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Oak Ridge Reservation environmental report for 1990
The purpose of this report is to provide information to the public about the impact of the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) facilities located on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) on the public and the environment. It describes the environmental surveillance and monitoring activities conducted at and around the DOE facilities operated by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Preparation and publication of this report is in accordance with DOE Order 5400.1. The order specifies a publication deadline of June of the following year for each calendar year of data. The primary objective of this report is to summarize all information collected for the previous calendar year regarding effluent monitoring, environmental surveillance, and estimates of radiation and chemical dose to the surrounding population. When multiple years of information are available for a program, trends are also evaluated. The first seven sections of Volume 1 of this report address this objective. The last three sections of Volume 1 provide information on solid waste management, special environmental studies, and quality assurance programs.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Wilson, A. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Particle identification at an asymmetric B Factory
Particle identification systems are an important component of any detector at a high-luminosity, asymmetric B Factory. In particular, excellent hadron identification is required to probe CP violation in B{sup 0} decays to CP eigenstates. The particle identification systems discussed below also provide help in separating leptons from hadrons at low momenta. We begin this chapter with a discussion of the physics motivation for providing particle identification, the inherent limitations due to interactions and decays in flight, and the requirements for hermiticity and angular coverage. A special feature of an asymmetric B Factory is the resulting asymmetry in the momentum distribution as a function of polar angle; this will also be quantified and discussed. In the next section the three primary candidates, time-of-flight (TOF), energy loss (dE/dx), and Cerenkov counters, both ring-imaging and threshold, will be briefly described and evaluated. Following this, one of the candidates, a long-drift Cerenkov ring-imaging device, is described in detail to provide a reference design. Design considerations for a fast RICH are then described. A detailed discussion of aerogel threshold counter designs and associated R D conclude the chapter. 56 refs., 64 figs., 13 tabs.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Coyle, P.; Eigen, G.; Hitlin, D.; Oddone, P.; Ratcliff, B.; Roe, N. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A system to deposit boron films (boronization) in the DIII-D tokamak
A system has been added to the D3-D tokamak to coat its plasma facing surfaces with a film of boron using diborane gas. The system includes special health and safety equipment for handling the diborane gas which is toxic and inflammable. The purpose of the boron film is to reduce the levels of impurity atoms in the D3-D plasmas. Experiments following the application of the boron film in D3-D have led to significant reductions in plasma impurity levels and the observation of a new, very high confinement regime. 9 refs., 1 fig.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Hodapp, T.R.; Jackson, G.L.; Phillips, J.; Holtrop, K.L.; Petersen, P.I. (General Atomics, San Diego, CA (United States)) & Winter, J. (Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH (Germany). Inst. fuer Plasmaphysik)
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Toxicological benchmarks for screening of potential contaminants of concern for effects on aquatic biota on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
This report presents potential screening benchmarks for protection of aquatic life from contaminants in water. Because there is no guidance for screening benchmarks, a set of alternative benchmarks is presented here. The alternative benchmarks are based on different conceptual approaches to estimating concentrations causing significant effects. For the upper screening benchmark, they are the acute National Ambient Water Quality Criterion (NAWQC) and the acute pesticide advisory value (a concentration that is estimated with 95% confidence not to exceed the unknown acute NAWQC for those chemicals with no NAWQC). The alternative chronic benchmarks are the chronic NAWQC, the chronic pesticide screening value, the lowest chronic values for fish and daphnids, the lowest concentration that produces a response in 20% of fish and daphnids [effective concentration 20 (EC[sub 20])] as established through chronic toxicity tests, the estimated EC[sub 20] for a sensitive species, and the concentration estimated to cause a 20% reduction in the recruit abundance of largemouth bass. It is recommended that ambient chemical concentrations be compared to all of these benchmarks. To the extent that toxicity data are available, this report presents the alternative benchmarks for chemicals that have been detected on the Oak Ridge Reservation. It also presents the …
Date:
September 1, 1992
Creator:
Sutter, G.A. II (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)); Futrell, M.A. (East Tennessee State Univ., Johnson City, TN (United States)) & Kerchner, G.A. (Harvard Coll., Cambridge, MA (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurement and Modeling of Advanced Coal Conversion Processes
The objectives of this study are to establish the mechanisms and rates of basic steps in coal conversion processes, to integrate and incorporate this information into comprehensive computer models for coal conversion processes, to evaluate these models and to apply them to gasification, mild gasification and combustion in heat engines. (VC)
Date:
September 25, 1991
Creator:
Solomon, P. R.; Serio, M. A.; Hamblen, D. G.; Smoot, L. D. & Brewster, B. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The mixture rule under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), wastes may be classified as hazardous wastes or solid (non-hazardous) wastes. Each classification of wastes has its own applicable handling requirements. In accordance with the definition of hazardous waste under RCRA, waste mixtures containing a hazardous and solid waste component are hazardous wastes, unless certain exceptions apply. The primary purpose of the RCRA waste mixture provisions are to ensure that the Subtitle C (hazardous waste) requirements are applied consistently to both hazardous wastes and waste mixtures. These provisions were intended to discourage the commingling of the hazardous wastes with non-hazardous solid wastes simply to avoid Subtitle C regulation.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
L to H mode transitions and associated phenomena in divertor tokamaks
This is the final report for the research project titled L to H Mode Transitions and Associated Phenomena in Divertor Tokamaks.'' The period covered by this project is the fiscal year 1990. This report covers the development of Advanced Two Chamber Model.
Date:
September 1, 1990
Creator:
Punjabi, A. (Hampton Univ., VA (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electric Power Monthly, September 1991. [CONTAINS GLOSSARY]
This publication provides monthly statistics at the national, Census division, and state levels for net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, quantity and quality of fuel, cost of fuel, electricity sales, revenue, and average revenue per kilowatthour of electricity sold. Data on net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, quantity and cost of fuel are also displayed at the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region level. Additionally, statistics at the company and plant level are published in the EPM on capability of new plants, net generation, fuel consumption, fuel stocks, quantity and quality of fuel, and cost of fuel. 4 figs., 63 tabs.
Date:
September 12, 1991
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of an advanced, continuous mild gasification process for the production of co-products (Task 1), Volume 1
Under US DOE sponsorship, a project team consisting of the Institute of Gas Technology, Peabody Holding Company, and Bechtel Group, Inc. has been developing an advanced, mild gasification process to process all types of coal and to produce solid and condensable liquid co-products that can open new markets for coal. The three and a half year program (September 1987 to June 1991) consisted of investigations in four main areas. These areas are: (1) Literature Survey of Mild Gasification Processes, Co-Product Upgrading and Utilization, and Market Assessment; (2) Mild Gasification Technology Development: Process Research Unit Tests Using Slipstream Sampling; (3) Bench-Scale Char Upgrading Study; (4) Mild Gasification Technology Development: System Integration Studies. In this report, the literature and market assessment of mild gasification processes are discussed.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Knight, R. A.; Gissy, J. L.; Onischak, M.; Babu, S. P.; Carty, R. H.; Duthie, R. G. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Design of a high-brightness, high-duty factor photocathode electron gun
The proposed UV-FEL user's facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory will require a photocathode gun capable of producing short (< 6 psec) bunches of electrons in high repetition rates (5 kHz), low energy spread (< 1.5.%), a peak current of 300 A (after compression) and a total bunch charge of up to 2 nC. At the highest charge the normalized transverse emittance should be less than 7 {pi} mm-mrad. We are presently designing a gun that is expected to exceed these requirements. This gun will consist of 3{1/2} cells, constructed of GlidCop-15, an aluminum oxide dispersion strengthened copper alloy. The gun will be capable of operating at duty factors in excess of 1%. Extensive beam dynamics studies of the gun were used to determine the effect of varying the length of the first cell, shaping the apertures between cells, and increasing the number of cells. In addition, a detailed thermal and mechanical study of the gun was performed to ensure that the thermal stresses were well within the allowable limits and that copper erosion of the water channels would not occur.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Lehrman, I. S.; Birnbaum, I. A.; Fixler, S. Z.; Heuer, R. L.; Siddiqi, S.; Sheedy, E. (Grumman Corp., Princeton, NJ (United States)) et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cle Elum Lake Restoration Feasibility Study: Fish Husbandry Research, 1988-1991 Progress Report.
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) are involved in a project to evaluate the feasibility of re-establishing anadromous salmon runs to Cle Elum Lake in the Yakima River Basin of Washington state. Historically, the Yakima River system supported large runs of anadromous salmonids that contributed significantly to the Columbia River harvest. Habitat destruction and overfishing drastically reduced run abundance prior to the early 1900s. Salmon runs were eliminated from upper reaches of the Yakima River Basin with development of irrigation storage reservoirs without fishways in the early 1900s. The goal of the NMFS/BPA project is to determine if it is feasible for anadromous salmonids to recolonize the habitat above Cle Elum Dam under the present format of irrigation water withdrawal from the reservoir. The primary concern is whether anadromous fish can successfully exit Cle Elum Lake and survive downstream passage through the Yakima and Columbia Rivers to the ocean.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Flagg, Thomas A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
NQR-NMR studies of higher alcohol synthesis Cu-Co catalysts
The primary objective of the project is to investigate the magnetic nature of the higher alcohol synthesis catalyst-Cu/Co supported on specific supports: chromia and titania with and without an alkali metal promoter, and examine the relations between catalytic and magnetic properties.
Date:
September 14, 1990
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Storage Ring Development at the National Synchrotron Light Source
This report contains papers on the following topics: Transverse Beam Profile Monitor; Bunch Length Measurements in the VUV Storage Ring; Photoelectric Effect Photon Beam Position Monitors; RF Receivers for Processing Electron Beam Pick-up Electrode Signals; Real-Time Global Orbit Feedback Systems; Local Orbit Feedback; Active Interlock System for High Power Insertion Devices in the X-ray Ring; Bunch Lengthening Cavity for the VUV Ring; SXLS Storage Ring Design.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Krinsky, S.; Bittner, J.; Fauchet, A. M.; Johnson, E. D.; Keane, J.; Murphy, J. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fundamentals of particle beam dynamics and phase space
This report discusses the following topics on synchrotron accelerators: Transverse motion---betatron oscillations; machine lattice; representation of a particle beam; and longitudinal motion---synchrotron oscillations.
Date:
September 4, 1991
Creator:
Weng, W. T. & Mane, S. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Annual work plan for FY 1992
The Office of Inspector General (OIG) has an overall mission to prevent and detect fraud, waste, and mismanagement in Department of Energy (DOE) programs. As part of its responsibility in accomplishing its mission, the DOE Office of Audits publishes an Annual Work Plan'' in September of each year. The prime focus of the plan is to identify opportunities for audits to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and integrity of the DOE's programs and operations. Through this plan, we are able to maximize the effectiveness of our resources and to avoid duplicating audit coverage being provided by other audit groups, such as the US General Accounting Office (GAO) to US Department of Energy programs. Such planning is required by Office of Management and Budget Circular A-73 and DOE Order 2321.1A. This work plan, includes those audits that are to be carried over from Fiscal Year 1991 and those that are to be started during Fiscal year 1992.
Date:
September 30, 1991
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of well test data---Application of probabilistic models to infer hydraulic properties of fractures. [Contains list of standardized terminology or nomenclatue used in statistical models]
Statistical and probabilistic methods for estimating the probability that a fracture is nonconductive (or equivalently, the conductive-fracture frequency) and the distribution of the transmissivities of conductive fractures from transmissivity measurements made in single-hole injection (well) tests were developed. These methods were applied to a database consisting of over 1,000 measurements made in nearly 25 km of borehole at five sites in Sweden. The depths of the measurements ranged from near the surface to over 600-m deep, and packer spacings of 20- and 25-m were used. A probabilistic model that describes the distribution of a series of transmissivity measurements was derived. When the parameters of this model were estimated using maximum likelihood estimators, the resulting estimated distributions generally fit the cumulative histograms of the transmissivity measurements very well. Further, estimates of the mean transmissivity of conductive fractures based on the maximum likelihood estimates of the model's parameters were reasonable, both in magnitude and in trend, with respect to depth. The estimates of the conductive fracture probability were generated in the range of 0.5--5.0 percent, with the higher values at shallow depths and with increasingly smaller values as depth increased. An estimation procedure based on the probabilistic model and the maximum likelihood …
Date:
September 27, 1991
Creator:
Osnes, J. D. (RE/SPEC, Inc., Rapid City, SD (United States)); Winberg, A.; Andersson, J. E. & Larsson, N. A. (Sveriges Geologiska AB, Goeteborg (Sweden))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Numerical simulation of the stability in a cable-in-conduit conductor developed for fusion-magnet applications
The stability margins of the US-Demonstration Poloidal Coil (US-DPC) and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) TF coils have been modeled numerically using the computer program CICC. The computed US-DPC limiting current, I{sub lim}, compares favorably with the values determined experimentally. Using the detailed program CICC output, we investigated the DPC quench initiation mechanism in each of the three stability regions. In the ill-cooled region, the imposed heat pulse heats the conductor to the current-sharing temperature, T{sub cs}. In the transition region, the resistance heating after the pulse must be strong enough to overcome the induced flow reversal. In the well-cooled region, good heat transfer heats the helium during the pulse. After the pulse, these high helium temperatures along with poor heat transfer cause the conductor to quench. Changes in I{sub lim} agree with Dresner's relationship. I{sub lim} can be improved by decreasing the copper resistivity, the helium fraction, or the conductor diameter. Preliminary results show the ITER and TF coil operating point is in the well-cooled region. 10 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
Date:
September 25, 1991
Creator:
Wong, R.L.; Shen, S.S. (Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States)); Yeaw, C.T. (Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI (United States)) & Miller, J.R. (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University (USA))
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Status of existing federal environmental risk-based standards applicable to Department of Energy operations
When conducting its environmental restoration, waste management, and decontamination and decommissioning activities, the US Department of Energy (DOE) must comply with a myriad of regulatory procedures and environmental standards. This paper assesses the status of existing federal risk-based standards that may be applied to chemical and radioactive substances on DOE sites. Gaps and inconsistencies among the existing standards and the technical issues associated with the application of those standards are identified. Finally, the implications of the gaps, inconsistencies, and technical issues on DOE operations are discussed, and approaches to resolving the gaps, inconsistencies, and technical issues are identified. 6 refs.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Bilyard, G.R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Modification of the U-line of the RHIC injection line
The parameters of the U-line of the RHIC injection line with low {beta} waist are described. In that lattice, the location of SA is not dispersion free and 14 quadrupoles are needed. This line has been modified to move SA to a dispersion free region (after the 8-degree bend), the length and maximum gradient of quadrupoles have been adjusted to fit the existing quadrupole parameters and the number of quadrupoles is reduced to 12. 2 refs., 3 tabs.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Xu, Jianming.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Monthly energy review, September 1991. [Contains glossary]
This publication presents current data on production, consumption, stocks, imports, exports, and prices of the principal energy commodities in the United States. Also included are data on international production of crude oil, consumption of petroleum products, petroleum stocks, and production of electricity from nuclear-powered facilities. 36 figs., 57 tabs.
Date:
September 26, 1991
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Experimental plan for the Single-Family Study
The national evaluation of the Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) consists of five separate studies. The Single-Family Study is one of three studies that will estimate program energy savings and cost effectiveness in principal WAP submarkets. This report presents the experimental plan for the Single-Family Study, which will be implemented over the next three years (1991--1993). The Single-Family Study will directly estimate energy savings for a nationally representative sample of single-family and small multifamily homes weatherized in the 1989 program year. Savings will be estimated from gas and electric utility billing records using the Princeton Scorekeeping Method (PRISM). The study will also assess nonenergy impacts (e.g., health, comfort, safety, and housing affordability), estimate cost effectiveness, and analyze factors influencing these outcomes. For homes using fuels such as wood, coal, fuel oil, kerosene, and propane as the primary source of space conditioning, energy savings will be studied indirectly. The study will assemble a large nationally representative data base. A cluster sampling approach will be used, in which about 400 subgrantees are selected in a first stage and weatherized homes are selected in a second range. To ensure that the Single-Family Study is able to identify promising opportunities for future program development, two …
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Berry, L.G.; Brown, M.A.; Wright, T. & White, D.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Selective generation and extraction of low emittance electrons from plasmas: A new concept for E-beam cathodes
It is shown that hollow cathode discharges can operate in a mode characterized by a two-component electron energy distribution: bulk electrons with a thermal distribution with a temperature of a few electron volts, and a component of fast electrons with an energy of about 30 eV and a thermal spread of about 0.1 eV. Measurements of both parallel and perpendicular energy spreads confirm the existence of fast, low energy spread electrons. Selective extraction of these electrons can form the basis of a high current, high brightness electron gun which could be well suited for EBIS applications. 8 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Date:
September 19, 1991
Creator:
Hershcovitch, A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Smart'' pump and treat
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is approaching the final phase of the Superfund decision-making process for site restoration and will soon initiate full scale cleanup. Despite some well-publicized failings of the pump and treat approach, we have concluded that intelligent application of this strategy if the best choice for ground water restoration at LLNL. Our proposed approach differs sufficiently from the pump and treat methods implemented at other sites that we call it smart'' pump and treat. Smart pump and treat consists of four distinct, but interrelated, elements: three preremediation strategies and one modification to pump and treat itself. Together, these techniques are an integrated program that utilizes an understanding of crucial aspects of contaminant flow and transport to speed up the remediation of contaminated aquifers. The four elements are: (1) a spatially detailed site characterization, linked with regional hydrogeologic models; (2) directed extraction, where the extraction and recharge locations are controlled by field-determined hydrogeologic parameters; (3) field-validated modeling that the matches the complexity of the collected data; and (4) adaptive pumping, whose pattern varies with time. Together, these techniques minimize the cost and the time to reach regulatory directed cleanup goals and maximize the rate of contaminant removal. 8 …
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Isherwood, W.; Rice, D. Jr.; Ziagos, J. (Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States)) & Nichols, E. (Weiss Associates, Emeryville, CA (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant Environmental report for 1990
This two-part report, Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant Site Environmental Report for 1990, is published annually. It reflects the results of a comprehensive, year-round program to monitor the impact of operations at Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) on the area's groundwater and surface waters, soil, air quality, vegetation, and wildlife. In addition, an assessment of the effect of PGDP effluents on the resident human population is made. PGDP's overall goal for environmental management is to protect the environment and PGDP's neighbors and to maintain full compliance with all current regulations. The current environmental strategy is to identify any deficiencies and to develop a system to resolve them. The long-range goal of environmental management is to minimize the source of pollutants, to reduce the formation of waste, and to minimize hazardous waste by substitution of materials.
Date:
September 1, 1991
Creator:
Counce-Brown, D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library