A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Many studies have found significant alcohol consumption among youth, even though the purchase and public possession of alcohol by persons under the age of 21 are illegal in every state and the District of Columbia. This report discusses (1) the amount of federal funds earmarked for preventing underage drinking in fiscal year 2000 and (2) funded programs in fiscal year 2000 that included efforts to publicize in the media the problem of underage drinking. An estimated $71 million of fiscal year 2000 appropriated federal funds specifically targeted the prevention of underage drinking. In addition, many federal agencies had program activities that addressed prevention of underage drinking but for which agency officials could not isolate funding specific to alcohol."

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Both the United States and the European Union (EU) began providing trade preferences to eligible developing countries in the early 1970s. These trade preferences, which reduced tariffs and product quotas, are "nonreciprocal," meaning that beneficiaries need not reciprocate with lower tariffs for donor export countries. This report discusses (1) the volume of U.S. and EU nonreciprocal preferential trade, (2) the U.S. and EU approaches to nonreciprocal trade preferences, (3) the tariff preferences offered by the U.S. and EU nonreciprocal trade programs, and (4) the extent to which U.S. and EU program beneficiaries take advantage of the tariff preferences offered under the programs. GAO found that the volume of imports receiving preferential tariff rates under U.S. and EU nonreciprocal trade preference programs in 1999 represented a relatively small share of total U.S. and EU imports, at two percent ($18 billion) and six percent ($45 billion), respectively. The U.S. and EU approaches to nonreciprocal preferential trade have evolved in similar ways since their inception in the early 1970s. U.S. and EU programs have included increasingly more products, particularly to the poorest countries, and have, over time, relaxed customs …

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The Department of Defense (DOD) issued antiarmor munitions master plans beginning in 1985 and updated the plans annually until 1990. These antiarmor plans focused on the Cold War armored threat and on the weapons that would be needed to prevail in a Central European Scenario. Congress expressed concern that the military continued to develop and procure an increasing number of tank-killing weapons at a time when potential adversaries had smaller numbers of armored forces. Congress told DOD to develop an Antiarmor Munitions Master Plan to identify the projected armor threat and the projected quantity of all antiarmor weapons, with the purpose of identifying and eliminating excess anti armor capability. This report reviews the plan to determine if it provides the data and analysis specified in the Fiscal Year 2000 Defense Appropriations conference report and provides data and analysis needed to support the services' current antiarmor acquisition plans. GAO found that DOD's July 2000 Antiarmor Munitions Master Plan did not provide the data and analysis specified in the Fiscal Year 2000 Defense Appropriations conference report. The plan provided limited data and analysis to support the services' current …

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "During its review of 2001 agency budget justifications, GAO found several capital project funding requests that lacked total project cost information and for which it was not always clear whether requested funding would provide a useful, stand-alone asset. Without this information, Congress cannot consider the full costs of proposed commitments or determine if it is funding an asset that will be useful without additional funding. This report provides several examples of agency capital project funding request information that could be improved."

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO examined Navy inventory management activities to determine whether any unauthorized activity codes had been used to requisition new and excess property. GAO found that as of June 2000, the Navy maintained 2,002 activity codes identified as unauthorized to requisition government property. However, during the last five years, 663 of these codes were used to requisition more than $2 billion in new and excess government property. In addition, there were no safeguards in the Defense Automatic Addressing System Center or the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service to prevent these activity codes from being used. This has created a condition in which government property is vulnerable to waste, fraud, and abuse."

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "This report discusses the use of intellectual property generated at the Department of Energy's (DOE) laboratories to satisfy defense contractors' offset requirements. GAO found that DOE's laboratory offset requirements have been limited. GAO's discussions with DOE and laboratory management contractors uncovered only 14 instances in which the laboratories' intellectual property were involved in offset projects. GAO also found that management contractors have the right to intellectual property that they produce at DOE laboratories."

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO examined the military's inventory management activities to determine if activity codes identified as unauthorized to requisition had been used to buy property for the Air Force. GAO found that as of June 2000, the Air Force maintained 4,239 activity codes identified as unauthorized to requisition government property. However, during the last five years, 193 of these codes were inappropriately used to requisition nearly $23 million in new and excess government property. In addition, safeguards established to prevent unauthorized activity codes from being used to requisition government property failed. This situation has created a condition in which government property is vulnerable to waste, fraud, and abuse."

Correspondence issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "As of June 2000, the General Services Administration (GSA) maintained 52 activity codes identified as unauthorized to requisition government property. During the last five years, four of these codes were inappropriately used to requisition about $3,000 in new and excess government property. Although this amount represents a small percentage of total GSA requisitions made during the five-year period, existing safeguards are inadequate to prevent the use of unauthorized activity codes to requisition government property. GSA is now tracing the various items."

This report provides the results of a random survey of adult Texas residents aged 18 and older to measure the citizen participation rates, the distribution and frequency of play, and the demographic profiles of the past-year lottery players and non-players.

Moisture engineering is becoming an important task in the overall design of building enclosures in both North America and Europe. Several methods may be used to design wall systems, and modeling is definitively the most flexible approach. There is an increasing demand for calculation methods to assess the moisture behavior of building components. In North America alone, the estimated cost in increased energy consumption due to the presence of moisture is approximately $1 billion dollars annually. Current tasks, such as preserving historical buildings or restoring and insulating existing buildings are closely related to the moisture tolerance in a building structure. Calculative analyses are becoming increasingly important due to the expensive and time-consuming experimental investigations and the limited transferability to real situations. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Building Technology Center) and the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics in an international collaboration h ave jointly developed a moisture engineering assessment model that predicts the transient transport of heat and moisture. This model, WUFI-ORNL/IBP is now available in North America free of charge, and can be downloaded via the Internet at: www.ornl.gov/btc/moisture. The unique features of this particular model are that it incorporates vapor and diffusion transport mechanism, along with realistic boundary conditions …

An industry-led initiative to identify key goals and strategies for the windows industry with an emphasis on energy conservation, enhanced quality, fast delivery, and low installed cost.

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Numerous studies have been done on developing new electrolytes for lithium batteries with high ionic conductivity, and good chemical and electrochemical stability. In addition to the research on new salts and solvents, the use of cation receptors to reduce ion pairing in non-aqueous electrolytes has been considered as an approach to improve the properties of electrolytes. Although both cation and anion receptors enhance the dissociation of ion pairs and increase the conductivity of electrolytes, the use of anion receptors is more attractive for a lithium battery electrolyte because anion receptors increase the lithium transference number in the electrolyte. However, most available neutral anion receptors complex with anions through hydrogen binding and cannot be used in lithium batteries. Recently, we have reported on synthesis of a series of new neutral boron compounds as anion receptors based on the idea that electron-deficient boron would complex the anion of the ion pair. The anion complexation effect of these boron compounds was further enhanced by attaching electron-withdrawing groups. Here we report synthesis of another new family of boronate compounds. The effect of these new compounds on conductivity of lithium salts in non-aqueous solution was studied. The molecular weights of these new boronate compounds are …

Microcantilevers are key components of many Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Micro-Optical-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) because slight changes to them physically or chemically lead to changes in mechanical characteristics. An inexpensive dual-fiberoptic microcantilever proximity sensor and model to predict its performance are reported here. Motion of a magnetic-material-coated cantilever is the basis of a system under development for measuring magnetic fields. The dual fiber proximity sensor will be used to monitor the motion of the cantilever. The specific goal is to sense induction fields produced by a current carrying conductor. The proximity sensor consists of two fibers side by side with claddings in contact. The fiber core diameter, 50 microns, and cladding thickness, 10 microns, are as small as routinely available commercially with the exception of single mode fiber. Light is launched into one fiber from a light-emitting diode (LED). It emerges from that fiber and reflects from the cantilever into the adjacent receiving fiber connected to a detector. The sensing end is cast molded with a diameter of 3-mm over the last 20-mm, yielding a low profile sensor. This reflective triangulation approach is probably the oldest and simplest fiber proximity sensing approach, yet the novelty here is in demonstrating high sensitivity …

Thermoelastic response of liquid metal targets exposed to high-volumetric-energy deposition in times shorter than the target hydrodynamic response time (i.e., sound travel time) is of interest to several research areas, including targets for high-power accelerators such as the Spallation Neutron Source, muon collider targets, etc. Sudden energy deposition causes shock and rarefaction waves of magnitude {+-} {Delta}P that corresponds to an initial thermal pressure of tens of katm. Nevertheless a liquid subjected to a negative pressure is metastable. The problem of liquid target oscillations in the presence of large negative pressure, and the mechanism of fragmentation and its consequences, are considered in this paper.

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The ''point design'' studied this year shows that a staged VLHC (40, {approx} 200 TeV) is feasible, with no insurmountable challenges. Further work can provide a more optimized design, by studying various alternative field strengths (e.g., superferric magnets for Stage 1) for improvements to vacuum, wall impedance, and other major performance parameters. It may be that a ''single-stage'' scenario for accessing higher energies sooner is the correct approach. A next-step design study should be considered to look at the two cases near to and complementary to the 2001 VLHC Design Study. The effectiveness of photon stops and their engineering design need to be addressed in the near future to truly determine if these devices can lead this effort to even higher luminosities and energies. The superbunch approach should continue to be studied, as well as IR designs, new instrumentation and diagnostics, and beam dynamics issues. Finally, a well organized VLHC-motivated beam studies effort should become part of the national program.

The CDF Run I B physics program has been very successful, making numerous measurements over a wide variety of B physics topics. Measurements have included masses and lifetimes; discovery of the B{sub c}; B{sub s} {r_arrow} J/{psi}{phi} polarization; B{sup 0} {leftrightarrow} {bar B}{sup 0} mixing; sin (2{beta}); and rare decay limits. Recent results include a search for {Lambda}{sub b} {r_arrow} {Lambda}{gamma} and a study of B{sup 0} {r_arrow} J/{psi}K(*){sup 0} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} decays. The tools and experience developed during Run I are quite valuable as CDF enters Run II.

The concept of a Muon Collider was first proposed by Budker [10] and by Skrinsky [11] in the 60s and early 70s. However, there was little substance to the concept until the idea of ionization cooling was developed by Skrinsky and Parkhomchuk [12]. The ionization cooling approach was expanded by Neufer [13] and then by Palmer [14], whose work led to the formation of the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider Collaboration (MC) [3] in 1995. The concept of a neutrino source based on a pion storage ring was originally considered by Koshkarev [18]. However, the intensity of the muons created within the ring from pion decay was too low to provide a useful neutrino source. The Muon Collider concept provided a way to produce a very intense muon source. The physics potential of neutrino beams produced by muon storage rings was investigated by Geer in 1997 at a Fermilab workshop [19, 20] where it became evident that the neutrino beams produced by muon storage rings needed for the muon collider were exciting on their own merit. The neutrino factory concept quickly captured the imagination of the particle physics community, driven in large part by the exciting atmospheric neutrino deficit results …

Recent results from searches for the SM and SUSY Higgs bosons in Run 1 at the Tevatron have been shown. The sensitivity of the present SM Higgs searches at the Tevatron is limited by statistics leading to a reach in p{bar p} {r_arrow} VH production more than an order of magnitude higher than the SM prediction. The search for the neutral SUSY Higgs via p{bar p} {r_arrow} b{bar b}{psi} {r_arrow} b{bar b}b{bar b} excludes regions in the tan {beta} vs M{sub A} space which extend significantly those previously probed by LEP. They have presented results from studies of the discovery and sensitivity reach for the Higgs bosons in Run 2. Combining all search channels and the data from both experiments a SM Higgs can be excluded at 95% CL over the full mass range M{sub H} < 190 GeV with 15 fb{sup {minus}1}. The sensitivity to neutral SUSY Higgs production with b{bar b} has been shown. The p{bar p} {r_arrow} b{bar b}{psi} {r_arrow} b{bar b}b{bar b} channel serves as the most important mode for discovering or ruling out the MSSM Higgs at large tan {beta}.

The major goal of this project was to evaluate the impact of fracture porosity on performance of the South Wasson Clear Fork reservoir. The approach was to use subcritical crack (SCC) index measurements and a crack-growth simulator to model potential fracture geometries in this reservoir. The SCC index on representative rock samples and proceedings with other pertinent rock measurements were measured. An approach for modeling coupled matrix and fracture flow using nonneighbor connections in a traditional finite-difference simulator was tested and found to be feasible.

We have measured the Ag and Pd M{sub 5}VV Auger spectrum in coincidence with Ag and Pd 4d{sub 5/2} photoelectrons for the Ag/Cu(100) and Pd/Cu(100) systems, respectively, as a function of admetal coverage. These systems form surface alloys (i.e. random substitutional alloys in the first atomic layer) for impurity concentrations in the 0.1 monolayer range. For these systems, the centroid of the impurity 4d levels is expected to shift away from the Fermi level by {approx}1 eV [Ruban et al., Journal of Molecular Catalysis. A 115 (1997) 421], an effect that should be easily seen in coincidence core-valence-valence Auger spectra. We find that the impurity Auger spectra of both systems shift in a manner that is consistent with d-band moving away from EF. However, the shift for Pd is considerably smaller than expected, and a shift almost absent for Ag. The disagreement between theory and experiment is most likely caused by the neglect of lattice relaxations in the calculations.

Probably the most widely used cyclotron produced radiohalogen is I-123. It has gradually replaced I-131 as the isotope of choice for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals containing radioiodine. It gives a much lower radiation dose to the patient and the gamma ray energy of 159 keV is ideally suited for use in a gamma camera. The gamma ray will penetrate tissue very effectively without excessive radiation dose. For this reason, it has in many instances replaced the reactor produced iodine-131 (Lambrecht and Wolf 1973). A great number of radiopharmaceuticals have been labeled using I-123 and the number is increasing. One of the most promising uses of I-123 is in the imaging of monoclonal antibodies to localize and visualize tumors. However, preclinical and clinical experiences with radiolabeled antibodies have not realized the expectations regarding specificity and sensitivity of tumor localization with these agents. It appears that much of the administered activity is not associated with the tumor site and only a small fraction actually accumulates there. Work continues in this area and tumor-associated antigens can be targets for specific antibody reagents.

In a 1997 summer study, a team led by Steve Holmes formulated a development plan for the Fermilab proton source and described the results in TM-2021. Subsequently, at the end of 1998, a task group was formed to prepare a detailed design of a high intensity facility called the Proton Driver to replace the Fermilab Booster. In the past two years the design effort has attracted more than fifty participants, mostly from the Beams Division. Physicists and engineers from the Technical Division and FESS as well as other institutions, including the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Stanford University, University of Hawaii, CERN in Switzerland, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in England and the IHEP in Russia also contributed heavily. The results of that effort are summarized in this document describing the design of a 16 GeV synchrotron, two new beam transport lines (a 400 MeV injection line and a 12/16 GeV extraction line), and related improvements to the present negative ion source and the 400 MeV Linac. A construction cost estimate is presented in Appendix A.