This website contains an overview of the purpose of the Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels as well as the final report and letters of transmittal related to the activities of the commission.

The performance of residential geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) was assessed by comparing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and whole house energy use of GHP houses and control houses. Actual energy savings were calculated and compared to expected savings (based on ARI ratings and literature) and predicted savings (based on coefficient of performance - COP - measurements). Differences between GHP and control houses were normalized for heating degree days and floor area or total insulation value. Predicted savings were consistently slightly below expected savings but within the range of performance cited by the industry. Average rated COP was 3.4. Average measured COP was 3.1. Actual savings were inconsistent and sometimes significantly below predicted savings. No correlation was found between actual savings and actual energy use. This suggests that factors such as insulation and occupant behavior probably have greater impact on energy use than type of HVAC equipment. There was also no clear correlation between climate and actual savings or between climate and actual energy use. There was a trend between GHP installation date and savings. Newer units appear to have lower savings than some of the older units which is opposite of what one would expect given the increase …

Fluor Daniel Northwest (FDNW) has been tasked by Lockheed Martin Hanford Corporation (LMHC) to incorporate current location data for 64 of the 200-Area plateau inactive miscellaneous underground storage tanks (IMUST) into the centralized mapping computer database for the Hanford facilities. The IMUST coordinate locations and tank names for the tanks currently assigned to the Hanford Site contractors are listed in Appendix A. The IMUST are inactive tanks installed in underground vaults or buried directly in the ground within the 200-East and 200-West Areas of the Hanford Site. The tanks are categorized as tanks with a capacity of less than 190,000 liters (50,000 gal). Some of the IMUST have been stabilized, pumped dry, filled with grout, or may contain an inventory or radioactive and/or hazardous materials. The IMUST have been out of service for at least 12 years.

The development and employment of a new diagnostic instrument for characterizing intense, heavy ion beams is reported on. This instrument, the ''Gated Beam Imager'' or ''GBI'' was designed for use on Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Heavy Ion Fusion Project's ''Small Recirculator'', an integrated, scaled physics experiment and engineering development project for studying the transport and control of intense heavy ion beams as inertial fusion drivers in the production of electric power. The GBI allows rapid measurement and calculation of a heavy ion beam's characteristics to include all the first and second moments of the transverse phase space distribution, transverse emittance, envelope parameters and beam centroid. The GBI, with appropriate gating produces a time history of the beam resulting in a 4-D phase-space and time ''map'' of the beam. A unique capability of the GBI over existing diagnostic instruments is its ability to measure the ''cross'' moments between the two transverse orthogonal directions. Non-zero ''cross'' moments in the alternating gradient lattice of the Small Recirculator are indicative of focusing element rotational misalignments contributing to beam emittance growth. This emittance growth, while having the same effect on the ability to focus a beam as emittance growth caused by non-linear effects, is in …

The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) has developed a set of Work Smart Standards for the Lab. The effort incorporated the Lab`s performance-based contract into the Necessary and Sufficient (N and S) Standards identification process of the DOE. A rigorous protocol identified hazards in the workplace and standards that provide adequate protection of workers, public, and the environment at reasonable cost. The intensive process was a joint effort between the Lab and DOE and it required trained teams of knowledgeable experts in three fields: (1) actual required work conditions at Jefferson Lab; (2) laws, regulations, DOE directives and performance-based contracts; and (3) Environmental Health and Safety (EH and S), Rad Con, and QA. The criteria for selection of the teams, the database designed and used for the process, and lessons learned are discussed.

Lanczos algorithm is a very effective method for finding extreme eigenvalues of symmetric matrices. It requires less arithmetic operations than similar algorithms, such as, the Arnoldi method. In this paper, the authors present their parallel version of the Lanczos method for symmetric generalized eigenvalue problem, PLANSO. PLANSO is based on a sequential package called LANSO which implements the Lanczos algorithm with partial re-orthogonalization. It is portable to all parallel machines that support MPI and easy to interface with most parallel computing packages. Through numerical experiments, they demonstrate that it achieves similar parallel efficiency as PARPACK, but uses considerably less time.

Many crucial processes occur on spatial scales too fine to be resolved by most current climate models. This grant addressed the need for and development of a high-resolution, fine-mesh global model for these processes. The proposed research represented a natural continuation of our current CHAMMP project, which concentrated on the development of earlier versions of a high-resolution land surface model coupled to various versions of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM). Sub-grid land processes are represented by a sub-mesh imposed on each atmospheric model grid square, rather than by the more common mosaic approach. The main objective of this grant was to upgrade the current fine-mesh model configuration to a 0.2o sub-mesh representation within a T-239L semi-Lagrangian version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM). An initial test of the sub-mesh approach carried out simulations using the standard T-42 CCM but with a 0.75o (T-239L) sub-mesh representation of land processes and compared these with a complete T-239L simulation. Besides the land sub-mesh parameterizations, including rainfall, snow, radiation, near-surface variables, topographic effects, and land heterogeneity within the sub-mesh, it impremented other improvements within land surface parameterizations coupled to the CCM including treatments of near-surface boundary layers, soil layer structure, snow, and …

Cummins Inc., in partnership with the Department of Energy, has developed technology for a new highly efficient, very low emission, diesel engine for light trucks and sport utility vehicles. This work began in April 1997, and started with very aggressive goals for vehicles in the 5751 to 8500 pound GCW weight class. The primary program goals were as follows: (1) EMISSIONS NOx = 0.50 g/mi PM = 0.05 g/mi CO = 2.8 g/mi NMHC = 0.07 g/mi California decided to issue new and even tougher LEV II light truck regulations late in 1999. EPA also issued its lower Tier 2 regulations late in 2000. The net result was that the targets for this diesel engine project were lowered, and these goals were eventually modified by the publication of Federal Tier 2 emission standards early in 2000 to the following: NOx = 0.07 g/mi PM = 0.01 g/mi (2) FUEL ECONOMY The fuel economy goal was 50 percent MPG improvement (combined city/highway) over the 1997 gasoline powered light truck or sport utility vehicle in the vehicle class for which this diesel engine is being designed to replace. The goal for fuel economy remained at 50 percent MPG improvement, even with the …

Cummins Inc., in partnership with the Department of Energy, has developed technology for a new highly efficient, very low emission, diesel engine for light trucks and sport utility vehicles. This work began in April 1997, and started with very aggressive goals for vehicles in the 5751 to 8500 pound GCW weight class. The primary program goals were as follows: (1) EMISSIONS NOx = 0.50 g/mi PM = 0.05 g/mi CO = 2.8 g/mi NMHC = 0.07 g/mi California decided to issue new and even tougher LEV II light truck regulations late in 1999. EPA also issued its lower Tier 2 regulations late in 2000. The net result was that the targets for this diesel engine project were lowered, and these goals were eventually modified by the publication of Federal Tier 2 emission standards early in 2000 to the following: NOx = 0.07 g/mi PM = 0.01 g/mi (2) FUEL ECONOMY The fuel economy goal was 50 percent MPG improvement (combined city/highway) over the 1997 gasoline powered light truck or sport utility vehicle in the vehicle class for which this diesel engine is being designed to replace. The goal for fuel economy remained at 50 percent MPG improvement, even with the …

In FY96, they proposed and demonstrated a thermally robust semiconductor optical amplifier at 1.5 {micro}m wavelength. The novel contributions were the use of a thermally robust gain medium at 1.5 {micro}m wavelength and the use of a highly thermally conductive dielectric used in the fabrication of the SOA. The devices possessed high gain, over 30 dB, and thermally robust behavior in pulsed operation from 60 to 80 C. In FY97, they proposed and demonstrated the necessary components in a thermally robust long wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) diode. A highly thermally conductive and high reflectivity mirror process was developed for the 1.3 {micro}m or 1.5 {micro}m wavelength region. The thermal conductivity is several times larger than other published work and the reflectivity is greater than 99%. Thermally robust gain media, AlGaInAs/InP quantum wells, were developed at 1.3 and 1.5 {micro}m wavelengths for incorporation into the thermally robust, long wavelength VCSEL devices. Also, a unique and compact high-speed fiber optics package was developed for long wavelength semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) and laser diodes.

The assessment of Smolt Condition for Travel Time Analysis Project (Bonneville Power Administration Project 87-401) monitored attributes of salmonid smolt physiology in the Columbia and Snake River basins from 1987 to 1997, under the Northwest Power Planning Council Fish and Wildlife Program, in cooperation with the Smolt Monitoring Program of the Fish Passage Center. The primary goal of the project was to investigate the physiological development of juvenile salmonids related to migration rates. The assumption was made that the level of smolt development, interacting with environmental factos such as flow, would be reflected in travel times. The Fish Passage Center applied the physiological measurements of smolt condition to Water Budget management, to regulate flows so as to decrease travel time and increase survival.

A systematic test of various characteristics, such as gain, dark current, maximum peak current, stability and relative quantum efficiency, has been made to evaluate about 2,000 photomultiplier tubes for the upgraded CDF Endplug calorimeters. The phototubes are Hamamatsu R4125,19mm diameter with green-extended photocathode. In this report we discuss the distribution of the major characteristics measured and the failure mode. Comparisons between independent measurements made on some of the characteristics are used to evaluate the quality of the measurement itself.

'The objective of this project is to develop the scientific basis for characterizing contaminant plumes in the earth''s subsurface using field measurements of induced polarization (IP) effects. The first-year accomplishments are (1) laboratory experiments on fluid-saturated sandstones quantifying the dependence of spectral IP responses on solution chemistry and rock micro-geometry; (2) library research on the current understanding of electromagnetic coupling effects on IP data acquired in the field: and (3) development of prototype forward modeling and inversion algorithms for interpreting IP data in terms of 3-D models of complex resistivity.'

None

Surface sediment samples were collected during 1979 from 87 locations in the lagoon at Bikini Atoll. The collections were made to better define the concentrations and distribution of long-lived radionuclides associated with the bottom material and to show what modifications occurred to the composition of the surface sediment from the nuclear testing program conducted by the United States at the Atoll between 1946 and 1958. This is the last of three reports on Bikini sediment studies. In this report, we discuss the concentrations and inventories of the residual long-lived gamma-emitting radionuclides in sediments from the lagoon. The gamma-emitting radionuclides detected most frequently in sediments collected in 1979, in addition to Americium-241 ({sup 241}Am) (discussed in the second report of this series), included Cesium-137 ({sup 137}Cs), Bismuth-207 ({sup 207}Bi), Europium-155 ({sup 155}Eu), and Cobalt-60 ({sup 60}Co). Other man-made, gamma-emitting radionuclides such as Europium-152,154 ({sup 152,154}Eu), Antimony-125 ({sup 125}Sb), and Rhodium-101,102m ({sup 101,102m}Rh) were occasionally measured above detection limits in sediments near test site locations. The mean inventories for {sup 137}Cs, {sup 207}Ei, {sup 155}Eu, and {sup 60}Co in the surface 4 cm of the lagoon sediment to be 1.7, 0.56, 7.76, and 0.74 TBq, respectively. By June 1997, radioactive decay would …

None

This paper presents simulations of unsaturated groundwater flow and radionuclide transport at Yucca Mountain using the numerical codes TOUGH2 and FEHM. The simulations test the proposed methodology for coupling flow and transport in the upcoming Total Systems Performance Assessment and Viability Assessment (TSPA-VA). The simulations also reveal the sensitivity of transport results to different weighting schemes for hydraulic conductivities used in liquid flux calculations. Results indicate that coupling TOUGH2 and FEHM is a viable method for simulating flow and transport at Yucca Mountain when a modified upstream weighting scheme is used to simulate the flow fields.

This paper reports on the design and fabrication of a surface micromachined mirror system which is capable of producing the required moments to rotate a mirror structure out of the plane of fabrication. The planar structures created by surface micromachining present difficulties with developing a sufficient moment to move structures out of the x-y plane when actuated by those same planar structures. This is due to the short moment arms (in thickness direction z) that can be created in the fabrication process. The instability actuation technique reported here has general application to moving 2-dimensional structures up and out of the plane of their original fabrication. This technique can be applied to build truly 3-dimensional structures from a nearly 2-dimensional fabrication process. Surface micromachining can now be considered a 3-dimensional process where 3-dimensional structures are built by raising up structures by the instability actuation technique and making appropriate mechanical interconnections.

The authors experimentally investigate the transport properties of an extremely-coupled AlGaAs/GaAs double quantum well, subject to in-plane magnetic fields (B{sub {parallel}}). The coupling of the double quantum well is sufficiently strong that the symmetric-antisymmetric energy gap ({Delta}{sub SAS}) is larger than the Fermi energy (E{sub F}). Thus for all B{sub {parallel}} only the lower energy branch of the dispersion curve is occupied. In contrast to systems with weaker coupling such that {Delta}{sub SAS} < E{sub F} the authors find: (1) only a single feature, a maximum, in the in-plane magnetoresistance, (2) a monotonic increase with B{sub {parallel}} in the cyclotron mass up to 2.2 times the bulk GaAs mass, and (3) an increasing Fermi surface orbit area with B{sub {parallel}}, in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

{l_brace}222{r_brace}MgO/Cu is one of the most extensively characterized ceramic/metal interfaces, with atom-probe field-ion-microscopy, Z-contrast scanning-transmission-electron-microscopy (STEM), and spatially-resolved electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy (EELS) measurements recently performed by the present authors, as well as high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) of this system by others. Atomistic simulations with local density functional theory (LDFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) have been performed to gain additional insight into the structure of this interface. This presentation describes an interface interatomic potential for {l_brace}222{r_brace}MgO/Cu derived from LDFT total energy calculations, and its application to structural properties, including the terminating species, the absence of dislocation standoff, and the symmetry of the interfacial dislocation network.

Disordered polymethacrylonitrile (PMAN) carbon monoliths have been studied as potential tailored electrodes for lithium ion batteries. A combination of electrochemical and surface spectroscopic probes have been used to investigate irreversible loss mechanisms. Voltammetric measurements show that Li intercalates readily into the carbon at potentials 1V positive of the reversible Li potential. The coulometric efficiency rises rapidly from 50% for the first potential cycle to greater than 85% for the third cycle, indicating that solvent decomposition is a self-limiting process. Surface film composition and thickness, as measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), does not vary substantially when compared to more ordered carbon surfaces. Li{sup +} profiles are particularly useful in discriminating between the bound states of Li at the surface of solution permeable PMAN carbons.

One of the fundamental concepts in a materials control and accountability system for nuclear safeguards is the materials balance (MB). All transfers into and out of a material balance area are measured, as are the beginning and ending inventories. The resulting MB measures the material loss, MB = T{sub in} + I{sub B} {minus} T{sub out} {minus} I{sub E}. To interpret the MB, the authors must estimate its measurement error standard deviation, {sigma}{sub MB}. When feasible, they use a method usually known as propagation of variance (POV) to estimate {sigma}{sub MB}. The application of POV for estimating the measurement error variance of an MB is straightforward but tedious. By applying POV to individual measurement error standard deviations they can estimate {sigma}{sub MB} (or more generally, they can estimate the variance-covariance matrix, {Sigma}, of a sequence of MBs). This report describes a new computer program (VPSim) that uses simulation to estimate the {Sigma} matrix of a sequence of MBs. Given the proper input data, VPSim calculates the MB and {sigma}{sub MB}, or calculates a sequence of n MBs and the associated n-by-n covariance matrix, {Sigma}. The covariance matrix, {Sigma}, contains the variance of each MB in the diagonal entries and the …

The use of advanced electron microscopy techniques to characterize both the bulk and near-atomic level microstructural evolution of catalyst materials during different dynamometer/vehicle aging cycles is an integral part of understanding catalyst deactivation. The study described here was undertaken to evaluate thermally-induced microstructural changes which caused the progressive loss of catalyst performance in a three-way automotive catalyst. Several different catalyst processing variables, for example changing the washcoat ceria content, were also evaluated as a function of aging cycle and thermal history. A number of thermally-induced microstructural changes were identified using high resolution electron microscopy techniques that contributed to the deactivation of the catalyst, including sintering of all washcoat constituents, {gamma}-alumina transforming to {alpha}-, {beta}-, and {delta}-alumina, precious metal redistribution, and constituent encapsulation. The data accumulated in this study have been used to correlate microstructural evolution with thermal history and catalyst performance during various aging cycles and to subsequently evaluate different washcoat formulations for increased thermal stability.

The potential environmental benefits from biomass power are numerous. However, biomass power may also have some negative effects on the environment. Although the environmental benefits and drawbacks of biomass power have been debated for some time, the total significance has not been assessed. This study serves to answer some of the questions most often raised in regard to biomass power: What are the net CO{sub 2} emissions? What is the energy balance of the integrated system? Which substances are emitted at the highest rates? What parts of the system are responsible for these emissions? To provide answers to these questions, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a hypothetical biomass power plant located in the Midwest United States was performed. LCA is an analytical tool for quantifying the emissions, resource consumption, and energy use, collectively known as environmental stressors, that are associated with converting a raw material to a final product. Performed in conjunction with a technoeconomic feasibility study, the total economic and environmental benefits and drawbacks of a process can be quantified. This study complements a technoeconomic analysis of the same process, reported in Craig and Mann (1996) and updated here. The process studied is based on the concept of …