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The Northern Goshawk: Future Endangered Species? (open access)

The Northern Goshawk: Future Endangered Species?

The northern goshawk was listed in January 1992 as a candidate species (Category 2) for possible future listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) throughout its range in the United States. Category 2 species are those for which there are not adequate data to justify a listing proposal under ESA at that time.
Date: June 29, 1994
Creator: Corn, M. Lynne
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species: Its Past and Future (open access)

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species: Its Past and Future

This report discusses the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is divided into six sections: Introduction, Background, CITES and the Endangered Species Act, Implementation, Upcoming Events, and Appendices.
Date: August 24, 1994
Creator: Corn, M. Lynne
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Brief Summaries of Federal Animal Protection Statutes (open access)

Brief Summaries of Federal Animal Protection Statutes

This report contains brief summaries of federal animal protection statutes, listed alphabetically. It does not include treaties, although it does include statutes enacted to implement treaties. It includes statutes concerning animals that are not entirely, or not at all, animal protection statutes. For example, it includes a statute authorizing the eradication of predators, because one of the statute's purposes is to protect domestic and "game, animals; and it includes statutes to conserve fish, although their ultimate purpose may not be for the fishes' benefit. It also includes statutes that allow the disabled to use service animals, and even includes statutes aimed at acts of animal rights advocates (the Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992, and the Recreational Hunting Safety and Preservation Act of 1994).
Date: November 30, 1998
Creator: Cohen, Henry
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Northern Right Whale (open access)

The Northern Right Whale

This report summarizes the fact that northern right whale is the most endangered among all the whale species. The National Marine Fisheries Service is taking extra measures to protect these whales from any negative human interactions.
Date: April 14, 1995
Creator: Corn, M. Lynne
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 (open access)

Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994

This report summarizes provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 and outlines this Act's implementation schedule for use by Members of Congress and their staff.
Date: September 28, 1994
Creator: Buck, Eugene H.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Habitat Modification and the Endangered Species Act: The Sweet Home Decision (open access)

Habitat Modification and the Endangered Species Act: The Sweet Home Decision

This report discusses the Endangered Species Act, the regulation of the Fish and Wildlife Service defining "harm" for purposes of the "take" prohibitions of the Endangered Species Act.
Date: July 6, 1995
Creator: Baldwin, Pamela
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Cattle Prices: Questions and Answers (open access)

Cattle Prices: Questions and Answers

After 7 years of relatively high returns, cattle producers by 1994 were experiencing steeply falling prices--mainly caused by abundant supplies of cattle destined for U.S. feedlots. Record-high grain prices and dry pastures amplified the problem. Because of the lengthy biological cycle governing cattle production, large numbers will be coming onto the market for some time, as producers undertake the slow process of curtailing herd expansion.
Date: November 14, 1996
Creator: Becker, Geoffrey S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
"Mad Cow Disease" or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Scientific and Regulatory Issues (open access)

"Mad Cow Disease" or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Scientific and Regulatory Issues

This report discusses the regulatory issues regarding cattle disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and a rare, fatal human illness, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
Date: July 9, 1997
Creator: Johnson, Judith A. & Vogt, Donna U.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Norwegian Commercial Whaling: Issues for Congress (open access)

Norwegian Commercial Whaling: Issues for Congress

On May 16, 1996, 23 Members of Congress sent a letter to President Clinton expressing their concern over Norway's announcement that it intended to permit its whalers to kill as many as 425 minke whales that year. The co-signers urged the President "to take decisive action to prevent Norway from resuming its illicit whale harvesting," including the possible use of economic sanctions. For its 1997 hunt, Norway has increased its quota to 580 animals.
Date: December 31, 1996
Creator: Ek, Carl
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Wildlife Restoration Projects Fund (open access)

Wildlife Restoration Projects Fund

Since 1937, a cooperative program between the federal and state governments has existed for wildlife restoration. This program provides federal grants-in-aid to state agencies for conservation through land and water management for wild birds and mammals. While up to 8% of the collected revenues from excise taxes dedicated to the program may be retained by the federal government for administration, all remaining funds are apportioned to the states and territories for use either in wildlife restoration or hunter safety and education programs. Wildlife restoration programs receive all funds generated from the excise tax on firearms other than pistols and revolvers and all funds collected from shells and cartridges. Additionally, one-half of the excise taxes collected from pistols, revolvers, and archery equipment goes for wildlife restoration purposes. Hunter safety and education programs are funded from the remaining half of excise taxes collected on pistols, revolvers, and archery equipment. The states have been authorized by law to use hunter safety and education funds for wildlife restoration projects.
Date: May 2, 1997
Creator: Talley, Louis Alan
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Non-Indigenous Species: Government Response to the Brown Tree Snake and Issues for Congress (open access)

Non-Indigenous Species: Government Response to the Brown Tree Snake and Issues for Congress

Species found abundantly outside of their normal range can represent an ecological and economic hazard as great or greater than the most far-reaching efforts to protect an endangered species.
Date: May 2, 1997
Creator: Corn, M. Lynne
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
African Elephant Issues: CITES and CAMPFIRE (open access)

African Elephant Issues: CITES and CAMPFIRE

The conservation of African elephants has been controversial recently on two fronts: the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, to which the United States is a party), and a Zimbabwean program for sustainable development called CAMPFIRE, which is partially funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Two controversies have sprung up recently about the African elephant. One is the changing status of this species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), of which the United States is a signatory. The other is over a program in Zimbabwe called "CAMPFIRE." The partial funding of this program by the U.S. Agency for International Development has been criticized by animal welfare groups and some conservation groups, though it has been supported by other conservation groups as well as many hunting organizations.
Date: August 5, 1997
Creator: Corn, M. Lynne & Fletcher, Susan R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Endangered Species Act Amendments: An Analysis of S. 1180 and H.R. 2351 (open access)

Endangered Species Act Amendments: An Analysis of S. 1180 and H.R. 2351

Because of wide-spread interest in possible amendments to the Endangered Species Act (ESA), CRS has received numerous requests for an analysis and critique of S.1180 and H.R. 2351. This report analyzes those bills. HR. 2351 was introduced on July 31, 1997 and S. 1180 on September 16, 1997. Each bill is discussed under various topic headings. The Senate bill will be described first, since it has been reported.
Date: March 2, 1998
Creator: Baldwin, Pamela & Corn, M. Lynne
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Pacific Salmon and Anadromous Trout: Management Under the Endangered Species Act (open access)

Pacific Salmon and Anadromous Trout: Management Under the Endangered Species Act

Along the Pacific Coast, 26 distinct population segments of Pacific salmon and anadromous (sea-run) trout are listed as either endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). A variety of human activities have combined to greatly reduce or eliminate historic fish habitat, degrade remaining habitat, and otherwise harm anadromous fish populations. In addition, natural phenomena stress fish populations and contribute to their variable abundance
Date: October 27, 1999
Creator: Buck, Eugene H. & Dandelski, John R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting (open access)

Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting

This report outlines the process and reasons for delisting or downlisting, and summarizes the 27 species delisted due to extinction, recovery, or data revision, and the 22 species that have been downlisted from endangered to threatened status due to stabilized or improving populations.
Date: January 5, 1998
Creator: Noecker, Robert J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (open access)

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is an area rich in fauna, flora, and oil potential, where development has been debated for over 36 years. Current law forbids oil and gas leasing. This report discusses debate over whether or not to open the ANWR up for development and includes discussion of various legislative options under consideration.
Date: September 5, 1996
Creator: Corn, M. Lynne; Kumins, Lawrence C. & Baldwin, Pamela
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Dolphin Protection and Tuna Seining (open access)

Dolphin Protection and Tuna Seining

From its inception in 1972, one of the goals of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was to reduce the incidental mortality of dolphins in the ETP tuna fishery. Regulations promulgated under MMPA authority set standards for tuna seining and motivated technological improvements that reduced dolphin mortalities in this fishery -- by 1977, annual dolphin mortality by U.S. tuna seiners had declined to about 25,450 animals. Despite the extensive mortalities, no ETP dolphin population has been listed as endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. However, two ETP dolphin stocks were listed as depleted under the MMPA.
Date: August 29, 1997
Creator: Buck, Eugene H.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Pacific Salmon Treaty: The 1999 Agreement in Historical Perspective (open access)

The Pacific Salmon Treaty: The 1999 Agreement in Historical Perspective

On June 30, 1999, after many years of diplomatic struggle to resolve disagreements over resource conservation and harvest arrangements, the United States and Canada signed an agreement for the long-term conservation and equitable sharing of their salmon resources. Most of the new fishery arrangements will be in effect for 10 years, beginning in 1999. The arrangement for Fraser River sockeye will be in effect for 12 years, also beginning in 1999. This report provides background about the Pacific Salmon Treaty, discusses issues that created difficulties in the past, and summarizes the new salmon accord. As the issues evolve, this report will be updated to include and discuss additional concerns that may arise
Date: October 18, 1999
Creator: Waldeck, Daniel A. & Buck, Eugene H.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Role of Designation of Critical Habitat under the Endangered Species Act (open access)

The Role of Designation of Critical Habitat under the Endangered Species Act

On June 14th, 1999, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) called for public comment on its current procedures for designating critical habitat. In addition, a proposal is before the Senate (S.1100) to move the time at which critical habitat must be designated for a species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) from being (basically) concurrent with the listing of the species to the time a recovery plan is finalized for that species. This report is written as background for considering the current legislative proposal and the FWS notice and may be updated as circumstances warrant.
Date: July 16, 1999
Creator: Baldwin, Pamela
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Excise Tax Financing of Federal Trust Funds (open access)

Excise Tax Financing of Federal Trust Funds

Dedicated excise taxes finance only a small number of the many activities undertaken by the Federal Government. The fourteen trust funds and special funds currently financed by excise taxes can be grouped under four programmatic purposes: nature conservation and recreation, transportation, environmental cleanup, and health damage compensation. In close parallel, the products currently subject to taxation on behalf of trust and special funds can be classified under the categories of hunting and fishing equipment; cargo transport and air passenger transportation; motor fuels; and materials potentially hazardous to the environment or human health.
Date: January 5, 1993
Creator: Noto, Nonna A. & Talley, Louis Alan
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Federal Budget Process: A Brief Outline (open access)

The Federal Budget Process: A Brief Outline

In a sense the term "budget process" is a misnomer when applied to the federal government. Budgeting for the federal government is not a single process; rather it consists of a number of processes that have evolved separately and which occur with varying degrees of coordination. This report, and the accompanying flow chart, attempt to clarify the role played by each of the component parts of the budget process as well as how they operate together.
Date: April 26, 1996
Creator: Saturno, James V.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Line Item Veto Act (open access)

The Line Item Veto Act

The Line Item Veto Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-130, 110 Stat. 1200), gives the President expanded rescission authority by changing the burden of action and coverage. Under the Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (88 Stat. 332), the President must obtain the support of both Houses within a specified time period for a rescission to become permanent, while the new law puts the burden on Congress to disapprove presidential rescission proposals within a 30-day period. Along with rescission of discretionary appropriations, the new law subjects any new item of direct spending (entitlement) and certain limited tax benefits to cancellation as well.
Date: November 26, 1996
Creator: Fisher, Louis & McMurtry, Virginia A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
A Brief Introduction to the Federal Budget Process (open access)

A Brief Introduction to the Federal Budget Process

This report provides a brief introduction to the federal budget process. Key budget concepts and terminology are defined and explained. The separate procedures that make up the federal budget process are identified and their salient features described. While a complete understanding of federal budgeting probably can be obtained only after much observation and study of the process in operation, broad exposure to its rudiments is a useful first step. Various resources "for additional reading" are identified at the end of this report, which the reader may find helpful in exploring the subject in greater depth.
Date: November 13, 1996
Creator: Keith, Robert
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
A Brief Introduction to the Federal Budget Process (open access)

A Brief Introduction to the Federal Budget Process

This report provides a brief introduction to the federal budget process. Key budget concepts and terminology are defined and explained. The separate procedures that make up the federal budget process are identified and their salient features described. While a complete understanding of federal budgeting probably can be obtained only after much observation and study of the process in operation, broad exposure to its rudiments is a useful first step. Various resources “for additional reading” are identified at the end of this report, which the reader may find helpful in exploring the subject in greater depth.
Date: October 20, 1997
Creator: Keith, Robert
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library