Thermodynamics of natural and industrial waters (open access)

Thermodynamics of natural and industrial waters

The most effective general formulations of thermodynamic equations for multicomponent aqueous solutions are discussed with respect to various ranges of temperature, pressure and composition with emphasis on solutes important in natural or industrial waters. A familiar equation in molality and in excess Gibbs energy is very successful up to 300{degree}C and ionic strength 6 mol{center dot}kg{sup {minus}1}, and can often be extended to 350{degree}C or above at high pressure and in favorable cases to ionic strength 12 or even 20. Alternate methods valid to higher solute compositions, even to pure fused salts, are described. A more difficult situation arises near the critical point of water where the compressibility becomes infinite and a Helmholtz energy basis must be adopted. Existing equations for this range and still higher temperatures and pressures are considered and possible improvements discussed. 85 refs., 13 figs., 3 tabs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Pitzer, K.S.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ab initio calculations on collisions of low energy electrons with polyatomic molecules (open access)

Ab initio calculations on collisions of low energy electrons with polyatomic molecules

The Kohn variational method is one of simplest, and oldest, techniques for performing scattering calculations. Nevertheless, a number of formal problems, as well as practical difficulties associated with the computation of certain required matrix elements, delayed its application to electron--molecule scattering problems for many years. This paper will describe the recent theoretical and computational developments that have made the complex'' Kohn variational method a practical tool for carrying out calculations of low energy electron--molecule scattering. Recent calculations on a number of target molecules will also be summarized. 41 refs., 7 figs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Rescigno, T. N.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Manual of analytical methods for the Industrial Hygiene Chemistry Laboratory (open access)

Manual of analytical methods for the Industrial Hygiene Chemistry Laboratory

This Manual is compiled from techniques used in the Industrial Hygiene Chemistry Laboratory of Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The procedures are similar to those used in other laboratories devoted to industrial hygiene practices. Some of the methods are standard; some, modified to suit our needs; and still others, developed at Sandia. The authors have attempted to present all methods in a simple and concise manner but in sufficient detail to make them readily usable. It is not to be inferred that these methods are universal for any type of sample, but they have been found very reliable for the types of samples mentioned.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Greulich, K. A. & Gray, C. E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Westinghouse Hanford Company waste minimization and pollution prevention awareness program plan (open access)

Westinghouse Hanford Company waste minimization and pollution prevention awareness program plan

The purpose of this plan is to establish the Westinghouse Hanford Company's Waste Minimization Program. The plan specifies activities and methods that will be employed to reduce the quantity and toxicity of waste generated at Westinghouse Hanford Company (Westinghouse Hanford). It is designed to satisfy the US Department of Energy (DOE) and other legal requirements that are discussed in Subsection C of the section. The Pollution Prevention Awareness Program is included with the Waste Minimization Program as permitted by DOE Order 5400.1 (DOE 1988a). This plan is based on the Hanford Site Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention Awareness Program Plan, which directs DOE Field Office, Richland contractors to develop and maintain a waste minimization program. This waste minimization program is an organized, comprehensive, and continual effort to systematically reduce waste generation. The Westinghouse Hanford Waste Minimization Program is designed to prevent or minimize pollutant releases to all environmental media from all aspects of Westinghouse Hanford operations and offers increased protection of public health and the environment. 14 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Craig, P.A.; Nichols, D.H. & Lindsey, D.W.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Structural analysis of the central Columbia Plateau utilizing radar, digital topography, and magnetic data bases (open access)

Structural analysis of the central Columbia Plateau utilizing radar, digital topography, and magnetic data bases

Interest in the Hanford site (Washington) as a nuclear production, power, and waste disposal site has led to generation of a vast quantity of geophysical and remote sensing data sets of the central Columbia Plateau. To data, these various studies, including at least 13 independent magnetic linear and image lineament studies, have not been adequately correlated. Therefore, these studies provide a unique opportunity to compare and contrast the viability of the different geophysical and remote sensing techniques. The geology of the central Columbia Plateau is characterized by subdued topography and limited outcrop, with most of the exposure concentrated in localized folded/faulted mountains (the Yakima folds) and along river canyons. In order to efficiently compare lineament data bases, we have written an automated computer routine that correlated lineaments that are within a user specified distance of each other. The angle between their trends has to be less than an input maximum separation angle. If more than two lineament maps exist for the area, the analyst may also specify the minimum number of times each structure must be seen. The lineament correlation routine was applied to data bases of all aeromagnetic linears as well as lineaments seen on radar and a digital …
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Thiessen, R. L.; Eliason, J. R.; Johnson, L. K.; Brougher, C. W. (Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States). Dept. of Geology); Foley, M. G. & Beaver, D. E. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States))
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Thin polymer icemaker development and test program (open access)

Thin polymer icemaker development and test program

We have constructed and tested a small device to produce ice in ice/water mixtures using a cold fluid as the heat sink. The device is a flexible heat exchanger constructed from a thin film of a suitable polymer. When filled with circulating liquid coolant the heat exchanger consists of an inflated series of parallel tubes; ice forms on the outside in complementary half cylinders. When the circulation is cut off, gravity drains the coolant and the static head of the water bath crushes the tubes, freeing them from the ice which floats to the surface. Brine circulation is then re-started and the cycle begins again. Here we report recent testing of this device: it makes ice readily under water and easily sheds the semi-cylinders of ice over many cycles of operation. It produces ice at a rate of 10 kg/m{sup 2}-hour. It offers substantial benefits in simplicity and reliability over mechanical harvester ice making systems, and the potential for significant improvements in energy efficiency compared to systems which use a re-heat cycle to harvest the ice. A reliable method of leak detection has been developed. The device should be of substantial value to systems where efficiency and reliability are at …
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Leigh, R.W. (Pratt Inst., Brooklyn, NY (United States))
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Environmental recordkeeping: The administrative record (open access)

Environmental recordkeeping: The administrative record

This document provides information on an environmental records management system. It includes information on environmental recordkeeping; environmental regulations with emphasis on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA); and the administrative record including a case study of the Hanford Site's administrative record system. This paper will focus on the following objectives: (1) Identify resources that can be used as reference tools; (2) understand the reasons for developing and maintaining an administrative record; and, (3) evaluate an existing system and identify means of complying with the regulations. 15 refs., 2 figs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Sprouse, B.S.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Jet rates from deep inelastic muon scattering in the W range of 15 to 35 GeV (open access)

Jet rates from deep inelastic muon scattering in the W range of 15 to 35 GeV

Production rates of forward jets in deep inelastic muon scattering are studied using the JADE jet finding algorithm. The evolution of di-jet rates with W is compared to QCD first order predictions in the W range of 15 to 25 GeV. 7 refs., 3 figs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Salgado, C.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Micro-scale mass-transfer variations during electrodeposition (open access)

Micro-scale mass-transfer variations during electrodeposition

Results of two studies on micro-scale mass-transfer enhancement are reported: (1) Profiled cross-sections of striated zinc surfaces deposited in laminar channel flow were analyzed with fast-fourier transforms (FFT) to determine preferred striation wavelengths. Striation frequency increases with current density until a minimum separation between striae of 150 {mu}m is reached. Beyond this point, independent of substrate used, striae meld together and form a relatively smooth, nodular deposit. Substrates equipped with artificial micron-sized protrusions result in significantly different macro-morphology in zinc deposits. Micro-patterned electrodes (MPE) with hemispherical protrusions 5 {mu}m in diameter yield thin zinc striae at current densities that ordinarily produce random nodular deposits. MPEs with artificial hemi-cylinders, 2.5 {mu}m in height and spaced 250 {mu}m apart, form striae with a period which matches the spacing of micron-sized ridges. (2) A novel, corrosion-resistant micromosaic electrode was fabricated on a silicon wafer. Measurements of mass-transport enhancement to a vertical micromosaic electrode caused by parallel bubble streams rising inside of the diffusion boundary-layer demonstrated the presence of two co-temporal enhancement mechanisms: surface-renewal increases the limiting current within five bubble diameters of the rising column, while bubble-induced laminar flows cause weaker enhancement over a much broader swath. The enhancement caused by bubble curtains …
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Sutija, D.P.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Radioactivities of Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) materials: Baggage and bonanzas (open access)

Radioactivities of Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) materials: Baggage and bonanzas

Radioactivities in materials onboard the returned Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite have been studied by a variety of techniques. Among the most powerful is low-background Ge-semiconductor detector gamma-ray spectrometry, illustrated here by results obtained at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's (LBL) Low Bakground Facilities, in a multi-laboratory collaboration coordinated by Dr. Thomas Parnell's team at the Marshall Spacecraft Center, Huntsville, Alabama.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Smith, A. R. & Hurley, D. L.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Glossary: Carbon dioxide and climate (open access)

Glossary: Carbon dioxide and climate

This Glossary contains definitions of selected CO{sub 2}-related terms as well as tables containing information related to CO{sub 2} and climate. Each term is defined with an emphasis on its relationship to CO{sub 2} and climate. Many of the definitions are then followed by a more detailed description of the term and its use. References to the literature from which the definitions were taken are listed at the end of the Glossary.
Date: August 1, 1990
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
F/H Area ETF effluent (H-016 outfall), ceriodaphnia survival/reproduction test, test date: March 21, 1991 (open access)

F/H Area ETF effluent (H-016 outfall), ceriodaphnia survival/reproduction test, test date: March 21, 1991

This toxicity test was conducted to determine if the effluent from the F/H area at Savannah River Plant affects the survival or reproduction of the test organisms during a seven day period. The test involved exposing the test organisms to a series of dilutions of the effluent. At each dilution the survival and reproduction of ten test organisms was recorded. Each effluent dilution was compared to a control set of test organisms. Survival data were analyzed by Fisher's Exact Test and the Trimmed Spearman-Karber test to determine the effluent concentration necessary to cause statistically significant (p = 0.05) mortality. Reproduction data was analyzed for normality, homogeneity of variance and equality of replicates among dilutions to determine the appropriate statistical test for analysis of statistical differences in reproduction among dilutions. Results are summarized.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Specht, Winona L.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Some general properties of stimulated Raman propagation with pump depletion, transiency and dispersion (open access)

Some general properties of stimulated Raman propagation with pump depletion, transiency and dispersion

This note considers some of the properties of the Stokes pulse that grows from a specified seed pulse in the presence of a strong pump pulse as it propagates through a dispersive atomic vapor. We first present an generic dimensionless form for the coupled equations that govern the propagation of pump and Stokes fields or collinear plane-wave pulses. By treating the two fields we permit pump depletion. We include transient atomic response (as embodied in the Raman coherence), but neglect changes in atomic populations. (Thus our equations pertain to the regime in which atoms are more numerous than photons). The equations employ a gain length, a dispersion time {tau}{sub dis}, and a Raman coherence time (or memory time) {tau}{sub R} as basic parameters: these two times, together with a single-photon stationary-atom detuning {Delta}, subsume the details of a particular atomic Raman transition and particular operating conditions. (The effects of Doppler shifts enters the equations through the coherence time). We discuss some general properties of these generic Raman propagation equations, and present illustrations of their solutions in the absence of dispersion. We comment on departures from exponential growth. We than show examples of behavior when dispersion is present and the pump …
Date: August 2, 1991
Creator: Shore, B. W.; Lowder, S. & Johnson, M. A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Quantum electrodynamics with complex fermion mass (open access)

Quantum electrodynamics with complex fermion mass

The quantum electrodynamics (QED) with a complex fermion mass -- that is, a fermion mass with a chiral phase -- is restudied, together with its chirally rotated version. We show how fake electric dipole moment can be obtained and how to avoid it. 10 refs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: McKellar, B. J. H. & Wu, D. D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Three-dimensional free electron laser dispersion relation including betatron oscillations (open access)

Three-dimensional free electron laser dispersion relation including betatron oscillations

We have developed a 3-D FEL theory based upon the Maxwell-Vlasov equations including the effects of the energy spread and emittance of the electron beam, and of betatron oscillations. The radiation field is expressed in terms of the Green's function of the inhomogeneous wave equation and the distribution function of the electron beam. The distribution function is expanded in terms of a set of orthogonal functions determined by the unperturbed particle distribution. The coupled Maxwell-Vlasov equations are then reduced to a matrix equation, from which a dispersion relation for the eigenvalues is derived. In the limit of small betatron oscillation frequency, the present dispersion relation reduces to the well-known cubic equation of the one-dimensional theory in the limit of large beam size, and it gives the correct gain in the limit of small beam size. Comparisons of our numerical results with other approaches show good agreement. We present a handy empirical formula for the FEL gain of a 3-D Gaussian beam, as a function of the scaled parameters, that can be used for a quick estimate of the grain. 5 refs., 2 figs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Chin, Y. H.; Kim, K. J. & Xie, M.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
A sendmail. cf scheme for a large network (open access)

A sendmail. cf scheme for a large network

Like most large networked sites our users depend heavily on the electronic mail system for both internal and off-site communications. Unfortunately the sendmail.cf file, which is used to control the behavior of the sendmail program, is somewhat cryptic and difficult to decipher for the neophyte. So, on one hand you have a highly visible, frequently used utility, and on the other hand a not-so-easily acquired system administration forte. Here is the sendmail topology of our site, what premises we based it on, and the parts of the sendmail.cf files which support the topology.
Date: August 14, 1991
Creator: Darmohray, T.M.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
X-Y spacial distribution experiments with Parmela or, what I did on my summer vacation (open access)

X-Y spacial distribution experiments with Parmela or, what I did on my summer vacation

Experiments using the Parmela simulation program predict that the potentially uneven spacial distributions in the electron beam generated by laser emission from the photo cathode gun has no appreciable effect on the beam outcome when compared to a the more uniform thermionic gun. 23 figs., 4 tabs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Houston, J.R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Georgetown University atmospheric fluidized bed boiler cogeneration system (open access)

Georgetown University atmospheric fluidized bed boiler cogeneration system

This report presents the results of one year of operation of the cogeneration system capability of the Georgetown University coal- fired, atmospheric fluidized-bed (AFB) boiler. The AFB was designed and installed under a separate contract with the US Department of Energy. The AFB project funded by DOE to demonstrate that high sulfur coal could be burned in an environmentally acceptable manner in a urban environment such as Georgetown. In addition, operational data from the unit would assist the industry in moving directly into design and construction of commercially warranted industrial size AFB boilers. 9 figs., 3 tabs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Podbielski, V. & Shaff, D.P.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Painter Street Overcrossing: Linear-elastic finite element dynamic analysis (open access)

Painter Street Overcrossing: Linear-elastic finite element dynamic analysis

Painter Street Overcrossing is a two span continuous box girder bridge Highway 101 near Rio Del, California. It has been heavily instrumented with strong motion accelerometers by the California Department of Mines and Geology Strong Motion Instrumentation Program. On 11/21/86, the response of the bridge to a magnitude 5.1 earthquake (epicentral distance 32 km) was measured. This report considers the data generated at stations six, seven, and eight, during this earthquake. Station six recorded the vertical accelerations at the midpoint of the long span. Station seven recorded the transverse accelerations at the top of the bent. Station eight recorded the vertical accelerations at the midpoint of the short span. Typically, seismic analysis is done with the aid of a linear-elastic finite element code. Damping is assumed to be viscous. This report summarizes the results of such an analysis using the commercial P.C. based program SAP90. This analysis conforms as closely as possible to a typical'' seismic analysis. It is intended to be used as basis for comparison against a non-linear analysis to be done using NIKE3D. This report contains detailed information about the models used to represent the bridge. The results of each analysis and discussions of the results are …
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Salveson, M.W.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
T,b, and new particle searches at p p colliders (open access)

T,b, and new particle searches at p p colliders

Experiments at the p{bar p} colliders at CERN and FNAL have an active program of heavy flavor physics. Recently, CDF at FNAL and UA1 at CERN have measured rare decays of the {Beta}{sup 0} {minus} {bar {Beta}}{sup 0} mixing. CDF has signals for {Beta}{sup {plus minus}} {yields} J/{psi}K{sup {plus minus}} and {Beta}{sup 0} {yields} J/{psi}K{sup *0}. Both CDF and UA1 have set limits on the branching ratio of {Beta}{sup 0} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}} and have measured {Beta}{sup 0} {minus} {bar {Beta}}{sup 0} mixing. CDF, UA1 and UA2 at CERN have searched for the top quark and set limits on its mass. Prospects for t and b physics at FNAL in the near future are presented. 21 refs., 14 figs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Crane, D.A.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Telephone costs at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (open access)

Telephone costs at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

The Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is a fusion energy research laboratory located on the Forrestal Campus of Princeton University in Plainsboro, New Jersey. Princeton University operates the laboratory under contact with the US Department of Energy (DOE). PPPL researches nuclear fusion and plasma physics and investigates the potential of a commercial fusion reactor. The objective of the audit was to determine whether PPPL was monitoring telephone use and costs in order to prevent personal toll costs from being charged to the DOE contract. Our audit disclosed that 5 out of the 10 PPPL cost centers we reviewed were not following established policies and procedures for monitoring telephone toll charges. This condition resulted because PPPL's management did not adequately review telephone use and costs. As a result, PPPL charged personal toll calls to DOE. Therefore, we recommend that the Manager, DOE Field Office, Chicago, (CH) direct PPPL to enforce its telephone policies and procedures to ensure that personal toll calls are not charged to DOE. The Acting Manager, CH, concurred with our recommendations and agreed to implement corrective actions.
Date: August 21, 1991
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Investigation of strain birefringence and wavefront distortion in 001 plates of KD sub 2 PO sub 4 (open access)

Investigation of strain birefringence and wavefront distortion in 001 plates of KD sub 2 PO sub 4

When 001 plates of KD{sub 2}PO{sub 4} (KD*P) are used in Pockels cells, strain induced refractive index variations result in beam depolarization and transmitted wavefront distortion. The depolarization is determined by the induced birefringence while the wavefront distortion is controlled by the average index shift. Here we show that the birefringence is determined by the shear stress in the xy-plane of the crystal while the average index shift depends only on the normal stresses. Furthermore, for depolarization losses of 0.1 to 1.0% and wavefront distortion of 0.1 to 1.0{lambda}, the critical range of stress is 10{sup 5} to 10{sup 6} Pa. We also present measured depolarization loss and wavefront distortion profiles for 5, 16 and 27cm, 95% deuterated, KD*P crystals. Using the analysis described above we show that the maximum internal stresses in the crystals are within the critical range, but that the area averaged stresses are substantially lower. We find that crystals from different locations along the length of a boule have similar strain birefringence and wavefront distortion profiles indicating that the growth conditions which generate the internal strain persist throughout much of the growth history of the boule. Finally, we discuss potential sources of strain in KD*P. 8 …
Date: August 26, 1991
Creator: De Yoreo, J. J. & Woods, B. W.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Pipelines programming paradigms: Prefab plumbing (open access)

Pipelines programming paradigms: Prefab plumbing

Mastery of CMS Pipelines is a process of learning increasingly sophisticated tools and techniques that can be applied to your problem. This paper presents a compilation of techniques that can be used as a reference for solving similar problems
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Boeheim, C.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Heat-Flux Gage thermophosphor system (open access)

Heat-Flux Gage thermophosphor system

This document describes the installation, hardware requirements, and application of the Heat-Flux Gage (Version 1.0) software package developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Applied Technology Division. The developed software is a single component of a thermographic phosphor-based temperature and heat-flux measurement system. The heat-flux transducer was developed by EG G Energy Measurements Systems and consists of a 1- by 1-in. polymethylpentene sheet coated on the front and back with a repeating thermographic phosphor pattern. The phosphor chosen for this application is gadolinium oxysulphide doped with terbium. This compound has a sensitive temperature response from 10 to 65.6{degree}C (50--150{degree}F) for the 415- and 490-nm spectral emission lines. 3 refs., 17 figs.
Date: August 1, 1991
Creator: Tobin, K.W.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library