exposed populations to chemical residues in the environment at the Site demonstrates that any potential risk posed by these residues in much less than the risks encountered in normal everyday life.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ammonia-Free NOx Control System (open access)

Ammonia-Free NOx Control System

Research is being conducted under United States Department of Energy (DOE) Contract DEFC26-03NT41865 to develop a new technology to achieve very low levels of NOx emissions from pulverized coal fired boiler systems by employing a novel system level integration between the PC combustion process and the catalytic NOx reduction with CO present in the combustion flue gas. The combustor design and operating conditions will be optimized to achieve atypical flue gas conditions. This approach will not only suppress NOx generation during combustion but also further reduce NOx over a downstream catalytic reactor that does not require addition of an external reductant, such as ammonia. This report describes the work performed during the October 1 to December 31, 2003 time period.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Wu, S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Annotating animal mitochondrial tRNAs: A new scoring scheme and an empirical evaluation of four methods (open access)

Annotating animal mitochondrial tRNAs: A new scoring scheme and an empirical evaluation of four methods

Identification of transfer RNAs in animal mitochondrial genomes is important for many areas of genome analysis including phylogenetic reconstruction, understanding inheritance of disease, and identifying forensic materials. Animal mitochondrial tRNAs differ from the canonical tRNAs in both their secondary structure and level of conservation of nucleotide sequence and therefore, conventional tRNA or general RNA searching software cannot be used for identification and custom methods are required. Here we present the results of an experimental analysis of four different methods tested on a large dataset consisting of 5,720 tRNAs extracted from the entire set of complete animal mitochondrial genomes in GenBank. Methods were evaluated based on number of false negatives and false positives. Additionally, we present a new scoring scheme customized for animal mitochondrial tRNAs.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Wyman, Stacia K. & Boore, Jeffrey L.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
An Archaeological Survey of Timber Creek Trail, Lewisville, Texas (open access)

An Archaeological Survey of Timber Creek Trail, Lewisville, Texas

An archaeological survey report of the proposed site of Timber Creek Trail in Lewisville, Texas, performed to determine whether any historic resources were located on the proposed construction sites.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Todd, Jesse
Object Type: Report
System: The Portal to Texas History
Assembling and Installing LRUs for NIF (open access)

Assembling and Installing LRUs for NIF

Within the 192 National Ignition Facility (NIF) beamlines, there are over 7000 large (40 x 40 cm) optical components, including laser glass, mirrors, lenses, and polarizers. These optics are held in large opto-mechanical assemblies called line-replaceable units (LRUs). Each LRU has strict specifications with respect to cleanliness, alignment, and wavefront so that once activated, each NIF beamline will meet its performance requirements. NIF LRUs are assembled, tested, and refurbished in on-site cleanroom facilities. The assembled LRUs weigh up to 1800 kilograms, and are about the size of a phone booth. They are transported in portable clean canisters and inserted into the NIF beampath using robotic transporters. This plug and play design allows LRUs to be easily removed from the beampath for maintenance or upgrades. Commissioning of the first NIF quad, an activity known as NIF Early Light (NEL), has validated LRU designs and architecture, as well as demonstrated that LRUs can be assembled and installed as designed. Furthermore, it has served to develop key processes and tools forming the foundation for NIF s long-term LRU production and maintenance strategy. As we look forward to building out the rest of NIF, the challenge lies in scaling up the production rate while …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Bonanno, R E
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Beneficiary Cost-Sharing Under the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit (open access)

Beneficiary Cost-Sharing Under the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit

This report analyzes how the cost-sharing and premium provisions in Medicare would affect the amount that a beneficiary would pay annually for prescription drugs. It also gives examples of how annual cost-sharing would differ for beneficiaries with various levels of a total prescription under the plan's standard benefit.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Peterson, Chris L. & Hahn, Jim S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ceramic Membrane Enabling Technology for Improved IGCC Efficiency, Quarterly Technical Progress Report: October 1 - December 31, 2003 (open access)

Ceramic Membrane Enabling Technology for Improved IGCC Efficiency, Quarterly Technical Progress Report: October 1 - December 31, 2003

This quarterly technical progress report will summarize work accomplished for Phase 2 Program during the quarter October to December 2003. In task ! OTM development has led to improved strength and composite design for lower temperatures. In task 2, the yield of a large batch of OTM elements improved. In task 3, operational improvements in the lab- scale pilot reactor have reduced turn- around time and increased product purity. In task 7. IGCC economics were updated to reflect state of the art OTM and cryogenic air separation processes.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Prasad, Ravi
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of Tumor-Avid Antibody Fragments Genetically Engineered for Mono-Specific Radionuclide Chelation (open access)

Characterization of Tumor-Avid Antibody Fragments Genetically Engineered for Mono-Specific Radionuclide Chelation

The successful clinical application of targeted-radiopharmaceuticals depends on the development of molecules that optimize tumor specific radionuclide deposition and minimize non-specific organ irradiation. To this end, this proposal outlines a research effort to identify and evaluate novel antibodies and antibody fragments that bind breast tumors. The tumor-avid antibodies will be investigated for as imaging and therapeutic agents and to gain a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of radiolabeled tumor-avid antibody fragments through the use of site-specifically labeled molecules. Antibodies or antibody fragments, that bind breast carcinoma carbohydrate antigens, will be obtained from hybridoma or bacteriophage library screening. More specifically, antibody fragments that bind the carcinoma-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen will be radiolabeled with {sup 99m}Tc and {sup 188}Re at a natural amino acid chelation site and will be investigated in vivo for their abilities to target human breast tumors. In addition, site-specific radiolabeled antibody fragments will be biosynthesized using misacylated suppressor tRNAs. Homogeneously radiolabeled populations of antibody fragments will be used to investigate the effects of radionuclide location and chelation chemistries on their biodistribution and metabolism. It is hypothesized that site-specifically radiolabeled antibody fragments will possess enhanced tumor imaging and therapeutic properties due to optimal label location and conjugation …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Quinn, T.P.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Coal Combustion Products Extension Program (open access)

Coal Combustion Products Extension Program

The primary objective of the CCP Extension Program is to promote the responsible uses of Ohio CCPs that are technically sound, environmentally safe, and commercially competitive. A secondary objective is to assist other CCP generating states (particularly neighboring states) in establishing CCP use programs within their states. The goal of the CCP extension program at OSU is to work with CCP stakeholders to increase the overall CCP state utilization rate to more than 30% by the year 2005. The program aims to increase FGD utilization for Ohio to more than 20% by the year 2005. The increased utilization rates are expected to be achieved through increased use of CCPs for highway, mine reclamation, agricultural, manufacturing, and other civil engineering uses. In order to accomplish these objectives and goals, the highly successful CCP pilot extension program previously in place at the university has been expanded and adopted by the university as a part of its outreach and engagement mission. The extension program is an innovative technology transfer program with multiple sponsors. The program is a collaborative effort between The Ohio State University (College of Engineering and University Extension Service), United States Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory, Ohio Department of …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Butalia, T. S. & Wolfe, W. E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Compact neutron generator development at LBNL (open access)

Compact neutron generator development at LBNL

A wide variety of applications ranging from medical (BNCT, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy) and basic science (neutron imaging, material studies) to homeland security (explosive detection and nuclear material non-proliferation) are in need of compact, high flux neutron generators. The Plasma and Ion Source Technology Group in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is developing various neutron generators for these applications. These neutron generators employed either the D-D or the D-T fusion reaction for the neutron production. The deuterium or deuterium-tritium gas mixture is ionized in an RF-driven plasma source. The ions are then accelerated to {approx}100 keV energy using high current, high voltage DC-power supply to a target where the 2.45 MeV (for D-D reaction) or 14 MeV (for the D-T reaction) neutrons are generated. The development of two different types of neutron tubes are being discussed in this presentation, namely compact, pulsed operation neutron generators and cw, high yield neutron generators. These generators are currently operating at D-D neutron yields of 108 n/s and 109 n/s respectively. A facility, incorporating the larger neutron generator, has been constructed for Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) measurements.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Reijonen, J.; English, G.; Firestone, R.; Giquel, F.; King, M.; Leung, K. N. et al.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Demand Side Bidding. Final Report (open access)

Demand Side Bidding. Final Report

This document sets forth the final report for a financial assistance award for the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) to enhance coordination between the building operators and power system operators in terms of demand-side responses to Location Based Marginal Pricing (LBMP). Potential benefits of this project include improved power system reliability, enhanced environmental quality, mitigation of high locational prices within congested areas, and the reduction of market barriers for demand-side market participants. NARUC, led by its Committee on Energy Resources and the Environment (ERE), actively works to promote the development and use of energy efficiency and clean distributive energy policies within the framework of a dynamic regulatory environment. Electric industry restructuring, energy shortages in California, and energy market transformation intensifies the need for reliable information and strategies regarding electric reliability policy and practice. NARUC promotes clean distributive generation and increased energy efficiency in the context of the energy sector restructuring process. NARUC, through ERE's Subcommittee on Energy Efficiency, strives to improve energy efficiency by creating working markets. Market transformation seeks opportunities where small amounts of investment can create sustainable markets for more efficient products, services, and design practices.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Spahn, Andrew
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Development of Fly Ash Derived Sorbents to Capture CO2 from Flue Gas of Power Plants (open access)

Development of Fly Ash Derived Sorbents to Capture CO2 from Flue Gas of Power Plants

This research program focused on the development of fly ash derived sorbents to capture CO{sub 2} from power plant flue gas emissions. The fly ash derived sorbents developed represent an affordable alternative to existing methods using specialized activated carbons and molecular sieves, that tend to be very expensive and hinder the viability of the CO{sub 2} sorption process due to economic constraints. Under Task 1 'Procurement and characterization of a suite of fly ashes', 10 fly ash samples, named FAS-1 to -10, were collected from different combustors with different feedstocks, including bituminous coal, PRB coal and biomass. These samples presented a wide range of LOI value from 0.66-84.0%, and different burn-off profiles. The samples also spanned a wide range of total specific surface area and pore volume. These variations reflect the difference in the feedstock, types of combustors, collection hopper, and the beneficiation technologies the different fly ashes underwent. Under Task 2 'Preparation of fly ash derived sorbents', the fly ash samples were activated by steam. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to characterize the resultant activated samples. The cost-saving one-step activation process applied was successfully used to increase the surface area and pore volume of all the fly ash samples. …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Maroto-Valer, M. Mercedes; Andresen, John M.; Zhang, Yinzhi & Lu, Zhe
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Development of Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Partial Gasification Module (PGM) (open access)

Development of Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Partial Gasification Module (PGM)

Foster Wheeler Power Group, Inc. is working under US Department of Energy contract No. DE-FC26-00NT40972 to develop a partial gasification module (PGM) that represents a critical element of several potential coal-fired Vision 21 plants. When utilized for electrical power generation, these plants will operate with efficiencies greater than 60% and produce near zero emissions of traditional stack gas pollutants. The new process partially gasifies coal at elevated pressure producing a coal-derived syngas and a char residue. The syngas can be used to fuel the most advanced power producing equipment such as solid oxide fuel cells or gas turbines, or processed to produce clean liquid fuels or chemicals for industrial users. The char residue is not wasted; it can also be used to generate electricity by fueling boilers that drive the most advanced ultra-supercritical pressure steam turbines. The amount of syngas and char produced by the PGM can be tailored to fit the production objectives of the overall plant, i.e., power generation, clean liquid fuel production, chemicals production, etc. Hence, PGM is a robust building bock that offers all the advantages of coal gasification but in a more user-friendly form; it is also fuel flexible in that it can use alternative …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Robertson, A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Direct Investigations Of The Immobilization Of Radionuclides In The Alteration Phases Of Spent Nuclear Fuel (open access)

Direct Investigations Of The Immobilization Of Radionuclides In The Alteration Phases Of Spent Nuclear Fuel

The safe disposal of the nation's nuclear waste in a geologic repository is one of the most significant and difficult scientific endeavors of the twenty-first century. Unique scientific challenges are posed by the very long-lived radioactivity of nuclear waste. Many radionuclides of vastly different chemical character must be retained by the repository for several thousand years. Some with longer half-lives, such as Pu-239 and Tc-99, need to be isolated for periods approaching a million years. In order to ensure the safety of a geologic repository, a detailed understanding of the mobility of radionuclides in complex natural systems is essential. Most of the radioactivity in a geological repository will be associated with spent nuclear fuel. In the United States spent fuel is derived from several sources. The majority is UO2 (LWR) spent fuel from commercial reactors. About 30,000 metric tons of spent fuel was in storage at commercial reactors by 1995, with the expectation that this quantity will more than double by 2010 (Integrated Data Report 1995). All spent fuel derived from commercial reactors is intended for eventual disposal in a geological repository. In addition, the DOE is the custodian of about 8000 metric tons of spent fuel, most of which …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Burns, Peter C.; Finch, Robert J. & Wronkiewicz, David J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Effects of controlled dog hunting on movements of female white-tailed deer. (open access)

Effects of controlled dog hunting on movements of female white-tailed deer.

D'Angelo, Gino, J., John C. Kilgo, Christopher E. Comer, Cory D. Drennan, David A. Osborn, and Karl V. Miller. 2003. Effects of controlled dog hunting on movements of female white-tailed deer. In: Proceedings of the Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies. 57:317-325. This article explores the relationship between controlled dog hunting and the movements of female white tailed deer at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. The data suggests that short term, controlled dog hunting has little long-term effect on adult, female white-tailed deer movement on the Savannah River Site.
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: D'Angelo, Gino, J.; Kilgo, John, C.; Comer, Christopher, E.; Drennan, Cory, D.; Osborn, David, A. & Miller, Karl, V.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Enhanced Wellbore Stabilization and Reservoir Productivity with Aphron Drilling Fluid Technology, Quarterly Report: October - December 2003 (open access)

Enhanced Wellbore Stabilization and Reservoir Productivity with Aphron Drilling Fluid Technology, Quarterly Report: October - December 2003

During this first Quarter of the Project, a team of five individuals was formed to characterize aphron drilling fluids, with the ultimate objectives to gain acceptance for this novel technology and decrease the costs of drilling mature and multiple-pressure formations in oil and gas wells. Aphron drilling fluids are very high low-shear-rate viscosity fluids laden with specially designed microbubbles, or ''aphrons.'' The focus of the Project is to develop some understanding of the aphron structure and how aphrons and base fluid behave under downhole conditions. Four tasks were begun during this Quarter. All of these focus on the behavior of aphrons: (a) Aphron Visualization - to evaluate various methods of measuring bubble size distribution, especially Acoustic Bubble Spectroscopy (ABS), in aphron drilling fluids at elevated pressure; (b) Fluid Density - to investigate the effects of pressure, temperature and chemical composition on the survivability of aphrons; (c) Aphron Air Diffusivity - to determine the rate of loss of air from aphrons during pressurization; and (d) Pressure Transmissibility - to determine whether aphron networks (similar to foams) in fractures and pore networks reduce fracture propagation. The project team installed laboratory facilities and purchased most of the equipment required to carry out the …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Growcock, Fred
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Environmental Biosciences Program Second Quarter Report (open access)

Environmental Biosciences Program Second Quarter Report

In May 2002, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) signed Assistance Instrument Number DE-FC09-02CH11109 with the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) to support the Environmental Biosciences Program (EBP). This funding instrument replaces DOE Assistance Instrument Number DE-FC02-98CH10902. EBP is an integrated, multidisciplinary scientific research program, employing a range of research initiatives to identify, study and resolve environmental health risks. These initiatives are consistent with the MUSC role as a comprehensive state-supported health sciences institution and with the nation's need for new and better approaches to the solution of a complex and expansive array of environment-related health problems. The intrinsic capabilities of a comprehensive health sciences institution enable MUSC to be a national resource for the scientific investigation of environmental health issues. EBPs success as a nationally prominent research program is due, in part, to its ability to task-organize scientific expertise from multiple disciplines in addressing these complex problems Current research projects have focused EBP talent and resources on providing the scientific basis for risk-based standards, risk-based decision making and the accelerated clean-up of widespread environmental hazards. These hazards include trichloroethylene (TCE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), asbestos and low-dose ionizing radiation. A project is also being conducted in the use …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Mohr, Lawrence C.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Evolutionary conservation of regulatory elements in vertebrate HOX gene clusters (open access)

Evolutionary conservation of regulatory elements in vertebrate HOX gene clusters

Due to their high degree of conservation, comparisons of DNA sequences among evolutionarily distantly-related genomes permit to identify functional regions in noncoding DNA. Hox genes are optimal candidate sequences for comparative genome analyses, because they are extremely conserved in vertebrates and occur in clusters. We aligned (Pipmaker) the nucleotide sequences of HoxA clusters of tilapia, pufferfish, striped bass, zebrafish, horn shark, human and mouse (over 500 million years of evolutionary distance). We identified several highly conserved intergenic sequences, likely to be important in gene regulation. Only a few of these putative regulatory elements have been previously described as being involved in the regulation of Hox genes, while several others are new elements that might have regulatory functions. The majority of these newly identified putative regulatory elements contain short fragments that are almost completely conserved and are identical to known binding sites for regulatory proteins (Transfac). The conserved intergenic regions located between the most rostrally expressed genes in the developing embryo are longer and better retained through evolution. We document that presumed regulatory sequences are retained differentially in either A or A clusters resulting from a genome duplication in the fish lineage. This observation supports both the hypothesis that the conserved …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Santini, Simona; Boore, Jeffrey L. & Meyer, Axel
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Fate and Transport of Radionuclides Beneath the Hanford Tank Farms: Unraveling Coupled Geochemical and Hydrological Processes in the Vadose Zone (open access)

Fate and Transport of Radionuclides Beneath the Hanford Tank Farms: Unraveling Coupled Geochemical and Hydrological Processes in the Vadose Zone

Although the accelerated transport of {sup 99}Tc, {sup 137}Cs, and {sup 235}U within the vadose zone beneath the 200-West Area of the Hanford tank-farm area has been recognized, the mechanisms responsible for the vertical migration of the radionuclides is unclear. Does horizontal stratification enhance the lateral movement of contaminants, which in turn enhances vertical preferential flow due to perched water dynamics? Do physical heterogeneities, such as stratification and pore regime connectivity, influence the retardation and degree of geochemical nonequilibrium during contaminant transport? Recent modeling efforts of the problem have failed to yield answers to this question since they are inadequately parameterized due to the lack of sufficient quality data. Fundamental experimental research is needed that will improve the conceptual understanding and predictive capability of radionuclide migration in the Hanford tankfarm environment. Since geochemical reactions are directly linked to the system hydrodynamics, coupled geochemical and hydrological processes must be investigated in order to resolve the key mechanisms contributing to vadose zone and groundwater contamination at Hanford. Our research group has performed extensive investigations on time-dependent contaminant interactions with subsurface media using dynamic flow techniques which more closely simulate conditions in-situ. Of particular relevance to this proposal is the work of Barnett …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Jardine, Philip M.; Ainsworth, Calvin C. & Fendorf, Scott
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Fiber Optical Micro-detectors for Oxygen Sensing in Power Plants (open access)

Fiber Optical Micro-detectors for Oxygen Sensing in Power Plants

None
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Baker, Gregory L.; Ghosh, Ruby N. & Osborn, D. J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Field Demonstration of a Membrane Process to Separate Nitrogen from Natural Gas (open access)

Field Demonstration of a Membrane Process to Separate Nitrogen from Natural Gas

The original proposal described the construction and operation of a 1 MMscfd treatment system to be operated at a Butcher Energy gas field in Ohio. The gas produced at this field contained 17% nitrogen. During pre-commissioning of the project, a series of well tests showed that the amount of gas in the field was significantly smaller than expected and that the nitrogen content of the wells was very high (25 to 30%). After evaluating the revised cost of the project, Butcher Energy decided that the plant would not be economical and withdrew from the project. Since that time, Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (MTR) has signed a marketing and sales partnership with ABB Lummus Global. MTR will be working with the company's Randall Gas Technology group, a supplier of equipment and processing technology to the natural gas industry. Randall's engineering group has found a new site for the project at a North Texas Exploration (NTE) gas processing plant. The plant produces about 1 MMscfd of gas containing 24% nitrogen. The membrane unit will bring this gas to 4% nitrogen for delivery to the pipeline. The membrane skid is being built by ABB. NTE has ordered the required compressor and MTR …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Lokhandwala, Kaaeid
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
HEAVY AND THERMAL OIL RECOVERY PRODUCTION MECHANISMS (open access)

HEAVY AND THERMAL OIL RECOVERY PRODUCTION MECHANISMS

The Stanford University Petroleum Research Institute (SUPRI-A) studies oil recovery mechanisms relevant to thermal and heavy-oil production. The scope of work is relevant across near-, mid-, and long-term time frames. In August of 2000 we received funding from the U. S. DOE under Award No. DE-FC26-00BC15311 that completed December 1, 2003. The project was cost shared with industry. Heavy oil (10 to 20{sup o} API) is an underutilized energy resource of tremendous potential. Heavy oils are much more viscous than conventional oils. As a result, they are difficult to produce with conventional recovery methods. Heating reduces oil viscosity dramatically. Hence, thermal recovery is especially important because adding heat, usually via steam injection generally improves displacement efficiency. The objectives of this work were to improve our understanding of the production mechanisms of heavy oil under both primary and enhanced modes of operation. The research described spanned a spectrum of topics related to heavy and thermal oil recovery and is categorized into: (1) multiphase flow and rock properties, (2) hot fluid injection, (3) improved primary heavy-oil recovery, (4) in-situ combustion, and (5) reservoir definition. Technology transfer efforts and industrial outreach were also important to project effort. The research tools and techniques used …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Kovscek, Anthony R. & Castanier, Louis M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Hexapod Monophyly Re-Examined Based on Complete Mitochondrial Genomes (open access)

Hexapod Monophyly Re-Examined Based on Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

None
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano & Frati, Francesco
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
High Energy Efficiency Air Conditioning (open access)

High Energy Efficiency Air Conditioning

This project determined the performance of a new high efficiency refrigerant, Ikon B, in a residential air conditioner designed to use R-22. The refrigerant R-22, used in residential and small commercial air conditioners, is being phased out of production in developed countries beginning this year because of concerns regarding its ozone depletion potential. Although a replacement refrigerant, R-410A, is available, it operates at much higher pressure than R-22 and requires new equipment. R-22 air conditioners will continue to be in use for many years to come. Air conditioning is a large part of expensive summer peak power use in many parts of the U.S. Previous testing and computer simulations of Ikon B indicated that it would have 20 - 25% higher coefficient of performance (COP, the amount of cooling obtained per energy used) than R-22 in an air-cooled air conditioner. In this project, a typical new R-22 residential air conditioner was obtained, installed in a large environmental chamber, instrumented, and run both with its original charge of R-22 and then with Ikon B. In the environmental chamber, controlled temperature and humidity could be maintained to obtain repeatable and comparable energy use results. Tests with Ikon B included runs with and …
Date: December 31, 2003
Creator: McCullough, Edward; Dhooge, Patrick & Nimitz, Jonathan
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library