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MHTGR thermal performance envelopes: Reliability by design
This document discusses thermal performance envelopes which are used to specify steady-state design requirements for the systems of the Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor to maximize plant performance reliability with optimized design. The thermal performance envelopes are constructed around the expected operating point accounting for uncertainties in actual plant as-built parameters and plant operation. The components are then designed to perform successfully at all points within the envelope. As a result, plant reliability is maximized by accounting for component thermal performance variation in the design. The design is optimized by providing a means to determine required margins in a disciplined and visible fashion.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Etzel, K.T.; Howard, W.W. & Zgliczynski, J.B.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Broad-Application Test Reactor
This report is about a new, safe, and operationally efficient DOE reactor of nuclear research and testing proposed for the early to mid- 21st Century. Dubbed the Broad-Application Test Reactor (BATR), the proposed facility incorporates a multiple-application, multiple-mission design to support DOE programs such as naval reactors and space power and propulsion, as well as research in medical, science, isotope, and electronics arenas. DOE research reactors are aging, and implementing major replacement projects requires long lead times. Primary design drivers include safety, low risk, minimum operation cost, mission flexibility, waste minimization, and long life. Scientists and engineers at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory are evaluating possible fuel forms, structural materials, reactor geometries, coolants, and moderators.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Motloch, C. G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurement of radiofrequency fields
We are literally surrounded by radiofrequency (RFR) and microwave radiation, from both natural and man-made sources. The identification and control of man-made sources of RFR has become a high priority of radiation safety professionals in recent years. For the purposes of this paper, we will consider RFR to cover the frequencies from 3 kHz to 300 MHz, and microwaves from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, and will use the term RFR interchangeably to describe both. Electromagnetic radiation and field below 3 kHz is considered Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) and will not be discussed in this paper. Unlike x- and gamma radiation, RFR is non-ionizing. The energy of any RFR photon is insufficient to produce ionizations in matter. The measurement and control of RFR hazards is therefore fundamentally different from ionizing radiation. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with the fundamental issues involved in measuring and safely using RFR fields. 23 refs.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Leonowich, J.A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Broadband diffractive lens
Significant progress has been made toward solving the century-old problem of chromatic aberrations in diffractive optics. Our approach exploits modern materials and microfabrication technology and is very different from the purely diffractive strategy,'' which is commonly employed and which results in multiple diffractive elements separated by a finite distance. We have developed a Fresnel zone plate lens comprised of a serial stack of patterned minus-filters which allows broadband radiation to be focused (or imaged) without longitudinal or transverse chromatic aberrations. 7 refs., 4 figs.
Date:
May 28, 1991
Creator:
Ceglio, N. M.; Hawryluk, A. M.; London, R. A.; Seppala, L. G. (Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (USA)) & Gaines, D. P. (Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT (USA))
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Comprehensive work plan and health and safety plan for the 7500 Area Contamination Site sampling at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
As part of the Environmental Restoration Program sponsored by the US Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, this plan has been developed for the environmental sampling efforts at the 7500 Area Contamination Site, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee. This plan was developed by the Measurement Applications and Development Group (MAD) of the Health and Safety Research Division of ORNL and will be implemented by ORNL/MAD. Major components of the plan include (1) a quality assurance project plan that describes the scope and objectives of ORNL/MAD activities at the 7500 Area Contamination Site, assigns responsibilities, and provides emergency information for contingencies that may arise during field operations; (2) sampling and analysis sections; (3) a site-specific health and safety section that describes general site hazards, hazards associated with specific tasks, personnel protection requirements, and mandatory safety procedures; (4) procedures and requirements for equipment decontamination and responsibilities for generated wastes, waste management, and contamination control; and (5) a discussion of form completion and reporting required to document activities at the 7500 Area Contamination Site.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Burman, S. N.; Landguth, D. C.; Uziel, M. S.; Hatmaker, T. L. & Tiner, P. F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Research in theoretical particle physics
This report discusses the following topics in high energy physics: dynamical symmetry breaking and Schwinger-Dyson equation; consistency bound on the minimal model Higgs mass; tests of physics beyond the standard model; particle astrophysics; the interface between perturbative and non-perturbative QCD; cosmology; anisotropy in quantum networks and integer quantum hall behavior; anomalous color transparency; quantum treatment of solitons; color transparency; quantum stabilization of skyrmions; and casimir effect. (LSP)
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
McKay, D.W.; Munczek, H. & Ralston, J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Optimal forced-air distribution in new housing
This paper summarizes a system integration approach to residential heating, cooling, and ventilation, embodied in a tight building envelope with precooling and dehumidification of forced ventilation air, and with ducts in the conditioned space.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Andrews, J. W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
RF voltage modulation at discrete frequencies with applications to crystal channeling extraction
RF voltage modulation at a finite number of discrete frequencies is described in a Hamiltonian resonance framework. The theory is applied to the problem of parasitic extraction of a fixed target beam from a high energy proton collider, using a bent crystal as a thin septum'' within an effective width of about one micron. Three modes of employment of discrete resonances are proposed.First, a single relatively strong static drive'' resonance may be used to excite a test proton so that it will penetrate deeply into the channeling crystal. Second, a moderately strong feed'' resonance with a ramped modulation tune may be used to adiabatically trap protons near the edge of the beam core, and transport them to the drive resonance. Third, several weak resonances may be overlapped to create a chaotic amplitude band, either to transport protons to the drive resonance, or to provide a pulse stretching'' buffer between a feed resonance and the drive resonance. Extraction efficiency is semi- quantitatively described in terms of characteristic penetration,'' depletion,'' and repetition'' times. simulations are used to quantitatively confirm the fundamental results of the theory, and to show that a prototypical extraction scheme using all three modes promises good extraction performance.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Gabella, W.; Rosenzweig, J. (California Univ., Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics); Kick, R. (Illinois Math and Science Academy, Aurora, Illinois (United States)) & Peggs, S. (Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Writing audit findings: Be reasonable
A customary approach to auditing and reporting deficiencies is to keep a running list of those that are found, evaluate the severity of each, and based on the evidence, document findings or observations or concerns in an audit report. The report is issued and the auditee is normally requested to address root cause'' as part of their corrective action. This paper describes a root problems'' approach to documenting audit findings that is designed not only to put the QA auditor in a more favorable light, but to more effectively enable the auditee to identify root cause and meaningful corrective action. The positive results of this approach are considerable. You will have fewer findings but those you do have will be substantial. You will cite requirements that sound reasonable and make arguments difficult. If some of the supporting deficiencies (examples) prove to be incorrect, you will still have ample support for the original finding. You will be seen as reasonable individual who can help lead the auditee towards identification of root cause without taking away part of the responsibility. You even have a fair chance of fostering a sense of commitment to quality improvement on the auditee's part. This in itself, …
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Girvin, N.W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The development of precipitated iron catalysts with improved stability
The objective of this program is to identify the chemical principles governing the deactivation of precipitated iron catalysts during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and to use these chemical principles in the design of catalysts suitable for slurry reactors. The performance targets are 88% CO+H{sub 2} conversion with less than 1% deactivation/day for 1 month and a methane and ethane selectivity of no more than 7% (based on hydrocarbons and oxygenates only) at a space velocity of at least 2 normal liters per hr gram iron (NL/hr/gFe) using a synthesis gas with 0.5--1.0 H{sub 2}:Co ratio in a slurry reactor.
Date:
May 6, 1992
Creator:
Abrevaya, H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of Inservice Inspection Examinatiions
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of Section 11, Division 1, Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components,'' of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code examinations, 26 inservice inspection (ISI) summary reports from 24 facilities were reviewed. It was found that these ASME Code examinations and tests are instrumental in revealing indications and defects in welds and plant components. In addition, this study uncovered that fact that some of the Section 11 requirements are apparently not clear and are misunderstood by some of the facilities. Also, the need for more stringent requirements was evaluated and some Code changes are recommended.
Date:
May 1990
Creator:
Aldrich, D. A. & Cook, J. F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of nondestructive evaluation methods and prediction of effects of flaws on the fracture behavior of structural ceramics
Characterization of ceramic matrix composites (continuous and whisker-type) by nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods and an understanding of fracture behavior, together with correlation of fracture and NDE data, may provide insight into the prediction of component performance and the development of process technology. Knowledge of the degradation extent of fiber tows or monofilament degradation after processing, extent of open porosity before densification, and filament/fiber alignments before and after processing are also examples of important variables to be measured. Work in this program has emphasized continuous fiber ceramic matrix composites (CFCCs) that use chemical vapor infiltration (CVI)-infiltrated SiC/SiC materials, primarily those made of Nicalon satin or plain weave with 16 {times} 16 tows/in. in 2-D layups. All studied samples were provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and were made using 100 layers per inch. CVI specimens with 0/30/60, 0/90, and 0/45 were examined by 3-D X-ray microtomography to characterize in-plane fiber orientations. Current information suggests that for Nicalon-type fiber architecture, a {plus minus}2--1/2{degrees} misalignment may not affect mechanical properties. Thus the near-term goal has been to establish a detection capability for angular orientation. By using 512 {times} 512 images from 3-D X-ray CT data with pixel sizes of < 140 {mu}m and …
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Ellingson, W.A.; Singh, J.P.; Holloway, D.L.; Dieckman, S.L.; Singh, D.; Sivers, E.A. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
(National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research)quarterly technical report, January 1--March 31, 1992
The objectives of Development of Analytical Methodology for Analysis of Heavy Crudes'' are to identify compounds or classes of compounds with significant positive or negative effects on crude oil and/or product properties nd characteristics and to develop methods for their determination in conventional or low grade petroleum and syncrudes; specific objectives for FY92 are: (1) to determine catalytic cracking behavior of individual compound classes in petroleum, and (2) to further develop GC/MS methodology for speciation of nitrogen and sulfur compound in petroleum. The objectives of Thermochemistry and Thermophysical Properties of Organic Nitrogen and Diheteroatom-Containing Compounds'' is to provide, interpret, and correlate with molecular structure and polarity of molecules, precise and accurate values of thermodynamic properties of organic nitrogen and diheteroatom-containing compounds that occur in or are readily derivable from heavy petroleum and oil shale. The results will enable the prediction of chemical equilibria for conceptual as well as current processes.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
W mass and W asymmetry at CDF
The lepton charge asymmetry from W decaying into a lepton and a neutrino is discussed (preliminary result). This measurement gives information on parton distribution functions at low x values. The derivation of the recently published W mass value of 79.91 {plus minus} 0.39 GeV/c{sup 2} is also presented. M{sub W} is used to set an upper limit on the top quark mass. 13 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Date:
May 1, 1991
Creator:
Leone, S. (Pisa Univ. (Italy) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Pisa (Italy))
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Draft 1992 : Operations, Maintenance, and Replacement 10-Year Plan.
Two years ago, BPA released its first-ever Operations, Maintenance, and Replacement (OM R) 10-Year Plan. That effort broke new ground and was an extensive look at the condition of Operations, Maintenance, and Replacement on BPA's power system. This document -- the 1992 OM R 10-Year Plan -- uses that original plan as its foundation. It takes a look at how well BPA has accomplished the challenging task set out in the 1990 Plan. The 1992 Plan also introduces the Construction Program. Construction's critical role in these programs is explored, and the pressures of construction workload -- such as the seasonal nature of the work and the broad swings in workload between projects and years -- are discussed. The document then looks at how situations may have changed with issues explored initially in the 1990 Plan. Importantly, this Plan also surfaces and explains some new issues that threaten to impact BPA's ability to accomplish its OM R workload. Finally, the document focuses on the revised strategies for Operations, Maintenance, Replacement, Construction, and Environment for the 1992 to 2001 time period, including the financial and human resources needed to accomplish those strategies.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
United States. Bonneville Power Administration.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High-intensity photoionization of H sub 2
A tunable, high-intensity picosecond dye laser system has been employed with electron energy analysis to investigate the dynamics of (3+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization of H{sub 2} via different vibrational levels of its B{sub 1}{Sigma}{sub u}{sup +} and C{sup 1}{Pi}{sub u} electronic states. We observe production of molecular ions in various vibrational levels, with a shift to increased population of lower vibrational states of H{sub 2}{sup +} consistent with the a.c. Stark shift of the correspondingly lower vibrational levels of the C state into resonance with the three- photon energy of the laser. Clear evidence of direct dissociation of H{sub 2} followed by single-photon ionization of the excited H atom is observed as well. Above threshold ionization of these two processes occurs readily. We also find that dissociative ionization is an increasingly important ionization pathway as the wavelength is increased. Finally, we see evidence of a new ionization pathway, which we assign to photoionization into a transient bound state created by the avoided crossing of the first repulsive electronic state of H{sub 2}{sup +}, {vert bar}2p{sigma}{sub u}, n{r angle}, with the single-photon-dressed ground state of H{sub 2}{sup +}, {vert bar}1s{sigma}{sub g},n + 1{r angle}. 6 refs., 2 figs.
Date:
May 1, 1991
Creator:
Allendorf, S.W. & Szoeke, A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The development of precipitated iron catalysts with improved stability
The objective of this program is to identify the chemical principles governing the deactivation of precipitated iron catalysts during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and to use these chemical principles in the design of catalysts suitable for slurry reactors. The performance targets are 88% CO+H{sub 2} conversion with less than 1% deactivation/day for 1 month and a methane and ethane selectivity of no more than 7% (based on hydrocarbons and oxygenates only) at a space velocity of at least 2 normal liters per hr per gram iron (NL/hr/gFe) using a synthesis gas with 0.5-1.0 H{sub 2}:CO ratio in a slurry reactor.
Date:
May 6, 1992
Creator:
Abrevaya, H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Levels of radioactivity in fish from streams near F-Area and H-Area seepage basins
This report summarizes results of recent analyses of radioactivity in fish from SRS streams near the F-Area and H-Area seepage basins. Fish were collected from headwater areas of Four Mile Creek and Pen Branch, from just below the H-Area seepage basin, and from three sites downstream in Four Mile Creek. These fish were analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity using standard EPA methods. Levels of gross alpha and nonvolatile beta radioactivity in fish were found to be comparable to levels previously reported for these sites. Gross alpha activity was not found to be influenced by Separations Area discharges. Nonvolatile beta activity was higher in the nonvolatile beta activity was attributable to Cs-137 and K-40. The dosimetric consequences of consuming fish from this area were found to be well below DOE guidelines.
Date:
May 1, 1991
Creator:
Murphy, C. E. Jr. & Loehle, C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Thinning and rupture of a thin liquid film on a heated surface
The objective of this work continues to be the study of dynamics, stability, and rupture (including contact line motions) of thin liquid films, especially with heat and/or mass transfer. Following the publication of a comprehensive paper on thin-film stability and rupture, taking into account evaporation (condensation), thermocapillarity, surface tension, vapor recoil, van der Waals forces, and mass loss (gain), two follow-up papers have appeared. The first examines the conditions for a non-uniformly-heated liquid film to rupture, owing to thermocapillarity, while the second reports experimental results in excellent agreement with the theory on non-isothermal free-surface problems. Another paper extends some previous results to the case where the viscosity of the liquid is a function of temperature. By proper rescaling, it is shown that the evolution equation can be transformed into the constant-viscosity case, so that previous results can be applied directly. Another paper considers the nonlinear growth, steepening, and wavebreaking of an isothermal thin liquid film draining down an inclined plate. The competition between mean flow and evaporation gives important morphological changes that control the heat-transfer process in the wavy regime. A number of other results were obtained. 9 refs.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Bankoff, S.G. & Davis, S.H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evapotranspiration studies for protective barriers: FY 1990 status report
Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) and Westinghouse Hanford Company (Westinghouse Hanford) are working together to develop for the US Department of Energy (DOE) protective barriers for the near-surface disposal of hazardous waste at the Hanford Site. The proposed barrier design consists of a layer of fine-textured soil overlying a series of layers grading from sand to basalt riprap. A multiyear research program is being conducted to assess the long-term performance of barrier configurations in restricting plants, animals, and water from contacting buried wastes. The purpose of this report is to review work done up to July 31 in FY 1990 on the evapotranspiration subtask of the water infiltration task. As stated in the test plan, specific objectives of PNL's evapotranspiration work were to (1) develop and test an environmentally controlled whole-plant gas exchange system, (2) collect evapotranspiration data at the whole-plant level on the small-tube lysimeters, (3) collect transpiration data on the shrubs at McGee Ranch, (4) collect data necessary to parameterize the plant component of the UNSAT-H code.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Link, S.O.; Downs, J.L.; Thiede, M.E.; Lettau, D.J.; Twaddell, T.R. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States)) & Black, R.A. (Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Biological Production of Ethanol Fom Coal
Research is continuing in an attempt to increase both the ethanol concentration and product ratio using C. ljungdahlii. The purpose of this report is to present data (acetate to ethanol) utilizing a medium prepared especially for C. ljungdahlii. Medium development studies are presented, as well as reactor studies with the new medium in batch reactors. Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with cell recycle. The use of this new medium has resulted in significant improvements in cell concentration, ethanol concentration and product ratio.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Sintering of Bulk High - Tc Superconductors: Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O
Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub x} (2212) and (Bi,Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} (2223) superconductors have orthorhombic crystal structures. They form platelike grains that at high temperatures grow primarily in the a-b planes and not in the c direction. The diffusional properties of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors are so anisotropic that 2212 and 2223 cannot, in general, be densified by solid-state sintering. Improved densification can be achieved by application of pressure or by use of transient liquid phases. Most useful bulk Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors are composites that contain Ag. The Ag lowers the melting points of the superconductors, which has significant effects on microstructural development. The results of disparate sintering studies are presented and discussed.
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Goretta, K. C.; Lanagan, M. T.; Kaufman, D. Y.; Biondo, A. C.; Wu, C. T.; Loomans, M. E. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Transporting US oil imports: The impact of oil spill legislation on the tanker market
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ( OPA'') and an even more problematic array of State pollution laws have raised the cost, and risk, of carrying oil into and out of the US. This report, prepared under contract to the US Department of energy's Office of Domestic and International Policy, examines the impact of Federal and State oil spill legislation on the tanker market. It reviews the role of marine transportation in US oil supply, explores the OPA and State oil spill laws, studies reactions to OPA in the tanker and tank barge industries and in related industries such as insurance and ship finance, and finally, discusses the likely developments in the years ahead. US waterborne oil imports amounted to 6.5 million B/D in 1991, three-quarters of which was crude oil. Imports will rise by almost 3 million B/D by 2000 according to US Department of energy forecasts, with most of the crude oil growth after 1995. Tanker demand will grow even faster: most of the US imports and the increased traffic to other world consuming regions will be on long-haul trades. Both the number of US port calls by tankers and the volume of offshore lightering will grow. Every …
Date:
May 1, 1992
Creator:
Rowland, P.J. (Rowland (P.) Associates (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of ultra pure germanium epi layers for blocked impurity band far infrared detectors
The main goals of this paper are: (1) To develop a low-pressure CVD (LPCVD) process that allows epitaxial growth at lower temperatures. Lower temperatures will allow the achievement of a sharp dopant profile at the substrate/epi-layer interface. Less out-diffusion from the substrate would allow the use of thinner epitaxial layers, which would lead to a larger depletion width in the photoactive region. LPCVD also avoids, to a great extent, gas-phase nucleation, which would cause Ge particulates to fall onto the wafer surface during growth. (2) To reduce high levels of oxygen and copper present at the wafer interface, as observed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). In order to achieve high-quality epitaxial layers, it is imperative that the substrate surface be of excellent quality. (3) To make and test detectors, after satisfactory epitaxial layers have been made.
Date:
May 1, 1991
Creator:
Lutz, M.P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library