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Lecture notes for criticality safety (open access)

Lecture notes for criticality safety

These lecture notes for criticality safety are prepared for the training of Department of Energy supervisory, project management, and administrative staff. Technical training and basic mathematics are assumed. The notes are designed for a two-day course, taught by two lecturers. Video tapes may be used at the options of the instructors. The notes provide all the materials that are necessary but outside reading will assist in the fullest understanding. The course begins with a nuclear physics overview. The reader is led from the macroscopic world into the microscopic world of atoms and the elementary particles that constitute atoms. The particles, their masses and sizes and properties associated with radioactive decay and fission are introduced along with Einstein's mass-energy equivalence. Radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, radiation penetration, shielding and health-effects are discussed to understand protection in case of a criticality accident. Fission, the fission products, particles and energy released are presented to appreciate the dangers of criticality. Nuclear cross sections are introduced to understand the effectiveness of slow neutrons to produce fission. Chain reactors are presented as an economy; effective use of the neutrons from fission leads to more fission resulting in a power reactor or a criticality excursion. The six-factor formula …
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: Fullwood, R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Study of ICRF wave propagation and plasma coupling efficiency in a linear magnetic mirror device (open access)

Study of ICRF wave propagation and plasma coupling efficiency in a linear magnetic mirror device

Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequency (ICRF) wave propagation in an inhomogeneous axial magnetic field in a cylindrical plasma-vacuum system has historically been inadequately modelled. Previous works either sacrifice the cylindrical geometry in favor of a simpler slab geometry, concentrate on the resonance region, use a single mode to represent the entire field structure, or examine only radial propagation. This thesis performs both analytical and computational studies to model the ICRF wave-plasma coupling and propagation problem. Experimental analysis is also conducted to compare experimental results with theoretical predictions. Both theoretical as well as experimental analysis are undertaken as part of the thesis. The theoretical studies simulate the propagation of ICRF waves in an axially inhomogeneous magnetic field and in cylindrical geometry. Two theoretical analysis are undertaken - an analytical study and a computational study. The analytical study treats the inhomogeneous magnetic field by transforming the (r,z) coordinate into another coordinate system ({rho},{xi}) that allows the solution of the fields with much simpler boundaries. The plasma fields are then Fourier transformed into two coupled convolution-integral equations which are then differenced and solved for both the perpendicular mode number {alpha} as well as the complete EM fields. The computational study involves a multiple …
Date: July 1, 1991
Creator: Peng, S.Y.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Investigations of CuInSe sub 2 Thin Films and Contacts (open access)

Investigations of CuInSe sub 2 Thin Films and Contacts

This report describes research into electrical contacts for copper indium diselenide (CuInSe{sub 2}) polycrystalline thin films used for solar cell applications. Molybdenum contacts have historically been the most promising for heterojunction solar cells. This program studied contact stability by investigating thermally induced bilayer reactions between molybdenum and copper, indium, and selenium. Because selenization is widely used to fabricate CuInSe{sub 2} thin films for photovoltaic cells, a second part of the program investigated how the morphologies, phases, and reactions of pre-selenization Cu-In structures are affected by the deposition process and heat treatments. 7 refs., 6 figs.
Date: October 1, 1991
Creator: Nicolet, M. A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The role of mobile ions in fast ion conducting systems and high impact strength ceramics (open access)

The role of mobile ions in fast ion conducting systems and high impact strength ceramics

This report discusses the following topics: Polymeric systems; Lead halide-containing fast ion conducting glasses; Mixed ionic electronic conduction; Plastic crystals; and Mobile ions as a basis for high impact ceramics.
Date: January 1, 1991
Creator: Angell, C. A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Operating experience with the ALS linac (open access)

Operating experience with the ALS linac

The linac injector for the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at LBL was recently put into operation. Energy is 50 MeV, frequency 3 GHz. The electron gun delivers up to 6nC in a 3.0-ns bunch at 120 kV. A train of bunches is injected into a 1-Hz booster and accelerated to 1.5 GHz for storage ring injection. A magnetic analysis system is used for optimizing the linac. Measured beam properties from the gun and after acceleration in the linac are described. 9 refs., 3 figs.
Date: May 1, 1991
Creator: Selph, F. & Massoletti, D.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Condensation in a two-phase pool (open access)

Condensation in a two-phase pool

We consider the case of vapor condensation in a liquid pool, when the heat transfer is controlled by heat losses through the walls. The analysis is based on drift flux theory for phase separation in the pool, and determines the two-phase mixture height for the pool. To our knowledge this is the first analytical treatment of this classic problem that gives an explicit result, previous work having established the result for the evaporative case. From conservation of mass and energy in a one-dimensional steady flow, together with a void relation between the liquid and vapor fluxes, we determine the increase in the mixture level from the base level of the pool. It can be seen that the thermal and hydrodynamic influences are separable. Thus, the thermal influence of the wall heat transfer appears through its effect on the condensing length L*, so that at high condensation rates the pool is all liquid, and at low rates overflows (the level swell or foaming effect). Similarly, the phase separation effect hydrodynamically determines the height via the relative velocity of the mixture to the entering flux. We examine some practical applications of this result to level swell in condensing flows, and also examine …
Date: January 1, 1991
Creator: Duffey, R.B. (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States)) & Hughes, E.D. (EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID (United States))
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
A study of tau decays of the W boson at CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab) (open access)

A study of tau decays of the W boson at CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab)

A report is given of a search for tau decays of the W boson in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV using the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). A description of a hardware trigger specifically designed to enhance the number of events with tau decays is presented along with the results of a preliminary analysis of data taken during the 1988--89 run of CDF. 10 refs., 4 figs.
Date: January 3, 1990
Creator: Gladney, L. D.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Complex temporal and spatial patterns in nonequilibrium systems (open access)

Complex temporal and spatial patterns in nonequilibrium systems

Dynamical systems methods are being developed and used to characterize the formation and evolution of temporal and spatial patterns in systems maintained far from equilibrium. In particular, experiments and analyses are considering electrodeposition of fractal metallic clusters, pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems, and the primary instabilities of some fluid flows. Novel reactors have been developed to search for chemical patterns (spatial variations in the chemical composition), and sustained patterns have been found in several different one- and two-dimensional geometries. Bifurcations in these patterns are studied by varying control parameters, e.g., the concentrations of the feed chemicals or the temperature. The observed two-dimensional chemical patterns range from the stationary patterns, similar to those predicted by Turing in 1952 but not observed until 1990, to chemical turbulence, which is characterized by large numbers of defects and a rapid decay of spatial correlations. These provide general insights into the formation of spatiotemporal patterns in nonequilibrium systems.
Date: September 1, 1991
Creator: Swinney, H. L.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Control of pyrite surface chemistry in physical coal cleaning (open access)

Control of pyrite surface chemistry in physical coal cleaning

The successful separation of pyrite from coal by flotation is dependent to a large extent upon the selectivity of the process, and the use of a pyrite depressant is one of the most important and cost-effective techniques for achieving this. This report evaluates the effects of three factors on the floatability of pyrite. These are (1) the superficial oxidation of pyrite, (2) the contamination of pyrite surfaces by carbonaceous matter, and (3) pulp redox potentials. XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and IR spectrometry have been used to identify surface reaction products. Microflotation, laboratory-scale conventional flotation and microbubble column flotation were used to quantify the effects of these factors. It was found that low (reducing) pulp potentials are effective depressants of pyrite (more so for fresh, unoxidized samples than for oxidized samples), whilst at the same time do not materially affect coal flotation.
Date: June 24, 1992
Creator: Luttrell, G. H.; Yoon, R. H. & Ou, Z. S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Repetitive, small-bore two-stage light gas gun (open access)

Repetitive, small-bore two-stage light gas gun

A repetitive two-stage light gas gun for high-speed pellet injection has been developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In general, applications of the two-stage light gas gun have been limited to only single shots, with a finite time (at least minutes) needed for recovery and preparation for the next shot. The new device overcomes problems associated with repetitive operation, including rapidly evacuating the propellant gases, reloading the gun breech with a new projectile, returning the piston to its initial position, and refilling the first- and second-stage gas volumes to the appropriate pressure levels. In addition, some components are subjected to and must survive severe operating conditions, which include rapid cycling to high pressures and temperatures (up to thousands of bars and thousands of kelvins) and significant mechanical shocks. Small plastic projectiles (4-mm nominal size) and helium gas have been used in the prototype device, which was equipped with a 1-m-long pump tube and a 1-m-long gun barrel, to demonstrate repetitive operation (up to 1 Hz) at relatively high pellet velocities (up to 3000 m/s). The equipment is described, and experimental results are presented. 124 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.
Date: January 1, 1991
Creator: Combs, S. K.; Foust, C. R.; Fehling, D. T.; Gouge, M. J. & Milora, S. L.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Growth, preparation, and dielectric properties of monodomain single crystal PbTiO sub 3 (open access)

Growth, preparation, and dielectric properties of monodomain single crystal PbTiO sub 3

A method is described for obtaining monodomain PbTiO{sub 3} single crystals with high electrical resistivity (10{sup 10}{Omega} cm) and low dielectric frequency dispersion. The single crystals of PbTiO{sub 3} were grown by flux solution method. Space charge related defects, which result in the large dielectric frequency dispersion, were eliminated by heat treatments. 90{degrees} domains were removed by applying a unidirectional compressive stress along the <100> crystallographic direction. The monodomain single crystals of PbTiO{sub 3} were identified by cross polarized light optical microscopy and by X-ray diffraction (rocking curve). The anisotropic dielectric constants of these high quality single crystals were measured as a function of temperature. The results differ from the data reported previously in the literature.
Date: May 1, 1992
Creator: Li, Z.; Xu, X. Z.; Dai, X. H.; Lam, D. J. & Chan, S. K.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Chemical contaminants on DOE lands and selection of contaminant mixtures for subsurface science research (open access)

Chemical contaminants on DOE lands and selection of contaminant mixtures for subsurface science research

This report identifies individual contaminants and contaminant mixtures that have been measured in the ground at 91 waste sites at 18 US Department of Energy (DOE) facilities within the weapons complex. The inventory of chemicals and mixtures was used to identify generic chemical mixtures to be used by DOE's Subsurface Science Program in basic research on the subsurface geochemical and microbiological behavior of mixed contaminants (DOE 1990a and b). The generic mixtures contain specific radionuclides, metals, organic ligands, organic solvents, fuel hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in various binary and ternary combinations. The mixtures are representative of in-ground contaminant associations at DOE facilities that are likely to exhibit complex geochemical behavior as a result of intercontaminant reactions and/or microbiologic activity stimulated by organic substances. Use of the generic mixtures will focus research on important mixed contaminants that are likely to be long-term problems at DOE sites and that will require cleanup or remediation. The report provides information on the frequency of associations among different chemicals and compound classes at DOE waste sites that require remediation.
Date: April 1, 1992
Creator: Riley, R.G. & Zachara, J.M. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States))
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ceramic microstructures and their elucidation by imaging, diffraction and spectroscopic methods (open access)

Ceramic microstructures and their elucidation by imaging, diffraction and spectroscopic methods

The development and potential utilization of ceramic materials is dependent on a systematic effort involving processing, characterization and appropriate property measurements. The methods of characterization are numerous and it is important to employ the one that is appropriate to the problem both in terms of its information content and the achievable level of resolution. With the incorporation of fine probe forming capabilities in a transmission electron microscope and the development of related diffraction, imaging and spectroscopic methods, it is now possible to obtain structural and chemical information from the same region of the sample at high spatial resolution. In this review, recent advances along with representative examples in the application of high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED), low atomic number element microanalysis by x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), fine structures in electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and specific site occupancy determination by channeling experiments are discussed.
Date: February 1, 1992
Creator: Kirshnan, K.M.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
(Hadamard Raman imaging) (open access)

(Hadamard Raman imaging)

We have used newly developed holographic notch filters for obtaining both Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman images. The filters can be used as close as {plus minus}70 cm{sup {minus}1} from the Rayleigh line. We have demonstrated that they are insensitive to polarization, have 80% transmission across their clear apertures and block laser light by 10{sup 4}. The devices now have replaced sharp-cut glass filters on our microscope. We have successfully developed multispectral control and display software for the microscope. 4 refs., 3 figs.
Date: January 1, 1991
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Anion-exchange resin-based desulfurization process (open access)

Anion-exchange resin-based desulfurization process

Under DOE Grant No. FG22-90PC90309, the University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI) is contracted to further develop its anion-exchange, resin-based desulfurization concept to desulfurize alkali metal sulfates. From environmental as well as economic viewpoints, it is necessary to remove soluble sulfates from the wastes created by flue gas desulfurization systems. In order to do this economically, a low-cost desulfurization process for spent sorbents is necessary. UTSI's anion-exchange resin-based desulfurization concept is believed to satisfy these requirements.
Date: January 1, 1992
Creator: Sheth, A.C.; Strevel, S.D. & Dharmapurikar, R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The use of synchrotron radiation for the analysis of coal combustion products (open access)

The use of synchrotron radiation for the analysis of coal combustion products

An understanding of the chemical composition of such slags under boiler operating conditions and as function of the mineral composition of various coals is the ultimate goal of this program. The experiment involves scanning through the K- or L-shell absorption edge of the element in question. The structure of the absorption edge, consisting of transitions to unoccupied molecular levels, can be compared to those of model compounds for identification. The relative position of the absorption edge can yield information regarding the oxidation state of the element. This portion is the X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) portion of the spectrum. The Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXFAS) region, extending from about 60 eV above the absorption edge, represents scattering from neighboring constituents and can be used to determine the coordination number of coordination distance of a specific element from its neighboring atoms. The best source of excitation energy for these experiments is an electron storage ring emitting synchrotron radiation (SR). The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory is a 2.5 GeV storage ring and emits a continuous spectrum of x rays to an energy of about 30 keV. Beam line X-19A is dedicated to XANES and EXAFS …
Date: May 1, 1992
Creator: Manowitz, B. & Gordon, B.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ab initio calculations on collisions of low energy electrons with polyatomic molecules (open access)

Ab initio calculations on collisions of low energy electrons with polyatomic molecules

The Kohn variational method is one of simplest, and oldest, techniques for performing scattering calculations. Nevertheless, a number of formal problems, as well as practical difficulties associated with the computation of certain required matrix elements, delayed its application to electron--molecule scattering problems for many years. This paper will describe the recent theoretical and computational developments that have made the complex'' Kohn variational method a practical tool for carrying out calculations of low energy electron--molecule scattering. Recent calculations on a number of target molecules will also be summarized. 41 refs., 7 figs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Rescigno, T. N.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Effects of catalytic mineral matter on CO/CO sub 2 , temperature and burning time for char combustion (open access)

Effects of catalytic mineral matter on CO/CO sub 2 , temperature and burning time for char combustion

The temperature of a char particle burning in an oxygen containing atmosphere is the product of a strongly coupled balance between particle size and physical properties, heat transfer from the particle, surface reactivity, CO/CO{sub 2} ratio and gas phase diffusion in the surrounding boundary layer and within the particle. CO{sub 2}/CO ratios can be strongly influenced by catalytic material in the carbon and by the char temperature. In this program we are measuring the CO{sub 2}/CO ratio for both catalyzed and uncatalyzed chars over a wide range of temperature. These results will then be used to develop predictive models for char temperature and burning rates. The electrodynamic balance has been successfully used to make such measurements for single 200{mu}m spherocarb particles. A few theoretical approaches to model a single particle oxidation have been made, but most of them assumed the infinitely thin reaction zone at the particle surface. This approach can not explain pore diffusion limitation, structural change, or reaction at low temperatures inside the particle. Too simplifying solid phase reaction may leads to wrong predictions. In this report, progress on constructing models including both solid and gas phase reaction are reported.
Date: May 4, 1992
Creator: Longwell, J. P.; Sarofim, A. F.; Lee, Chun-Hyuk & Modestino, A. J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Variability of surface fluxes over a heterogeneous semi-arid grassland (open access)

Variability of surface fluxes over a heterogeneous semi-arid grassland

Efforts are increasing throughout the research community to improve the predictive capabilities of general circulation models (GCMs). The US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program has stated its goals as improving the representation and parameterization of cloud radiative forcing and feedbacks in GCMs by a combined modeling and experimental approach. Along with ambient atmospheric conditions, including advection of water vapor and cloud nuclei from other regions, cloud dynamics depend on surface fluxes of heat and water vapor. The lower boundary of the GCM modeling domain, the earth's surface, exerts a strong influence on regional dynamics of heat and water vapor, and the heterogeneity in the surface features can be responsible for generating regional mesoscale circulation patterns. Changes in the surface vegetation due to anthropogenic activity can cause substantial changes in the ratio of sensible to latent heat flux and result in climate changes that may be irreversible. A broad variety of models for representing energy fluxes are in use, from individual leaf and canopy models to mesoscale atmospheric models and GCMs. Scaling-up a model is likely to result in significant errors, since biophysical responses often have nonlinear dependence on the abiotic environment. Thus, accurate and defensible methods for …
Date: January 1, 1991
Creator: Barnes, F.J.; Porch, W.; Cooper, D. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States)); Kunkel, K.E. (Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL (United States)); Hipps, L. & Swiatek, E. (Utah State Univ., Logan, UT (United States))
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Capillary liquid chromatography using laser-based and mass spectrometric detection (open access)

Capillary liquid chromatography using laser-based and mass spectrometric detection

The research performed during the past year has mainly focused on investigating and minimizing the problems listed below that limit the practical utility of these capillary electrokinetic separation techniques in chemical analysis. (1) Analyses are hindered by poor reproducibility. This is largely a result of complicated and irreproducible capillary wall-solute interactions that often result in adsorption and mobility changes. (2) While the Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography technique permits the separations of neutral solutes, hydrophobic compounds are difficult to separate and manipulation of capacity factors is critically important due to a limited elution range. Because of the limited elution range, it is also beneficial to enhance separation selectivity through the use of non-traditional surfactants. (3) The very small solute band volumes require that on-column'' detection be performed (usually optical detection) and this seriously limits detectability. Laser fluorimetry is particularly amenable to on- column detection with these capillary separation technique. We have explored methods of on-column labeling and multi-wavelength detection to expand the utility of this mode of detection. 35 refs., 7 figs.
Date: January 1, 1991
Creator: Sepaniak, M.J. & Cook, K.D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of a Cray performance tool using a large hydrodynamics code (open access)

Evaluation of a Cray performance tool using a large hydrodynamics code

This paper will discuss one of these automatic tools that has been developed recently by Cray Research, Inc. for use on its parallel supercomputer. The tool is called ATEXPERT; when used in conjunction with the Cray Fortran compiling system, CF77, it produces a parallelized version of a code based on loop-level parallelism, plus information to enable the programmer to optimize the parallelized code and improve performance. The information obtained through the use of the tool is presented in an easy-to-read graphical format, making the digestion of such a large quantity of data relatively easy and thus, improving programmer productivity. In this paper we address the issues that we found when the took a large Los Alamos hydrodynamics code, PUEBLO, that was highly vectorizable, but not parallelized, and using ATEXPERT proceeded to parallelize it. We show that through the advice of ATEXPERT, bottlenecks in the code can be found, leading to improved performance. We also show the dependence of performance on problem size, and finally, we contrast the speedup predicted by ATEXPERT with that measured on a dedicated eight-processor Y-MP.
Date: January 1, 1992
Creator: Lord, K.M. (Cray Research, Inc., Eagan, MN (United States)) & Simmons, M.L. (Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States))
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Manufactured Homes Acquisition Program : Heat Loss Assumptions and Calculations, Heat Loss Coefficient Tables. (open access)

Manufactured Homes Acquisition Program : Heat Loss Assumptions and Calculations, Heat Loss Coefficient Tables.

This manual is intended to assist builders of manufactured homes in assessing the thermal performance of structural components used in the Manufactured Housing Acquisition Program (MAP) sponsored by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). U-factors for these components are calculated using the ASHRAE (1989) parallel heat loss method, with adaptations made for the construction practices found in the Pacific Northwest manufactured home industry. This report is divided into two parts. The first part describes the general assumptions and calculation procedures used to develop U-factors and R-values for specific materials used in the construction industry, overall U-factors for component sections, and the impact of complex framing and thermal configurations on various components' heat loss rates. The individual components of manufactured homes are reviewed in terms of overall thermal conductivity. The second part contains tables showing the results of heat loss calculations expressed as U-factors for various configurations of the major building components: floor systems, ceiling systems, wall systems, windows, doors and skylights. These values can be used to establish compliance with the MAP specifications and thermal performance criteria or to compare manufactured homes built to different standards.
Date: May 1, 1992
Creator: Davis, Bob & Baylon, David
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of energy use in building services of the industrial sector in California: A literature review and a preliminary characterization (open access)

Analysis of energy use in building services of the industrial sector in California: A literature review and a preliminary characterization

Energy use patterns in many of California's fastest-growing industries are not typical of those in the mix of industries elsewhere in the US. Many California firms operate small and medium-sized facilities, often in buildings used simultaneously or interchangeably for commercial (office, retail, warehouse) and industrial activities. In these industrial subsectors, the energy required for building services'' to provide occupant comfort and necessities (lighting, HVAC, office equipment, computers, etc.) may be at least as important as the more familiar process energy requirements -- especially for electricity and on-peak demand. In this report, published or unpublished information on energy use for building services in the industrial sector have been compiled and analyzed. Seven different sources of information and data relevant to California have been identified. Most of these are studies and/or projects sponsored by the Department of Energy, the California Energy Commission, and local utilities. The objectives of these studies were diverse: most focused on industrial energy use in general, and, in one case, the objective was to analyze energy use in commercial buildings. Only one of these studies focused directly on non-process energy use in industrial buildings. Our analysis of Northern California data for five selected industries shows that the contribution …
Date: April 1, 1991
Creator: Akbari, H.; Borgers, T.; Gadgil, A. & Sezgen, O.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Humic substance formation during wastewater infiltration (open access)

Humic substance formation during wastewater infiltration

Soil infiltration of wastewater effluents is a widely practiced method of treatment and disposal/reuse throughout the world. Renovation of the wastewater results from a wide variety of complex physicochemical and biological processes. One set of processes is speculated to involve the accumulation of organic matter by filtration and sorption followed by formation of humic substances. This humic substance formation can effect the performance of soil treatment systems by contributing to soil pore clogging and reduction in hydraulic capacity, and by yielding reactive substances and an enhancement of purification processes. While there has been a wealth of research into the nature and genesis of humic substances in terrestrial environments, there has been limited research of humic substance formation during soil infiltration of wastewater. The purpose of the research reported herein was to determine if humic substances can form under conditions typical of those present during wastewater infiltration into natural soil systems. This work was conducted during 1989 to 1990 as a collaborative effort between the Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, located in Aas, Norway and the Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene located in Langen, West Germany. 11 refs., 3 figs., 6 tabs.
Date: January 1, 1991
Creator: Siegrist, R.L. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)); Hildmann-Smed, R.; Filip, Z.K. (Bundesgesundheitsamt (BGA), Langen (Germany). Inst. fuer Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene) & Jenssen, P.D. (Norges Landbrukshoegskole, Aas (Norway). Centre for Soil and Environmental Research)
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library