This volume comprises two appendixes: Chemical source terms for low-level mixed waste accidents, and radionuclide releases from facility accidents (HLW, LLW, LLMW(alpha and nonalpha)).

Many soils contain rock fragments the sizes of which are much larger than the average pore size of the sieved soil. Due to the fact that these fragments are often fairly large in relation to the soil testing apparatus, it is common to remove them before performing hydrologic tests on the soil. The question then arises as to whether or not there is a simple way to correct the laboratory-measured values to account for the fragments, so as to arrive at property values that can apply to the soil in situ. This question has arisen in the surface infiltration studies that are part of the site characterization program at Yucca Mountain, where accurate values of the hydraulic conductivities of near-surface soils are needed in order to accurately estimate infiltration rates. Although this problem has been recognized for some time, and numerous review articles have been written there are as yet no proven models to account for the effect of rock fragments on hydraulic conductivity and water retention. In this report we will develop some simple physically-based models to account for the effects of rock fragments on gross hydrological properties, and apply the resulting equations to experimental data taken from the …

This report documents the methodology, computational framework, and results of facility accident analyses performed for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (WM PEIS). The accident sequences potentially important to human health risk are specified, their frequencies are assessed, and the resultant radiological and chemical source terms are evaluated. A personal computer-based computational framework and database have been developed that provide these results as input to the WM PEIS for calculation of human health risk impacts. The methodology is in compliance with the most recent guidance from DOE. It considers the spectrum of accident sequences that could occur in activities covered by the WM PEIS and uses a graded approach emphasizing the risk-dominant scenarios to facilitate discrimination among the various WM PEIS alternatives. Although it allows reasonable estimates of the risk impacts associated with each alternative, the main goal of the accident analysis methodology is to allow reliable estimates of the relative risks among the alternatives. The WM PEIS addresses management of five waste streams in the DOE complex: low-level waste (LLW), hazardous waste (HW), high-level waste (HLW), low-level mixed waste (LLMW), and transuranic waste (TRUW). Currently projected waste generation rates, storage inventories, and treatment …

Several years of research and development in parallel debugger design have given up several techniques, though implemented in a wide range of tools for an equally wide range of systems. This paper is an evaluation of these myriad techniques as applied to the design of a heterogeneous distributed debugger. The evaluation is based on what features users perceive as useful, as well as the ease of implementation of the features using the available technology. A preliminary architecture for such a heterogeneous tool is proposed. Our effort in this paper is significantly different from the other efforts at creating portable and heterogeneous distributed debuggers in that we concentrate on support for all the important issues in parallel debugging, instead of simply concentrating on portability and heterogeneity.

Plasma processes for cleaning, etching and desmear of electronic components and printed wiring boards (PWB) are difficult to predict and control. Non-uniformity of most plasma processes and sensitivity to environmental changes make it difficult to maintain process stability from day to day. To assure plasma process performance, weight loss coupons or post-plasma destructive testing must be used. The problem with these techniques is that they are not real-time methods and do not allow for immediate diagnosis and process correction. These methods often require scrapping some fraction of a batch to insure the integrity of the rest. Since these methods verify a successful cycle with post-plasma diagnostics, poor test results often determine that a batch is substandard and the resulting parts unusable. Both of these methods are a costly part of the overall fabrication cost. A more efficient method of testing would allow for constant monitoring of plasma conditions and process control. Process failures should be detected before the parts being treated. are damaged. Real time monitoring would allow for instantaneous corrections. Multiple site monitoring would allow for process mapping within one system or simultaneous monitoring of multiple systems. Optical emission spectroscopy conducted external to the plasma apparatus would allow for …

At this time, the Office of Fissile Materials Disposition within the DOE, is assessing alternatives for the disposition of excess fissile materials. To facilitate the assessment, the Plutonium-Bearing Materials Feed Report for the DOE Fissile Materials Disposition Program Alternatives report was written. The development of the material categories and the derivation of the inventory quantities associated with those categories is documented in this report.

The authors report on progress on the femtosecond X-ray pulse generation experiment. The experiment involves a relativistic electron beam (50 MeV) with an rms bunch length of 10 ps containing 1--2 nC of charge, and a ultrashort pulse (50--200 fs), high power (< 4 TW) 0.8 {micro}m laser beam from a Ti:Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} laser system. Both beams are focused down to about a 50 {micro}m waist size and intersect at 90{degree}. The laser field acts as an electromagnetic undulator for the relativistic electron beam generating radiation upshifted by 2 {gamma}{sup 2} and a pulse length given by the transit time of the laser beam across the electron beam. For a 50 MeV electron beam they expect 10{sup 5} photons at 0.4 {angstrom} (25% bandwidth) in a cone angle of 6--10 mrad in about a 200 fs pulse.

Work is underway at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to design and build a small-scale, heavy ion recirculating induction accelerator. An essential part of this design work is the development of small nonintercepting diagnostics to measure beam current and position. This paper describes some of this work, with particular emphasis on the development of a small capacitive probe beam position monitor to resolve beam position to the 100 {mu}m level in a 6 cm diameter beam pipe. Initial measured results with an 80 keV potassium ion beam are presented.

Carbons derived from the phase separation of polyacrylonitrile/solvent mixtures were investigated as lithium intercalation anodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The carbon electrodes have a bulk density of 0.35-0.5 g/cm{sup 3}, relatively low surface areas (< 10 m{sup 2}/g), and micron-size cells. Pyrolysis temperature influences the reversible lithium intercalation and the irreversible capacity (associated with the formation of the passivating layer). Carbon electrodes pyrolyzed at 600{degrees}C have first-cycle capacity as high as 550 mAh/g as well as large irreversible capacity, 440 mAh/g. Electrodes prepared at 1050{degrees}C have reversible capacities around 270 mAh/g with relatively lower capacity losses (120 mAh/g). Doping the organic precursors with phosphoric acid, prior to pyrolysis at 1050{degrees}C, leads to carbon electrodes with reversible capacities as high as 450 mAh/g. The capacity of doped carbon increased with increasing phosphorus concentration in the samples. The doped carbon anodes exhibited good cycleability and excellent coulombic efficiency. The electrochemical performance is related to morphology, chemical composition, and local structural order.

This paper reports on the progress of several subtasks of the project. Another test with dual bioreactors was started to confirm the results obtained previously. Coal samples from the experiment in upflow bioreactors were characterized for mineral content. Solid residues from the bioreactor experiment were analyzed for humic acid content. Results are given for all three investigations.

In Situ Bioremediation (ISB) is the term used in this report for Gaseous Nutrient Injection for In Situ Bioremediation. This process (ISB) involves injection of air and nutrients (sparging and biostimulation) into the ground water and vacuum extraction to remove Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from the vadose zone concomitant with biodegradation of the VOCs. This process is effective for remediation of soils and ground water contaminated with VOCs both above and below the water table. A full-scale demonstration of ISB was conducted as part of the Savannah River Integrated Demonstration: VOCs in Soils and Ground Water at Nonarid Sites. This demonstration was performed at the Savannah River Site from February 1992 to April 1993.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), is sponsoring research in advanced methods for controlling contaminants in hot coal gasifier gas (coal gas) streams of integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power systems. The programs focus on hot-gas particulate removal and desulfurization technologies that match or nearly match the temperatures and pressures of the gasifier, cleanup system, and power generator. The work seeks to eliminate the need for expensive heat recovery equipment, reduce efficiency losses due to quenching, and minimize wastewater treatment costs.

This Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR), includes an indication of the magnitude of facility hazards, complexity of facility operations, and the stage of the facility life-cycle. It presents the results of safety analyses, safety assurance programs, identified vulnerabilities, compensatory measures, and, in general, the rationale describing why the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) can be safely operated. It discusses application of the graded approach to the TPX safety analysis, including the basis for using Department of Energy (DOE) Order 5480.23 and DOE-STD-3009-94 in the development of the PSAR.

Superlattice structures, consisting of SrCuO{sub 2}, (Sr,Ca)CuO{sub 2}, and BaCuO{sub 2} layers in the tetragonal, ``infinite layer`` crystal structure, have been grown by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD). Superlattice chemical modulation is observed for structures with component layers as thin as a single unit cell ({approximately}3.4 {angstrom}), indicating that unit-cell control of (Sr,Ca)CuO{sub 2} growth is possible using conventional pulsed-laser deposition over a wide oxygen pressure regime. X-ray diffraction intensity oscillations, due to the finite thickness of the film, indicate that these films are extremely flat with a thickness variation of only {approximately}20 {angstrom} over a length scale of several thousand angstroms. Using the constraint of epitaxy to grow metastable cuprates in the infinite layer structure, novel high-temperature superconducting structural families have been formed. In particular, epitaxially-stabilized SrCuO{sub 2}/BaCuO{sub 2} superlattices, grown by sequentially depositing on lattice-matched (100) SrTiO{sub 3} from BaCuO{sub 2} and SrCuO{sub 2} ablation targets in a PLD system, show metallic conductivity and superconductivity at {Tc}(onset) {approximately}70 K. These results show that pulsed-laser deposition and epitaxial stabilization have been used to effectively ``engineer`` artificially-layered thin-film materials.

Cathodic arc deposition combined with macroparticle filtering of the plasma is an efficient and versatile method for the deposition of amorphous hard carbon films of high quality. The film properties can be tailored over a broad range by varying the energy of the carbon ions incident upon the substrate and upon the growing film by applying a pulsed bias technique. By varying the bias voltage during the deposition process specific properties of the interface, bulk film and top surface layer can be obtained. We report on nanoindentation and transmission electron microscopy studies as well as stress measurements of cathodic-arc amorphous hard carbon films deposited with varied bias voltage. The investigations were performed on multilayers consisting of alternating hard and soft amorphous carbon.

A series of preliminary experiments were conducted at the Iowa State University power plant circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB). Pressure fluctuation measurements were recorded from a pressure transducer located immediately above the primary air distributor at the base of the CFB boiler under normal operating conditions. The purpose of these initial experiments was to examine the general pressure fluctuation structure of the fluidized bed boiler in order to assess what further signal processing techniques may be necessary for valid pressure fluctuation analysis and analytical characterization. These initial results show that the CFB boiler pressure fluctuations obtained are highly periodic. Due to the dominance of this periodic component (and its subsequent harmonics), the Bode plots of these pressure fluctuation signals are difficult to interpret. While an overall system roll-off is apparent, neither the overall system order nor the system time constants can be adequately estimated from this initial data. Further data recorded from other locations in the CFB boiler should provide a more complete explanation of the nature of boiler pressure fluctuations. This initial experimentation suggests that a better description of pressure fluctuations could be attained using signal filtering techniques. Numerous experiments were also completed using the 2.0 inch diameter cold-model …

As a result of the U.S. Department of Energy`s (DOE) environmental restoration and waste management activities, laboratories receive numerous analytical requests for gross {alpha}/{beta} analyses. Traditional sample preparation methods for gross {alpha}/{beta} analysis of environmental and mixed waste samples require repetitive leaching, which is time consuming and generates large volumes of secondary wastes. An alternative to leaching is microwave digestion. In the past. microwave technology has had limited application in the radiochemical laboratory because of restrictions on sample size resulting from vessel pressure limitations. However, new microwave vessel designs allow for pressures on the order of 11 MPa (1500 psi). A procedure is described in which microwave digestion is used to prepare environmental soil samples for gross {alpha}/{beta} analysis. Results indicate that the described procedure meets performance requirements for several soil types and is equivalent to traditional digestion techniques. No statistical differences at the 95% confidence interval exist between the measurement on samples prepared from the hot plate and microwave digestion procedures for those soils tested. Moreover, microwave digestion allows samples to be prepared in a fraction of the time with significantly less acid and with lower potential of cross-contamination. In comparison to the traditional hot plate method, the waste …

Large volumes of hydrocarbons are stored worldwide in surface and underground tanks. It is well documented [1] that all too often these tanks are found to leak, resulting in not only a loss of stored inventory but, more importantly, contamination to soil and groundwater. Two field experiments are reported herein to evaluate the utility of electrical resistance tomography (ERT) for detecting and locating leaks as well as delineating any resulting plumes emanating from steel underground storage tanks (UST). Current leak detection methods for single shell tanks require careful inventory monitoring, usually from liquid level sensors within the tank, or placement of chemical sensors in the soil under and around the tank. Liquid level sensors can signal a leak but are limited in sensitivity and, of course, give no information about the location or the leak or the distribution of the resulting plume. External sensors are expensive to retrofit and must be very densely spaced to assure reliable detection, especially in heterogeneous soils. The rational for using subsurface tomography is that it may have none of these shortcomings.

Six Phase Soil Heating (SPSH) was developed to remediate soils contaminated with volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. SPSH is designed to enhance the removal of contaminates from the subsurface during soil vapor extraction. The innovation combines an emerging technology, six-phase electric heating, with a baseline technology, soil vapor extraction, to produce a more efficient in situ remediation systems for difficult soil and/or contaminate applications. This document describes the technology and reports on field demonstrations conducted at Savannah River and the Hanford Reservation.

Despite the recognition that both organic sulfur and pyrite form during the very early stages of diagenesis, and that the amount of H{sub 2}S generated in bacterial sulfate reduction primarily limits their formation, the mechanisms and the active species involved still are not clear. In this study, we quantified the major forms of sulfur distributed in sediments to assess the geochemical mechanisms involved in these transformations. XANES spectroscopy, together with elemental analysis, were used to measure sulfur speciation in the organic-rich sediments from the Bay of Concepcion, Chile. Organic polysulfides constituted the major fraction of the organic sulfur, and occurred maximally just below the sediment surface (1--3 cm), where intermediates from H{sub 2}S oxidation were likely to be generated most abundantly. Sulfonates, which could be formed through the reactions of sulfate and thiosulfate, also showed a sub-surface maximum in the vicinity of the ``oxic-anoxic interface``. These results strongly suggest a geochemical origin for organic polysulfides and sulfonates, and illustrate that intermediates from H{sub 2}S oxidation play a dominant role in incorporating sulfur into organic matter. Pyrite was absent in the surficial layer, and first appeared just below the H{sub 2}S maximum, where organic polysulfides began to decrease in abundance. From …

The Low Energy Ring (LER) of the PEP-II B Factory at SLAC employs two identical wiggler insertions for emittance control and extra damping with each insertion designed to absorb 400 kW of synchrotron radiation. The wiggler is a set of individual iron core dipoles designed to operate at 1.6 T. The basic variant will include nine 0.4-m length magnets and two 0.2-m length magnets. A copper vacuum chamber is used with continuous antechambers connected to both sides of the beam chamber via slots. Synchrotron radiation dump surfaces and distributed vacuum pumping are located in both antechambers. We describe the design and analysis of the vacuum chamber, dump and magnets.

Kern River 650 F{sup +} residuum (Kern Co, CA) and mixtures of Kern River 650 F{sup +} residuum with solids were examined by micropyrolysis at nominal constant heating rates from 1 to 50 C/min from temperatures of 100 to 700 C to establish evolution behavior, pyrolysate yields, and kinetics of evolution. The profiles for all samples generally exhibited two regimes of evolution: (1) low temperature (due to distillation), and (2) high temperature (due to cracking and distillation). The pyrolysate yields of the residuum alone and residuum with solids exhibited, with increasing sample size, a broad maximum at 0.005 to 0.010 g of {approximately} 1,000 mg pyrolysate/g residuum (relative to Green River oil shale Fischer Assay yield) as well as shifting of distribution from distillation to cracking regime. For kinetic parameters, because much of the low temperature evolving data was due to volatilization and not cracking, determinations were limited mostly to the discrete method. The best fits exhibited very similar parameters for all the samples have principal E{sub discrete} of 50 to 51 kcal/mol (accounting for {approximately}30% of total energy) and A{sub discrete} around 10{sup 12} to 10{sup 13} sec{sup {minus}1}. These results indicate the use of heat carriers, such as …

IR thermography is well suited for resolving small differences in the thermal performance of highly insulating window systems. Infrared thermographic measurements made in conjunction with reference emitter techniques in a controlled and characterized laboratory setting can have an absolute accuracy of {plus_minus}0.5{degree}C. Quantitative infrared thermography requires that a number of sources of error related to measurement accuracy and test environmental conditions be quantified and minimized to the extent possible. Laboratory-based infrared thermography can be used to generate window surface temperature profile databases which can be used to direct the development of 2-D and 3-D finite element and finite difference method fenestration heat transfer simulation codes, identify their strengths and weaknesses, set research priorities, and validate finished modeling tools. Development of such a database is under way at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and will be made available for public use.

The US Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor agencies are responsible for nuclear weapons research and development as part of the national defense program. These activities include underground nuclear testing, and a small number of such tests have been conducted at sites distant from the Nevada Test Site (NTS). An NTS site-wide Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is being prepared in 1995 and includes the two offsite test areas in Nevada: the Shoal site and the Central Nevada Test Area. At the time of these tests, evaluations of project safety and predictions of groundwater transport of contaminants were made, and the tests were deemed safe to the public. These early evaluations were not considered sufficient for the EIS, so DOE decided to perform a new exposure assessment for the Shoal site. The basic scenario evaluated for this exposure assessment is transport of tritium from the Shoal underground nuclear test by groundwater to a receptor well where an individual drinks the contaminated water for 70 years, centered around the time of peak tritium concentration. This scenario is entirely hypothetical because, as of 1995, there are no known occurrences of humans drinking water downgradient from the test. Four specific scenarios are analyzed …