Determining equivalent damage loading for full-scale wind turbine blade fatigue tests (open access)

Determining equivalent damage loading for full-scale wind turbine blade fatigue tests

This paper describes a simplified method for converting wind turbine rotor design loads into equivalent-damage, constant-amplitude loads and load ratios for both flap and lead-lag directions. It is an iterative method that was developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) using Palmgren-Miner's linear damage principles. The general method is unique because it does not presume that any information about the materials or blade structural properties is precisely known. According to this method, the loads are never converted to stresses. Instead, a family of M-N curves (moment vs. cycles) is defined with reasonable boundaries for load-amplitude and slope. An optimization program iterates and converges on the constant amplitude test load and load ratio that minimizes the sensitivity to the range of M-N curves for each blade section. The authors constrained the general method to match the NedWind 25 design condition for the Standards, Measurements, and Testing (SMT) blade testing pro gram. SMT participants agreed to use the fixed S-N slope of m = 10 from the original design to produce consistent test-loads among the laboratories. Unconstrained, the general method suggests that slightly higher test loads should be used for the NedWind 25 blade design spectrum. NedWind 25 blade test loads …
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Freebury, G. & Musial, W.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Applied environmental technology development at the Savannah River Site: A retrospective on the last half of the 20th century (open access)

Applied environmental technology development at the Savannah River Site: A retrospective on the last half of the 20th century

Fifty years ago, the Savannah River Site (SRS) was built to produce nuclear materials. These operations impacted air, soil, groundwater, ecology and the local environment. Throughout its history, SRS has addressed these contamination issues directly and has maintained a strong commitment to environmental stewardship. The site boasts many environmental firsts. Notably, SRS was the first major DOE facility to perform a baseline ecological assessment. This pioneering effort, by Ruth Patrick and the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, was performed during SRS planning and construction in the early 1950's. This unique early example sets the stage for subsequent efforts. Since that time, the scientists and engineers at SRS have proactively identified environmental problems as they occurred and have skillfully developed elegant and efficient solutions.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Looney, B. B.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Addendum to the composite analysis for the E-Area Vaults and Saltstone Disposal Facilities (open access)

Addendum to the composite analysis for the E-Area Vaults and Saltstone Disposal Facilities

This report documents the composite analysis performed on the two active SRS low-level radioactive waste disposal facilities. The facilities are the Z-Area Saltstone Disposal Facility and the E-Area Vaults Disposal Facility.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Cook, J. R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Sanitary Landfill Groundwater Monitoring Report, Fourth Quarter 1999 and 1999 Summary (open access)

Sanitary Landfill Groundwater Monitoring Report, Fourth Quarter 1999 and 1999 Summary

A maximum of thirty eight-wells of the LFW series monitor groundwater quality in the Steed Pond Aquifer (Water Table) beneath the Sanitary Landfill Area at the Savannah River Site (SRS). These wells are sampled quarterly to comply with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Domestic Water Permit DWP-087A and as part of the SRS Groundwater Monitoring Program. Iron (Total Recoverable), Chloroethene (Vinyl Chloride) and 1,1-Dichloroethane were the most widespread constituents exceeding the Final Primary Drinking Water Standards during 1999. Trichloroethylene, 1,1-Dichloroethylene, 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Aluminum (Total Recoverable), Benzene, cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene, Dichlorodifluoromethane, Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride), Gross Alpha, Mercury (Total Recoverable), Nonvolatile Beta, Tetrachloroethylene, Total Organic Halogens, Trichlorofluoromethane, Tritium also exceeded standards in one or more wells. The groundwater flow direction in the Steed Pond Aquifer (Water Table) beneath the Sanitary Landfill is to the southeast (universal transverse Mercator coordinates). The flow rate in this unit was approximately 144.175 ft/year during first quarter 1999 and 145.27 ft/year during fourth quarter 1999.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Chase, J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Dual-rod Yb: YAG laser for high-power and high-brightness applications (open access)

Dual-rod Yb: YAG laser for high-power and high-brightness applications

The authors describe a diode-pumped Yb:YAG laser producing 1,080 W cw with 27.5% optical-optical efficiency and 532 W Q-switched with M{sup 2} = 2.2 and 17% optical-optical efficiency. The laser uses two composite Yb:YAG rods separated by a 90 degree quartz rotator for bifocusing compensation. A microlensed diode array end-pumps each rod using a hollow lens duct for pump delivery. By changing resonator parameters, they can adjust the fundamental mode size and the output beam quality. Using a flattened gaussian intensity profile to calculate the mode fill efficiency and clipping losses, the authors compare experimental data to modeled output power vs beam quality.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Honea, E. C.; Beach, R.; Mitchell, S. C.; Skidmore, J. A.; Emanuel, M. A.; Sutton, S. B. et al.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Comprehensive testing of Nedwind 12-Meter wind turbine blades at NREL (open access)

Comprehensive testing of Nedwind 12-Meter wind turbine blades at NREL

This paper describes the structural testing of two NedWind 25 12-m blades at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The tests were conducted under the Standards, Measurement and Testing (SMT) Program in conjunction with tests conducted by four European laboratories to develop a common database of blade testing methods. All of the laboratories tested duplicate copies of blades taken from series production. Blade properties, including weight, center of gravity, natural frequencies, stiffness, and damping, were determined. Static load tests were performed at 110% of the extreme design load for strain verification. NREL performed single-axis and two-axis fatigue tests using business-as-usual testing practices. The single-axis test combined equivalent life loading for the edge and flap spectra into a single resultant load. The two-axis test applied the edge and flap components independently at a phase angle of 90{degree}. Damage areas were observed at (1) the trailing edge, which cracked near the maximum chord; (2) between the steel root collar and the composite, where circumferential cracking was noted; and (3) along the top of the spar between the 2,500-mm and 4,200-mm stations, where a notable increase in acoustic emissions was detected. NREL observed that the onset of damage occurred earlier in the single-axis …
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Larwood, S. & Musial, W.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
National Geoscience Data Repository System, Phase III: Implementation and operation of the repository (open access)

National Geoscience Data Repository System, Phase III: Implementation and operation of the repository

The American Geological Institute's (AGI) National Geoscience Data Repository System (NGDRS) was initiated in response to the fact that billions of dollars worth of domestic geoscience data are in jeopardy of being irrevocably lost or destroyed as a consequence of the ongoing downsizing of the U.S. energy and minerals industry. Preservation and access to domestic geological and geophysical data are critical to the energy security and economic prosperity of the nation. There is a narrow window of opportunity to act before valuable data are destroyed. The data truly represent a national treasure and immediate steps must be taken to assure their preservation.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Institute, American Geological
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Security issues at the Department of Energy and records management (open access)

Security issues at the Department of Energy and records management

In order to discuss the connection between security issues within the Department of Energy and records management, the author covers a bit of security history and talks about what she calls ``the Amazing Project''. Initiated in late May 1999, it was to be a tri-laboratory (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory of Livermore, California, Los Alamos National Laboratory of Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Sandia National Laboratories of Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Livermore, California) project. The team that formed was tasked to develop the best set of security solutions that still enabled weapon mission work to get done and the security solutions were to be the same set for everyone. The amazing project was called ''The Integrated Security Management Project'', or ''ISecM' for short. She'll describe why she thinks this project was so amazing and what it accomplished. There's a bit of sad news about the project, but then she'll move onto discuss what was learned at Sandia as a result of the project and what they're currently doing in records management.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: NUSBAUM,ANNA W.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Demand Activated Manufacturing Architecture (DAMA) model for supply chain collaboration (open access)

Demand Activated Manufacturing Architecture (DAMA) model for supply chain collaboration

The Demand Activated Manufacturing Architecture (DAMA) project during the last five years of work with the U.S. Integrated Textile Complex (retail, apparel, textile, and fiber sectors) has developed an inter-enterprise architecture and collaborative model for supply chains. This model will enable improved collaborative business across any supply chain. The DAMA Model for Supply Chain Collaboration is a high-level model for collaboration to achieve Demand Activated Manufacturing. The five major elements of the architecture to support collaboration are (1) activity or process, (2) information, (3) application, (4) data, and (5) infrastructure. These five elements are tied to the application of the DAMA architecture to three phases of collaboration - prepare, pilot, and scale. There are six collaborative activities that may be employed in this model: (1) Develop Business Planning Agreements, (2) Define Products, (3) Forecast and Plan Capacity Commitments, (4) Schedule Product and Product Delivery, (5) Expedite Production and Delivery Exceptions, and (6) Populate Supply Chain Utility. The Supply Chain Utility is a set of applications implemented to support collaborative product definition, forecast visibility, planning, scheduling, and execution. The DAMA architecture and model will be presented along with the process for implementing this DAMA model.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: CHAPMAN,LEON D. & PETERSEN,MARJORIE B.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Maximally exposed offsite individual location determination for NESHAPS compliance (open access)

Maximally exposed offsite individual location determination for NESHAPS compliance

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the use of the computer program CAP88 for demonstrating compliance with the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS.) One of the inputs required for CAP88 is the location of the maximally exposed individual (MEI) by sector and distance. Distances to the MEI have been determined for 15 different potential release locations at SRS. These locations were compared with previous work and differences were analyzed. Additionally, SREL Conference Center was included as a potential offsite location since in the future it may be used as a dormitory. Worst sectors were then determined based on the distances.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Simpkins, A.A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of energy efficiency project financing alternatives for Brookhaven National Laboratory (open access)

Assessment of energy efficiency project financing alternatives for Brookhaven National Laboratory

Energy reduction goals for Federal agencies were first established in the National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1988, and directed 10{percent} reduction in facility energy use based on a 1985 baseline. Since that time, Federal sites have been actively seeking and implementing a wide variety of energy-efficiency measures in facilities across the Federal sector. In the intervening years this energy reduction goal has been progressively increased to 20{percent} through legislation (Public Law 102-486, The Energy Policy Act of 1992) and a number of Executive Orders. Executive Order 13123, Greening the Government Through Efficient Energy management (signed June 3, 1999), further increased the facility energy-efficiency improvement goal from 30{percent} in 2005 to 35{percent} by 2010 relative to the 1985 baseline.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Hunt, W.D.M.; Hail, JC & Sullivan, GP
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
SINGLE CRYSTAL NEUTRON DIFFRACTION. (open access)

SINGLE CRYSTAL NEUTRON DIFFRACTION.

Single-crystal neutron diffraction measures the elastic Bragg reflection intensities from crystals of a material, the structure of which is the subject of investigation. A single crystal is placed in a beam of neutrons produced at a nuclear reactor or at a proton accelerator-based spallation source. Single-crystal diffraction measurements are commonly made at thermal neutron beam energies, which correspond to neutron wavelengths in the neighborhood of 1 Angstrom. For high-resolution studies requiring shorter wavelengths (ca. 0.3-0.8 Angstroms), a pulsed spallation source or a high-temperature moderator (a ''hot source'') at a reactor may be used. When complex structures with large unit-cell repeats are under investigation, as is the case in structural biology, a cryogenic-temperature moderator (a ''cold source'') may be employed to obtain longer neutron wavelengths (ca. 4-10 Angstroms). A single-crystal neutron diffraction analysis will determine the crystal structure of the material, typically including its unit cell and space group, the positions of the atomic nuclei and their mean-square displacements, and relevant site occupancies. Because the neutron possesses a magnetic moment, the magnetic structure of the material can be determined as well, from the magnetic contribution to the Bragg intensities. This latter aspect falls beyond the scope of the present unit; for …
Date: March 13, 2001
Creator: Koetzle, T. F.
Object Type: Book
System: The UNT Digital Library
Monitoring the Ocean Acoustic Environment: A Model-Based Detection Approach (open access)

Monitoring the Ocean Acoustic Environment: A Model-Based Detection Approach

A model-based approach is applied in the development of a processor designed to passively monitor an ocean acoustic environment along with its associated variations. The technique employs an adaptive, model-based processor embedded in a sequential likelihood detection scheme. The trade-off between state-based and innovations-based monitor designs is discussed, conceptually. The underlying theory for the innovations-based design is briefly developed and applied to a simulated data set.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Candy, J. V. & Sullivan, E. J.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Nucleic Acid-Based Detection and Identification of Bacterial and Fungal Plant Pathogens - Final Report (open access)

Nucleic Acid-Based Detection and Identification of Bacterial and Fungal Plant Pathogens - Final Report

The threat to American interests from terrorists is not limited to attacks against humans. Terrorists might seek to inflict damage to the U.S. economy by attacking our agricultural sector. Infection of commodity crops by bacterial or fungal crop pathogens could adversely impact U.S. agriculture, either directly from damage to crops or indirectly from damage to our ability to export crops suspected of contamination. Recognizing a terrorist attack against U.S. agriculture, to be able to prosecute the terrorists, is among the responsibilities of the members of Hazardous Material Response Unit (HMRU) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Nucleic acid analysis of plant pathogen strains by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification techniques is a powerful method for determining the exact identity of pathogens, as well as their possible region of origin. This type of analysis, however, requires that PCR assays be developed specific to each particular pathogen strain, an d analysis protocols developed that are specific to the particular instrument used for detection. The objectives of the work described here were threefold: (1) to assess the potential terrorist threat to U.S. agricultural crops, (2) to determine whether suitable assays exist to monitor that threat, and (3) where assays …
Date: March 13, 2001
Creator: Kingsley, Mark T
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Silo 3 Waste Treatment Phase I Physical Testing Final Report (open access)

Silo 3 Waste Treatment Phase I Physical Testing Final Report

A characterization study of the Fernald Silo 3 waste was performed at the request of Rocky Mountain Remedial Services, LLC (RMRS) to support treatment of the waste with the Envirobond reagents and Envirobrick process. The Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) performed the characterization under a Work for Others Agreement WOF-00-007. Physical property testing was subcontracted to the Clemson Environmental Technologies Laboratory (CETL). This report is intended to transmit the results of the physical property testing conducted at the CETL. Results of the physical property testing are summarized in a final report from Steve Hoeffner, CETL.
Date: March 13, 2001
Creator: Langton, C. A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
SINGLE CRYSTAL NEUTRON DIFFRACTION. (open access)

SINGLE CRYSTAL NEUTRON DIFFRACTION.

Single-crystal neutron diffraction measures the elastic Bragg reflection intensities from crystals of a material, the structure of which is the subject of investigation. A single crystal is placed in a beam of neutrons produced at a nuclear reactor or at a proton accelerator-based spallation source. Single-crystal diffraction measurements are commonly made at thermal neutron beam energies, which correspond to neutron wavelengths in the neighborhood of 1 Angstrom. For high-resolution studies requiring shorter wavelengths (ca. 0.3-0.8 Angstroms), a pulsed spallation source or a high-temperature moderator (a ''hot source'') at a reactor may be used. When complex structures with large unit-cell repeats are under investigation, as is the case in structural biology, a cryogenic-temperature moderator (a ''cold source'') may be employed to obtain longer neutron wavelengths (ca. 4-10 Angstroms). A single-crystal neutron diffraction analysis will determine the crystal structure of the material, typically including its unit cell and space group, the positions of the atomic nuclei and their mean-square displacements, and relevant site occupancies. Because the neutron possesses a magnetic moment, the magnetic structure of the material can be determined as well, from the magnetic contribution to the Bragg intensities. This latter aspect falls beyond the scope of the present unit; for …
Date: March 13, 2001
Creator: Koetzle, T. F.
Object Type: Book
System: The UNT Digital Library
Introduction to the Theory and Analysis of Resolved (and Unresolved) Neutron Resonances via SAMMY (open access)

Introduction to the Theory and Analysis of Resolved (and Unresolved) Neutron Resonances via SAMMY

Neutron cross-section data are important for two purposes: First, they provide insight into the nature of matter, increasing our understanding of fundamental physics. Second, they are needed for practical applications (e.g., for calculating when and how a reactor will become critical, or how much shielding is needed for storage of nuclear materials, or for medical applications). Neutron cross section data in the resolved-resonance region are generally obtained by time-of-flight experiments, which must be carefully analyzed if they are to be properly understood and utilized. In this report, important features of the analysis process are discussed, with emphasis on the particular techniques used in the analysis code SAMMY. Other features of the code are also described; these include such topics as calculation of group cross sections (including covariance matrices), generation and fitting of integral quantities, and extensions into the unresolved-resonance region and higher-energy regions.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Larson, N.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Soil Vapor Extraction Testing of Selected Wells in the Northern Sector of A-Area (open access)

Soil Vapor Extraction Testing of Selected Wells in the Northern Sector of A-Area

The purpose of this testing was to determine if a vadose zone source for the contamination remains and to begin collecting data to assist with determining the location of any significant source.
Date: March 13, 2001
Creator: Dixon, K.L.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
CHARACTERIZATION OF AIRFLOWS NEAR THE EXIT OF HVAC REGISTERS USING LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV). (open access)

CHARACTERIZATION OF AIRFLOWS NEAR THE EXIT OF HVAC REGISTERS USING LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV).

A facility to characterize the airflow at the exit of HVAC registers was designed and fabricated. The objective of this work is to obtain velocity and turbulence data at the exit of registers, which can then be used as an input boundary condition in a modern Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code to predict the velocity and temperature distribution in an enclosure, and also the register performance parameters such as throw. During the course of this work, two commonly used registers were tested. Both registers were 8 inch x 4 inch sidewall registers. Laser Doppler Velocimetry was used to measure the axial and vertical components of the velocity vector at various locations across the face of the registers. For the two cases of registers studied here, the results suggest that the velocity field at the very exit of each of these registers scales with the flow rate through the registers. This means that, in the mode of operation in which the supply fan (of an HVAC system) has a ''High'' and ''Low'' setting, similar velocity scaling would result for the type of registers tested here.
Date: March 13, 2003
Creator: Tutu, N. K.; Krishna, C. R.; Andrews, J. W. & Butcher, T. A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Hybrid electric vehicle technology assessment : methodology, analytical issues, and interim results. (open access)

Hybrid electric vehicle technology assessment : methodology, analytical issues, and interim results.

This report presents the results of the first phase of Argonne National Laboratory's (ANL's) examination of the costs and energy impacts of light-duty hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). We call this research an HEV Technology Assessment, or HEVTA. HEVs are vehicles with drivetrains that combine electric drive components (electric motor, electricity storage) with a refuelable power plant (e.g., an internal combustion engine). The use of hybrid drivetrains is widely considered a key technology strategy in improving automotive fuel efficiency. Two hybrid vehicles--Toyota's Prius and Honda's Insight--have been introduced into the U.S. market, and all three auto industry participants in the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) have selected hybrid drivetrains for their prototype vehicles.
Date: March 13, 2002
Creator: Plotkin, S.; Santini, D.; Vyas, A.; Anderson, J.; Wang, M.; Bharathan, D. et al.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Review and Prioritization of Technical Issues Related to Burnup Credit for LWR Fuel (open access)

Review and Prioritization of Technical Issues Related to Burnup Credit for LWR Fuel

This report has been prepared to review relevant background information and provide technical discussion that will help initiate a PIRT (Phenomena Identification and Ranking Tables) process for use of burnup credit in light-water reactor (LWR) spent fuel storage and transport cask applications. The PIRT process will be used by the NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research to help prioritize and guide a coordinated program of research and as a means to obtain input/feedback from industry and other interested parties. The review and discussion in this report are based on knowledge and experience gained from work performed in the United States and other countries. Current regulatory practice and perceived industry needs are also reviewed as a background for prioritizing technical needs that will facilitate safe practice in the use of burnup credit. Relevant physics and analysis phenomenon are identified, and an assessment of their importance to burnup credit implementation is given. Finally, phenomena that need to be better understood for effective licensing, together with technical issues that require resolution, are presented and discussed in the form of a prioritization ranking and initial draft program plan.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: Parks, C. V.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
MOX FUEL PIN MEASURING APPARATUS (open access)

MOX FUEL PIN MEASURING APPARATUS

This report summarizes the design of the ATR MOX Test Fuel Pin Measuring Device. This device makes use of four Magnescale probes and a precision sliding table to make three-dimensional measurements of a short fuel pin (approximately 8 inches) with an accuracy of better than 0.0003 inches. Mathematical fitting is then used to determine the diameter and bowing of the fuel pin as a function of length. This device is currently being applied to fuel pins irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) as part of the Light Water Mixed Oxide Fuel Irradiation Test sponsored by the Department of Energy.
Date: March 13, 2001
Creator: MORRIS, R.N.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Study of metal dusting phenomenon and development of materials resistant to metal dusting. (open access)

Study of metal dusting phenomenon and development of materials resistant to metal dusting.

The deposition of carbon from carbonaceous gaseous environments is prevalent in many chemical and petrochemical processes such as reforming systems, syngas production systems, iron reduction plants, and others. One of the major consequences of carbon deposition is the degradation of structural materials by a phenomenon known as metal dusting. There are two major issues of importance in metal dusting. First is formation of carbon and subsequent deposition of carbon on metallic materials. Second is the initiation of metal dusting degradation of the alloy. Details are presented on a research program that is underway at Argonne National Laboratory to study the metal dusting phenomenon from a fundamental scientific base involving laboratory research in simulated process conditions and field testing of materials in actual process environments. The project has participation from the US chemical industry, alloy manufacturers, and the Materials Technology Institute, which serves the chemical process industry.
Date: March 13, 2002
Creator: Natesan, K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Subsurface Conditions Description of the B and BX and BY Waste Management Area (open access)

Subsurface Conditions Description of the B and BX and BY Waste Management Area

This document provides a discussion of the subsurface conditions relevant to the occurrence and migration of contaminants in the vadose zone and groundwater underlying the 241-B, -BX, and -BY tank farms. This document provides a concise summary of existing information in support of characterization planning. This document includes a description of the available environmental contamination data and a limited, qualitative interpretation of these data.
Date: March 13, 2000
Creator: WOOD, M.I.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library