This report discusses the history of the federal grants-in-aid system, which predates the Constitution. he grants-in-aid system assumed its current form when President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated his New Deal programs. Since Roosevelt, the grants-in-aid system has expanded, especially in the number and dollar amount of categorical grant programs.

This report has four major purposes: to summarize the constitutional and statutory requirements governing apportionment; to explain how the current apportionment formula works in theory and in practice; to summarize recent challenges to it on grounds of unfairness; and to explain the reasoning underlying the choice of the equal proportions method over its chief alternative, major fractions.

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Construction of section 58.014(b), Agriculture Code, which relates to the voting procedures of the board of the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority.

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Legality of a business that locates property omitted from the appraisal rolls for a percentage of the amount of tax generated for a local taxing unit (RQ-0218-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether a county development district created under chapter 383 pf the Local Government Code is authorized to levy ad valorem taxes and whether, under chapter 383, a county development district may construct infrastructure for residential subdivision (RQ-0230)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether the Texas Board of Medical Examiners may certify a foreign nonprofit corporation, organized under the laws of a jurisdiction other than Texas, as a nonprofit health organization under section 162.001(b) of the Occupations Code (RQ-0250-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether the Comptroller must continue to pay monthly installment payments to a county that has stopped, midyear, collecting the fee authorized by section 51.702 of the Government Code, and related question (RQ-0251-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether the phrase "judicial officer who collected fees" used in section 51.921(d) of the Government Code refers to the court clerk who collects time-payment fees (RQ-0254-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification; Whether the Concho Valley Council of Governments, which operates a transport service for Medicaid patients under contract with the Texas Department of Health, is subject to the City of Midland's taxicab ordinance (RQ-0138-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification; Whether local governments that operate utilities or sanitary landfills may enter into an interlocal cooperation contract whereby the parties to the contract would agree to collect unpaid fees owed to the other parties and to refuse service to customers who owe fees to the other parties (RQ-0165-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification; Whether a hospital district may continue to levy a tax after closing its hospital and related questions (RQ-0149-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether a state agency that is the subject of a public hearing before the Sunset Advisory Commission must post notice under the Open Meetings Act when its members attend the hearing (RQ-0193-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether a county court at law judge who seeks the nomination of the executive committee of a political party to be the party's general election candidate for a new office automatically resigns from office by operation of article XVI, section 65 of the Texas Constitution (RQ-0195-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: The proper disposition and use of motor vehicle registration fees allocated to county (Rq-0182-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether section 681.009, Transportation Code, which relates to designation by a municipality of parking spaces for the disabled, conflicts with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (RQ-0191-JC)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, John Cornyn, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether a municipal park board may authorize a hotel under its management and control pursuant to section 306.032 of the Local Government Code to offer memberships in the hotel's health and fitness center to non-hotel guests, including local residents (RQ-0194-JC)

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the proposals to change the entire budget process from an annual to a biennial cycle."

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the Social Security Administration's (SSA) efforts to prepare to meet its future service delivery challenges, focusing on: (1) the extent and seriousness of these challenges; (2) SSA's strategy to meet them; (3) the status of the agency's efforts to use information technology to cope with the challenges; (4) the agency's efforts to prepare its workforce for the future; and (5) the implications of SSA's plans and efforts for its readiness to meet future challenges."

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Strike Fighter acquisition program, focusing on the: (1) best commercial practices for developing new products; (2) reasons why DOD does not follow these practices; and (3) opportunity that Joint Strike Fighter represents to strengthen--or weaken--the effect of best practices and acquisition reform on major weapons."

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the adequacy of the data that the Environmental Protection Agency and the states have for making critical water quality decisions required by the Clean Water Act, focusing on: (1) the adequacy of the data for identifying waters for states' 303(d) lists; (2) the adequacy of data for developing total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for those waters; and (3) key factors that affect the states' abilities to develop TMDLs."

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the status of reforms to improve the United Nations (U.N.), focusing on efforts to: (1) restructure U.N. leadership and operations; (2) develop a performance-based human capital system; and (3) introduce programming and budgeting processes focused on results."

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the "ILOVEYOU" computer virus, focusing on the need for agency and governmentwide improvements in information security."