Highway Fund Sanctions for Clean Air Act Violations (open access)

Highway Fund Sanctions for Clean Air Act Violations

This report provides information concerning the authority to impose sanctions, lists the 14 areas that have been subject to sanctions since 1990, describes their status as of October 1997, and discusses the role of sanctions and alternatives under the Act.
Date: October 22, 1997
Creator: McCarthy, James E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Terrorism, the Media, and the Government: Perspectives, Trends, and Options for Policymakers (open access)

Terrorism, the Media, and the Government: Perspectives, Trends, and Options for Policymakers

Terrorists, governments, and the media see the function, roles and responsibilities of the media when covering terrorist events from differing and often competing perspectives. Such perspectives drive behavior during terrorist incidents--often resulting in both tactical and strategic gains to the terrorist operation and the overall terrorist cause. The challenge to both the governmental and press communities is to understand the dynamics of terrorist enterprise and to develop policy options designed to serve the interests of government, the media, and the society.
Date: October 22, 1997
Creator: Perl, Raphael F.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Drug Control: International Policy and Options (open access)

Drug Control: International Policy and Options

Over the past decade, worldwide production of illicit drugs has risen dramatically: opium and marijuana production has roughly doubled and coca production tripled. Street prices of cocaine and heroin have fallen significantly in the past 20 years, reflecting increased availability. Despite apparent national political resolve to deal with the drug problem, inherent contradictions regularly appear between U.S. anti-drug policy and other national policy goals and concerns. The mix of competing domestic and international pressures and priorities has produced an ongoing series of disputes within and between the legislative and executive branches concerning U.S. international drug policy. One contentious issue has been the Congressionally-mandated certification process, an instrument designed to induce specified drug-exporting countries to prioritize or pay more attention to the fight against narcotics businesses.
Date: January 7, 1997
Creator: Perl, Raphael F.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
NATO Enlargement: The Process and Allied Views (open access)

NATO Enlargement: The Process and Allied Views

None
Date: July 1, 1997
Creator: Gallis, Paul E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
NATO: Article V and Collective Defense (open access)

NATO: Article V and Collective Defense

Article V of the North Atlantic Treaty does not guarantee the use of force to assist an ally under attack. Nonetheless, the U.S. pledge to assist an ally under attack has been the core of the alliance. Despite growing political functions, the NATO views collective defense, and not collective security, as its core function.
Date: July 17, 1997
Creator: Gallis, Paul E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
NATO: Congress Addresses Expansion of the Alliance (open access)

NATO: Congress Addresses Expansion of the Alliance

None
Date: July 24, 1997
Creator: Gallis, Paul E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Reauthorization Legislation: An Overview (open access)

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Reauthorization Legislation: An Overview

CRS Report for Congress entailing information about The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) reauthorization legislation. Topics include, legislation within the 105th Congress, local relief, educational improvements, allocation formulas, etc..
Date: June 4, 1997
Creator: Aleman, Steven R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Campaign Financing: Highlights and Chronology of Current Federal Law (open access)

Campaign Financing: Highlights and Chronology of Current Federal Law

Current law governing financial activity of campaigns for federal office is based on two principal statutes: the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1971, as amended in 1974, 1976, and 1979, and the Revenue Act of 1971. These laws were enacted to remedy widely perceived shortcomings of existing law, the Corrupt Practices Act of 1925, and in response to reports of campaign finance abuses over the years, culminating in the 1972-1974 Watergate scandal. This report provides a summary of major provisions of federal law and a chronology of key legislative and judicial actions.
Date: December 8, 1997
Creator: Cantor, Joseph E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Free and Reduced-Rate Television Time for Potential Candidates (open access)

Free and Reduced-Rate Television Time for Potential Candidates

This report provides an overview of free and reduced-rate TV time and discusses the policy, constitutional, and legal issues it raises.
Date: July 7, 1997
Creator: Cantor, Joseph E.; Rutkus, Denis Steven & Greely, Kevin B.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Tax Treatment of Alternative Transportation Fuels (open access)

The Tax Treatment of Alternative Transportation Fuels

Historically, federal energy policy, including energy tax policy, promoted the development of oil and gas at the expense of alternative fuels and nonconventional forms of energy. Beginning in the 1970s, there was a shift in the focus of energy tax policy away from oil and gas toward energy conservation and toward the development of alternative fuels and nonconventional forms of energy.
Date: March 19, 1997
Creator: Lazzari, Salvatore
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Electric Utility Restructuring: Overview of Basic Policy Questions (open access)

Electric Utility Restructuring: Overview of Basic Policy Questions

Proposals to increase competition in the electric utility industry involve segmenting electric functions (generation, transmission, distribution) that are currently integrated (or bundled) in most cases (both in terms of corporate and rate structures). This report identifies five basic issues this effort raises for the Congress to consider as the debate on restructuring proceeds.
Date: January 28, 1997
Creator: Parker, Larry
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Transportation Fuel Taxes Early in the 105th Congress (open access)

Transportation Fuel Taxes Early in the 105th Congress

The 105th Congress has reinstated for about half a year the federal excise taxes on fuel used by noncommercial aviation. This follows a similar move by the 104th Congress on aviation fuel taxes, and actions pertaining to the tax on diesel fuel used in recreational motorboats, and to the fuel tax credits given to first purchasers of diesel-powered cars and light trucks. The 104th Congress also debated repeal of the increase of 4.3 cents per gallon in transportation fuel taxes imposed by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93) (P.L. 103-66), but no new law resulted.
Date: March 17, 1997
Creator: Gelb, Bernard A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Gasoline Excise Tax - Historical Revenues: Fact Sheet (open access)

Gasoline Excise Tax - Historical Revenues: Fact Sheet

This report provides a fact sheet about the Gasoline Excise Tax - Historical Revenues. The gas tax was regarded as a user tax where the federal government has imposed a gasoline excise tax with the passage of the revenue act in 1932.
Date: September 16, 1997
Creator: Talley, Louis Alan
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund (LUST) (open access)

Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund (LUST)

The Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund provides money under Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)- state cooperative agreements to pay cleanup and related costs involving leaking petroleum tanks if no financially solvent owners can be found, or if the owner or operator refuses or is unable to comply with an urgent corrective order. Both EPA and the states use trust fund monies to oversee and enforce LUST corrective actions. Primary financing for the trust fund comes from a 0.1 cent per gallon tax on motor fuels. The tax expired December 31, 1995, but was reinstated by the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (P.L. 105-34) for the period October 1, 1997, through March 31, 2005.
Date: August 28, 1997
Creator: Noto, Nonna A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Oil Imports: An Overview and Update of Economic and Security Effects (open access)

Oil Imports: An Overview and Update of Economic and Security Effects

None
Date: December 12, 1997
Creator: Moore, John L.; Behrens, Carl E. & Blodgett, John E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Nuclear Weapons Production Complex: Environmental Compliance and Waste Management (open access)

Nuclear Weapons Production Complex: Environmental Compliance and Waste Management

The aging nuclear weapons production complex, managed by the Department of Energy (DOE), faces enormous environmental and waste management problems. Several hundred billion dollars may be needed to clean up leaking waste pits, groundwater contamination, growing accumulations of radioactive waste, and uncontrolled liquid discharges at DOE facilities. DOE's cleanup program is carried out by the Office of Environmental Management (EM). Cleanup funding escalated rapidly after the end of the Cold War, although it has plateaued at about $6 billion per year under the Clinton Administration.
Date: January 17, 1997
Creator: Holt, Mark
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Industrial Energy Intensiveness and Energy Costs in the Context of Climate Change Policy (open access)

Industrial Energy Intensiveness and Energy Costs in the Context of Climate Change Policy

None
Date: November 21, 1997
Creator: Gelb, Bernard A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Environmental Protection: How Much it Costs and Who Pays (open access)

Environmental Protection: How Much it Costs and Who Pays

A recurring issue in environmental policy is the cost of pollution control imposed on individuals, businesses, and government. To inform policymakers about these costs, a number of surveys and analyses have been conducted over the years. consistent, basic sources have been an annual survey of costs to manufacturers, conducted by the Bureau of Census(BOC), and an annual analysis of total costs, prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA). Overall, the BEA analysis showed the nation spent $122 billion for pollution abatement and control in 1994, or about 1.76% of Gross Domestic Product. Personal consumption expenditures for pollution control were $22 billion, government 435 billion, and business $65 billion. These 1994 data represent the end of the annual series; the BOC survey and BEA analysis have been discontinued
Date: April 16, 1997
Creator: Blodgett, John E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Environmental Protection Issues: From the 104th to the 105th Congress (open access)

Environmental Protection Issues: From the 104th to the 105th Congress

The continued interest in regulatory reform measures in the final moments of the 104th Congress suggests that the 105th Congress will consider them again. At the same time the fact that the 104th Congress enacted flexibility provisions in drinking water and food safety/pesticides legislation could be an indicator that the 105th Congress may pursue reforms in individual reauthorization legislation rather than in broad regulatory reform bills.
Date: January 7, 1997
Creator: Lee, Martin R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Environmental Protection Legislation in the 105th Congress (open access)

Environmental Protection Legislation in the 105th Congress

The 105th Congress enacted tax provisions relating to Superfund brownfields sites, transportation- and defense-related environmental provisions, a border smog bill, EPA funding as well as reinstating the tax that supports the Leaking Underground Storage Trust Fund. There were various actions on regulatory reform, the budget resolution, appropriations, highway- and defense-related environmental provisions, Superfund reform bills and underground storage tanks. It is too early to tell if these will be issues for the 106th Congress.
Date: September 18, 1997
Creator: Lee, Martin R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
U.S. Geological Survey: Its Mission and Its Future (open access)

U.S. Geological Survey: Its Mission and Its Future

Among a number of proposals advanced for discussion in the Republican-led 104th Congress was one to restructure the Department of the Interior. As part of this restructuring, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was tentatively targeted for elimination in a list of possible offsets to help fund proposed tax cuts and program changes in the House Republican "Contract With America."
Date: February 18, 1997
Creator: Mielke, James E
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Department of Energy FY1998 Research and Development Budget and Issues (open access)

The Department of Energy FY1998 Research and Development Budget and Issues

This report focuses on the R&D programs. DOE has divided its activities into four major business categories: Resource, Science and Technology, National Security, and Environmental Quality. Each has an R&D component, although the R&D funding is concentrated in the first three. Table 1 (on the next page) shows FY1997 R&D funding, the FY1998 request, and the FY1998 appropriation actions by those categories
Date: December 3, 1997
Creator: Rowberg, Richard E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Appropriations for FY1998: Interior and Related Agencies (open access)

Appropriations for FY1998: Interior and Related Agencies

The annual Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations bill includes funding for agencies and programs in four separate federal departments, as well as numerous smaller agencies and diverse programs. This report discusses the FY1998 appropriations authorized under this bill.
Date: December 24, 1997
Creator: Greenwood, Alfred R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
State Department and Related Agencies FY1998 Appropriations (open access)

State Department and Related Agencies FY1998 Appropriations

None
Date: December 10, 1997
Creator: Epstein, Susan B.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library