This report documents BIGFLOW 1.1, a numerical code for simulating flow in variably saturated heterogeneous geologic media. It contains the underlying mathematical and numerical models, test problems, benchmarks, and applications of the BIGFLOW code. The BIGFLOW software package is composed of a simulation and an interactive data processing code (DATAFLOW). The simulation code solves linear and nonlinear porous media flow equations based on Darcy`s law, appropriately generalized to account for 3D, deterministic, or random heterogeneity. A modified Picard Scheme is used for linearizing unsaturated flow equations, and preconditioned iterative methods are used for solving the resulting matrix systems. The data processor (DATAFLOW) allows interactive data entry, manipulation, and analysis of 3D datasets. The report contains analyses of computational performance carried out using Cray-2 and Cray-Y/MP8 supercomputers. Benchmark tests include comparisons with other independently developed codes, such as PORFLOW and CMVSFS, and with analytical or semi-analytical solutions.

This paper describes the performance of a large 4{pi} Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector (CRID) in the SLD experiment at the SLC at SLAC. We compare the most recent SLD results with those obtained during the R&D period, discuss various design features, and highlight some specific lessons derived from three years of operation.

This guide is provided to aid in the achievement of security objectives in the Department of Energy (DOE) contractor/subcontractor program. The objectives of security are to protect information that, if released, would endanger the common defense and security of the nation and to safeguard plants and installations of the DOE and its contractors to prevent the interruption of research and production programs. The security objective and means of achieving the objective are described. Specific security measures discussed in this guide include physical barriers, personnel identification systems, personnel and vehicular access control, classified document control, protection of classified matter in use, storing classified matter, and repository combinations. Means of dealing with security violations and security infractions are described. Maintenance of a security education program is discussed. Also discussed are methods of handling clearance terminations, visitor control, travel to sensitive countries, and shipment security. The Technical Surveillance Countermeasures Program (TSCM), the Computer Security Program, and the Operations Security Plan (OPSEC) are examined.

The report ``Adjusted Streamflow and Storage 1928-1989`` contains listings of historical flows for the sites in the Columbia River and Coastal Basins. This section of the Technical Appendix provides for the site specific procedures used to determine those historical flows. The study purpose, authority, and definitions are given in the main report. The purpose of this section of the Technical Appendix is to document the computational procedures used at each of the project sites to develop historical flows for the period July 1928--September 1989.

The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) was recently converted to flat beam operation ({gamma}{epsilon}{sub x} = 10 {gamma}{epsilon}{sub y}), producing a factor of two increase in luminosity. In this paper we review the results of flat beam studies in the SLC Linac. In summary, the injected beams from the damping rings had invariant horizontal emittances as low as 30 mm-mrad and invariant vertical emittances as low as 2 mm-mrad. The emittances measured at the end of the linac after tuning for 3 {times} 10{sup 10} particles are about 5 to 8 mm-mrad vertically and 40 to 50 mm-mrad horizontally. Flat beam operation began 3/17/93.

The indeterminacy of the mechanical stress tensor has been noted in several developments of expressions for stress in a system of particles. It is generally agreed that physical quantities related to the stress tensor must be insensitive to this nonuniqueness, but there is no definitive prescription for insuring it. Kroener`s tensor decomposition theorem is applied to the mechanical stress tensor {sup {sigma}}{sub ij} to show that its complete determination requires specification of its ``incompatibility,`` {epsilon}{sub ijk} {epsilon}{sub lmn} {sup {partial_derivative}}{sub j} {sup {partial_derivative}}{sub m} {sup {sigma}}{sub kn}, in addition to its divergence, which is obtained from the momentum conservation relation. For a particulate system, stress tensor incompatibility is shown to vanish to recover the correct expression for macroscopically observable traction. This result removes concern about nonuniqueness without requiring equilibrium or arbitrarily-defined force lines.

Polarized, stored beams are becoming a more and more important tool in nuclear and high energy physics. In order to measure the beam polarization in a storage ring the polarization vector of the stored beams has to aim, revolution for revolution, over a period of seconds to minutes, into the same, so-called ``stable`` direction. In this paper measurements at the Indiana University cooler ring (IUCF) are described in which for the first time in a storage ring oscillations of the polarization vector around this stable direction have been measured. The existence and the dynamics of such oscillations are, for instance, important for a new proposed technique for polarizing stored hadron beams.

Structural phase transformation in lanthanides and actinides were investigated as a function of pressure up to 300 GPa at room temperature. Except in Ce and Pr, no large volume changes were noticed for these metals as thy went through several phase changes. The appearance of a bct ultra-high pressure phase in Ce, Sm, Th, and possibly in Np, raises the possibility that the ultimate high pressure structure for the 4f and 5f metals may be the bct structure. On the other hand, it is also possible that this is a precursor to another close-packed structure at even higher pressure.

A decision must be made regarding whether the United State`s stockpile of neptunium should be discarded into the waste stream or kept for the production of Pu-238. Although the cost of long term storage is not inconsequential, to dispose of the material means the closing of our option to maintain control over our Pu-238 stockpile. Within the Fuels and Materials Examination Facility at Hanford there exists a remotely operated facility that can be converted for neptunium storage. This paper describes the facility and the anticipated handling requirements.

This is the final report for a subcontract to supply a Doppler Beam Sharpening model to interface with the radar stimulation package running on the Cray supercomputers. The article describes the beam sharpening model, and the way beam sharpening is implemented by the model. Changes from previous work are emphasized in this report.

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) radiation exposure levels were implemented on January 1, 1991, by Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC), a prime US Department of Energy (DOE) contractor, located in Richland, Washington. This paper describes the radiation exposure levels which were implemented and the associated experiences and lessons learned. The issue of a report from the Committee on Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation in 1989 prompted DOE to re-evaluate its position on radiation exposure limits and the resulting doses received by occupational radiation workers. DOE requested that all it`s contractors determine the impacts to operations from reduced radiation exposure levels.

The development of a risk based clean up standard for low levels of radioactive soils has been initiated at the INEL using the methodology contained within the structure of the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (FFA/CO) using section 120 (e) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986.

This report documents a baseline criteria evaluation of the FAST Plant Protection System (PPS) at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP). Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Company (WINCO), Computer Process Application (CPA) personnel originally prepared this report as requested by the FAST Fluorinel Dissolution Process (FDP) Operational Readiness Review (ORR) committee. It was required by the ORR committee for the 1992 restart of FDP operations. However on April 29, 1992, the Department of Energy (DOE) directed WINCO to discontinue reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel at the ICPP. This eliminated the mission of the FDP. The report includes an evaluation of the PPS against criteria requested by the ORR committee and against criteria contained in the WINCO PPS Requirements Manual. This second criteria evaluation is summarized in Appendix A.

Atmospheric {nu}{sub {mu}} and {nu}{sub e} are created in cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere, and can be detected in underground detectors. The Kamiokande and IMB water Cerenkov detectors have found fewer {nu}{sub {mu}} interactions (relative to {nu}{sub e}) than are expected. Results are usually expressed by the ratio: R{triple_bond}({nu}{sub {mu}}/{nu}{sub {mu}}) measured |({nu}{sub {mu}}/{nu}{sub e}) predicted with R found to be less than 1. The Soudan 2 detector is an iron calorimeter, which has different systematic effects than the water Cerenkov counters. Results from the Frejus and NUSEX calorimeters do not suggest a deficit of {nu}{sub {mu}}`s in iron, implying that perhaps there is a systematic effect in Cerenkov detectors or some unexpected nuclear effect. Here we report on a preliminary analysis of 0.5 kton-year of data in Soudan 2. We are presently analyzing our second 0.5 kt-year of data, and will present new results at the meeting.

The status of the Soudan 2 experiment is discussed. The detector parameters, running schedule, and physics program are presented. Limits on proton decay, the flux of highly ionizing magnetic monopoles and neutrinos from active galactic nuclei are given.

The design criteria currently used in the design of radioactive material (RAM) transportation containers are taken from the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME, 1992). These load-based criteria are ideally suited for pressure vessels where the loading is quasistatic and all stresses are in equilibrium with externally applied loads. For impact events, the use of load-based criteria is less supportable. Impact events tend to be energy controlled, and thus, energy-based acceptance criteria would appear to be more appropriate. Determination of an ideal design criteria depends on what behavior is desired. Currently there is not a design criteria for inelastic analysis for RAM nation packages that is accepted by the regulatory agencies. This lack of acceptance criteria is one of the major factors in limiting the use of inelastic analysis. In this paper inelastic analysis acceptance criteria based on stress and strain-energy density will be compared for two stainless steel test units subjected to impacts onto an unyielding target. Two different material models are considered for the inelastic analysis, a bilinear fit of the stress-strain curve and a power law hardening model that very closely follows the stress-strain curve. It is the purpose of this paper to stimulate discussion and …

Closely related human lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from WI-L2 differ greatly in their responses to X-irradiation. Compared with TK6 (ATCC CRL 8015), WI-L2-NS (ATCC CRL 8155) has an enhanced X-ray survival. The induction of mutation by X-rays is also markedly different. The hemizygous hprt locus is slightly more mutable in WI-L2-NS than in TK6, and the dose response fits best to a linear-quadratic curve rather than the linear fit of TK6X-ray induced mutation at the autosomal tk locus in heterozygotes derived from WI-L2-NS is 20-50 fold higher than in heterozygotes derived from TK6. A larger proportion of WI-L2-NS mutants had lost heterozygosity compared with mutants of TK6. , Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that loss of heterozygosity was due almost uniformly to deletion of an allele in mutants of TK6, and to recombination or gene conversion in mutants of WI-L2-NS. These results indicate that recombinational repair contributes to both cell survival and mutation following exposure to ionizing radiation.

A discussion of the possible sources of discrepancies in the measurements of the quantum efficiency of CsI photocathodes is presented. We propose that the major causes for disagreements in QE are due to the QE dependence on the current density extracted from the photocathode, on the electric field, and on the temperature of the photocathode. Preliminary results on TMAE enhanced GaAs and Si, plus TMAE protected CsTe and SbCs photocathodes, operated in gas, are also presented.

The instrumentation used in nuclear spectroscopy is generally large, is not portable, and requires a lot of power. Key components of these counting systems are the computer and the Multi-Channel Analyzer (MCA). To assist in performing measurements requiring portable systems, a small, very low power MCA has been developed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). This MCA is interfaced with a Hewlett Packard palm top computer for portable applications. The MCA can also be connected to an IBM/PC for data storage and analysis. In addition, a real-time time display mode allows the user to view the spectra as they are collected.

Expressions for the spatial moments and macrodispersion tensor for sorbing solutes in heterogeneous formations were presented using a probabilistic model of a fluid residence time coupled with the particle position analysis. The fluid residence time was defined as a fraction of the actual time during which the particle stayed in the mobile fluid phase of the aquifer. The fluid residence time is a random variable whose variability comes as a result of the non-equilibrium sorption properties. The sorbing solute was assumed to be governed with first-order linear kinetics. The closed-form expressions were based on the stationarity in the kinetic process and on the first-order approximation in the hydraulic conductivity field and in the fluid residence time. The non-equilibrium effects were presented as a function of the spatial variability in hydraulic conductivity and temporal variability in the fluid residence time. The importance of the non-equilibrium processes in the field scale was found to be dependent on reaction rates, retardation factor, mean velocity, and on variance and correlation scale of the hydraulic conductivity. The time needed to reach the asymptotic macrodispersivity is dependent on the degree of non-equilibrium processes and distribution coefficient. The impact from the uncertainty in parameters upon the spatial …

This progress report defines Tasks For November 29, 1992 to February 28, 1993. Continue the parametric experiments on stream combustion: (i) cloud denseness, (ii) particle size, (iii) gas temperature, (iv) residence time, and (v) oxygen concentration. Mr. Gopalakrishnan is expected to defend his MS Thesis by May 1993. The MS Thesis of Mr.Gopalakrishnan and a part of the Ph.D Thesis of Mr. Du and Dr. William Ryan will constitute the final report on the project. Activities During November 29, 1992 to February 28, 1993. Attempts have been made on direct measurement of the velocity of particles using imaging technology (Appendix A). The status of the tasks is given in Table I (Appendix B). The effects of cloud denseness (A:F ratio in the stream) and residence time (zone height) on the burnt fraction are given in Figures 1 and 2 (Appendix B). The A:F ratio of 1:1 is equivalent to 7 {times} 10{sup 9} particle per m{sup 3} or {ell}/a = 16. Detailed video-images have been obtained which are expected to yield the luminosity contours and stream diameters. However, analyses of the images have not yet been completed. The computer code for combustion of spherical clouds has been used to model …

An important body of test and performance data on the behavior of piping systems has led to an ongoing reassessment of the code stress allowables and their safety margin. The codes stress allowables, and their factors of safety, are developed from limits on the incipient yield (for ductile materials), or incipient rupture (for brittle materials), of a test specimen loaded in simple tension. In this paper, we examine the failure theories introduced in the B31 and ASME III codes for piping and their inherent approximations compared to textbook failure theories. We summarize the evolution of factors of safety in ASME and B31 and point out that, for piping systems, it is appropriate to reconsider the concept and definition of factors of safety.

Microprobe techniques using scanned, focused MeV ions are routinely used in Livermore for materials characterization. Comprehensive data analysis with these techniques is accomplished with the computer software package IMAP, for Ion Micro-Analysis Package. IMAP consists of a set of command language procedures for data processing and quantitative spectral analysis. Deconvolution of the data is achieved by spawning sub-processes within IMAP which execute analysis codes for each specific microprobe technique. IMAP is structured to rapidly analyze individual spectra or multi-dimensional data blocks which classify individual events by the two scanning dimensions, the energy of the detected radiation and, when necessary, one sample rotation dimension. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the utility of the package.

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 mandated that all high-level waste (HLW) be sent to a federal geologic repository for permanent disposal. DOE published the Environmental Assessment in 1982 which identified borosilicate glass as the chosen HLW form.{sup 1} In 1985 the Department of Energy instituted a Waste Acceptance Process to assure that DWPF glass waste forms would be acceptable to such a repository. This assurance was important since production of waste forms will precede repository construction and licensing. As part of this Waste Acceptance Process, the DOE Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (RW) formed the Waste Acceptance Committee (WAC). The WAC included representatives from the candidate repository sites, the waste producing sites and DOE. The WAC was responsible for developing the Waste Acceptance Preliminary Specifications (WAPS) which defined the requirements the waste forms must meet to be compatible with the candidate repository geologies.