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Demonstration of rapid and sensitive module leak certification for space station freedom
A leak detection and quantification demonstration using perflurocarbon tracer (PFT) technology was successfully performed at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center on January 25, 1991. The real-time Dual Trap Analyzer (DTA) at one-half hour after the start of the first run gave an estimated leak rate of 0.7 mL/min. This has since been refined to be 1.15 {plus minus} 0.09 mL/min. The leak rates in the next three runs were determined to be 9.8 {plus minus} 0.7, {minus}0.4 {plus minus} 0.3, and 76 {plus minus} 6 mL/min, respectively. The theory on leak quantification in the steady-state and time-dependent modes for a single zone test facility was developed and applied to the above determinations. The laboratory PFT analysis system gave a limit-of-detection (LOD) of 0.05 fL for ocPDCH. This is the tracer of choice and is about 100-fold better than that for the DTA. Applied to leak certification, the LOD is about 0.00002 mL/s (0.000075 L/h), a 5 order-of-magnitude improvement over the original leak certification specification. Furthermore, this limit can be attained in a measurement period of 3 to 4 hours instead of days, weeks, or months. A new Leak Certification Facility is also proposed to provide for zonal (three zones) …
Date:
March 1, 1991
Creator:
Dietz, R. N. & Goodrich, R. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fundamental studies of catalytic gasification
Studies of the catalytic steam gasification of carbon solids continued. A considerable number of important findings have been made. Recently limited experimentation has been carried out on the production of C{sub 2} hydrocarbons from methane in the presence of Ca/K/Ni oxide catalysts and of oxygen, carbon and water. The main finding thus far has been that C{sub 2} yields of 10--13% can be obtained at about 600{degrees}C or 150{degrees} lower temperature than described in the literature for similar yields. Yields of 7--10% C{sub 2} hydrocarbons at 99+% selectivity have been obtained. The presence of water and small amounts of oxygen is essential. Yields of this magnitude may be attractive since there is no loss of methane to valueless by-products, no purification of the recycle steam is required and no oxygen is used to burn methane. Further improvement in yields by catalyst and operating conditions modification will be investigated. It is also intended to clarify the chemistry which inhibits burning of methane to carbon oxides. Work is discussed on gasification of petroleum cokes and oxidative methane coupling. 8 figs., 2 tabs.
Date:
March 1, 1991
Creator:
Heinemann, H. & Somorjai, G.A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Guidelines for Energy Simulation of Commercial Buildings: Final.
This report distills the experience gained from intensive computer building simulation work for the Energy Edge project. The purpose of this report is twofold: to use that experience to guide conservation program managers in their use of modeling, and to improve the accuracy of design-phase computer models. Though the main emphasis of the report is on new commercial construction, it also addresses modeling as it pertains to retrofit construction. To achieve these purposes, this report will: (1) discuss the value of modeling for energy conservation programs; (2) discuss strengths and weaknesses of computer models; (3) provide specific guidelines for model input; (4) discuss input topics that are unusually large drivers of energy use and model inaccuracy; (5) provide guidelines for developing baseline models; (6) discuss types of energy conservation measures (ECMs) and building operation that are not suitable to modeling and present possible alternatives to modeling for analysis; and (7) provide basic requirements for model documentation. This project was initiated to determine whether commercial buildings can be designed and constructed to use at least 30% less energy than if they were designed and built to meet the current regional model energy code, the Model Conservation Standards (MCS) developed by the …
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Kaplan, Michael & Caner, Phoebe
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
PHEBUS on-line aerosol monitor development test program
EG G Idaho, Inc. developed an on-line aerosol monitor (OLAM) for the French PHEBUS Fission Product Project. Part of the development was to manufacture and test an OLAM prototype. This report presents the results of the testing which determined the mechanical integrity of the monitor at operating temperature and pressure and performed a preliminary test of the optical system. A series of twenty different tests was conducted during the prototype testing sequence. Since no leaks were detected, the OLAM demonstrated that it could provide a pressure boundary at required test conditions. The optical and electrical system also proved its integrity by exceeding the design requirement of less than 105 optical signal drift during an actual two-hour test sequence.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Sprenger, M. H. & Pentecost, C. G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High temperature catalytic membrane reactors
Current state-of-the-art inorganic oxide membranes offer the potential of being modified to yield catalytic properties. The resulting modules may be configured to simultaneously induce catalytic reactions with product concentration and separation in a single processing step. Processes utilizing such catalytically active membrane reactors have the potential for dramatically increasing yield reactions which are currently limited by either thermodynamic equilibria, product inhibition, or kinetic selectivity. Examples of commercial interest include hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, partial and selective oxidation, hydrations, hydrocarbon cracking, olefin metathesis, hydroformylation, and olefin polymerization. A large portion of the most significant reactions fall into the category of high temperature, gas phase chemical and petrochemical processes. Microporous oxide membranes are well suited for these applications. A program is proposed to investigate selected model reactions of commercial interest (i.e. dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene and dehydrogenation of butane to butadiene) using a high temperature catalytic membrane reactor. Membranes will be developed, reaction dynamics characterized, and production processes developed, culminating in laboratory-scale demonstration of technical and economic feasibility. As a result, the anticipated increased yield per reactor pass economic incentives are envisioned. First, a large decrease in the temperature required to obtain high yield should be possible because of the reduced driving force …
Date:
March 1, 1990
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Oxidation behavior of iron-chromium alloys at elevated temperatures: A reactive-element effect
Oxidation tests were conducted on samples of Fe-25Cr, Fe-25Cr,-0.3-1.0Y, and Fe-25Cr-1Ce at temperatures of 700 to 1000{degrees}C and oxygen partial pressures of 1 to 20 atm for time periods of 19 to 160 h. In some tests, oxidized samples were quenched from test temperature to room temperature in {approximately}20 min to examine characteristics of the spallation scales. The results showed that the scales, even though of the same composition, spalled totally when developed on Fe-25Cr alloy, while those on Ce- and Y-containing alloys exhibited good scale adherence and no spallation. After removal of the spalled scales, specimens of Fe-25Cr alloy were reoxidized to gain insight into development and morphology of thermally grown scales and their spallation characteristics. The reoxidized samples formed complex scale layers that had iron oxide phase at the gas side of the interface; the scale layer was adherent and no spallation was noted. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the roles of alloy grain size and grain growth rate in development and spallation of oxide scales. Results showed that excessive alloy grain growth is the primary cause of spallation of thermally grown scales. Additions of reactive elements such as Y and Ce minimize alloy grain growth and thus …
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Park, J. H. & Natesan, K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Thermal energy storage technical progress report, April 1990--March 1991
The Department of Energy (DOE) is supporting development of thermal energy storage (TES) as a means of efficiently coupling energy supplies to variable heating or cooling demands. Uses of TES include electrical demand-side management in buildings and industry, extending the utilization of renewable energy resources such as solar, and recovery of waste heat from periodic industrial processes. Technical progress to develop TES for specific diurnal and industrial applications under Oak Ridge National Laboratory's TES program from April 1990 to March 1992 is reported and covers research in the areas of low temperature sorption, direct contact ice making, latent heat storage plasterboard and latent/sensible heat regenerator technology development.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Tomlinson, J.J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Employment and land-use impacts of resource program elements
The Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) evaluated several power resource alternatives under consideration by the Bonneville Power Administration in its Resource Program Environmental Impact Statement (RPEIS). The purpose of this evaluation was to determine the potential impacts of each alternative in terms of land use and employment. We reviewed the literature that describes land-use and employment impacts to derive estimates of each type of effect. These estimates were scaled to a per-megawatt basis for use as multipliers in the RPEIS analysis. Multipliers for employment were taken from the literature and developed from power plant capital cost estimates. Land-use multipliers were taken from the literature or estimated from existing plants. In this report we compared information sources and estimates to develop the most applicable multipliers. Employment levels required (in terms of employee years per MW of plant capacity) for the construction and operation phases of each energy-generating resource alternative analyzed are shown. The amounts of land required (in terms of acres per MW capacity) for the construction and operation phases of each energy-generating resource alternatives analyzed are also shown.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Shankle, S A; Baechler, M C; Blondin, D W & Grover, S E
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Organization of the R chromosome region in maize
The maize R gene is said to show more phenotypic variation than any other locus in higher plants. The locus is organized on a modular basis. Individual units -- termed genic elements'' since they function as independent genes -- differ by regulating the presence, intensity and timing of anthocyanin pigmentation in different plant parts. A given allele may comprise only one genic element or, more commonly, an allele comprises a complex of elements, organized as a small gene family. Different numbers and combinations of even a few genic elements gives a large number of possible complexes. Following molecular cloning of R we concentrated effort initially on a genic element that confers strong pigmentation only to the kernel. The functional limits of this gene (R-sc:124) had been defined genetically by extensive mutagenesis with the transposable element Dissociation. Subsequently, a set of contiguous probes were prepared from a genomic clone of R-sc:124. This set of probes distinguishes among various R-genic elements, providing physical evidence on gene complexes whose overall organization had been determined genetically. Some surprises were in store, as detailed below. These same tools made it possible to analyze the effect of position of Ds insertion within R-sc:124 on spotting phenotype, …
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Kermicle, J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
3D field harmonics
We have developed an harmonic representation for the three dimensional field components within the windings of accelerator magnets. The form by which the field is presented is suitable for interfacing with other codes that make use of the 3D field components (particle tracking and stability). The field components can be calculated with high precision and reduced cup time at any location (r,{theta},z) inside the magnet bore. The same conductor geometry which is used to simulate line currents is also used in CAD with modifications more readily available. It is our hope that the format used here for magnetic fields can be used not only as a means of delivering fields but also as a way by which beam dynamics can suggest correction to the conductor geometry. 5 refs., 70 figs.
Date:
March 30, 1991
Creator:
Caspi, S.; Helm, M. & Laslett, L.J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Cost-Effectiveness of Compact Fluorescent Lighting
Compact fluorescent technologies have been steadily improving. There has been increased interest in utilizing compact fluorescents to provide cost-effective energy savings for electric utilities in the residential sector. Several utilities in the United States have already distributed compact fluorescents to consumers free of charge. This study assesses the cost-effectiveness of compact fluorescents from the perspectives of consumers and utilities in the Pacific Northwest, where electricity rates are, on average, the lowest in the United States. The study also assesses cost-effectiveness from a societal perspective. Secondary hearing impacts and the value of reduced emissions of pollutants are incorporated into the analysis. Results indicate that compact fluorescents are more likely to be cost-effective as the perspective upon which they are assessed is broadened. Thus, they are least likely to be viewed as cost-effective by consumers, more likely to be considered cost-effective from a utility perspective, and almost always cost-effective from a societal perspective. Given these differences, is is suggested that policies be developed to capture the societal benefits of compact fluorescent retrofits through alternative regulatory or market mechanisms.
Date:
March 1, 1991
Creator:
Lesser, J. A. & Byers, R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A high-power SLED 2 pulse compression system
The enhancement of peak power by means of RF pulse compression has found important application for driving high energy electron linacs, the SLAC linac in particular. The SLAC Energy Doubler (SLED), however, yields a pulse shape in the form of a decaying exponential which limits the applicability of the method. Two methods of improving this situation have been suggested: binary pulse compression (BPC), in which the pulse is compressed by successive factors of two, and SLED II in which the pair of resonant cavities of SLED are replaced by long resonant delay lines (typically waveguides). Intermediate schemes in which the cavity pair is replaced by sequences of coupled cavities have also been considered. In this paper we describe our efforts towards the design and construction of high-power SLED II systems, which are intended to provide drivers for various advanced accelerator test facilities and potentially for the Next Linear Collider itself. The design path we have chosen requires the development of a number of microwave components in overmoded waveguide, and the bulk of this paper will be devoted to reporting our progress.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Kroll, N. M.; Farkas, Z. D.; Lavine, T. L.; Menegat, A.; Ruth, R. D.; Wilson, P. B. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
1991 Conference summary on computing in high energy physics
The papers presented at the Conference cover a wide range of important issues in software engineering and management. They indicate a trend toward more use of commercial systems and standards. This trend will likely have a significant influence on plans for future systems.
Date:
March 1, 1991
Creator:
Loken, S.C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The coupled dipole modes of the NLC accelerator structure
The proposed accelerator cavity of the Next Linear Collider (NLC) is a disk-loaded structure composed of 200 cells, operating at 11.42 GHz. The proposed mode of operation is to accelerate bunches in trains of 10, with a bunch spacing of 42 cm. One problem is that one bunch in a train can excite transverse wakefields in the accelerator cavity which, in turn, can deflect following bunches and result in emittance growth. A method of curing this problem is to detune the transverse modes of the cavity. Beam dynamics simulations for the NLC have shown that by keeping the transverse wakefield at the positions of the nine trailing bunches at or below 1 MW/nC/m{sup 2} we can void emittance growth. Earlier, approximate calculations of the wakefields, which did not include the cell-to-cell coupling of the modes, have shown that by the proper Gaussian detuning the above level of cancellation can be achieved. A specific goal of this report is to see if this conclusion still holds when coupling is included in the calculation. Note that in this paper we focus on the modes belonging to the first dipole passband, which are the most important. A special feature of these modes in …
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Bane, K.L.F.; Gluckstern, R. & Holtkamp, N.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development and utilization of new diagnostics for dense-phase pneumatic transport
In 1988, we proposed a program to develop new diagnostics for dense gas-solid suspensions, with particular interest toward the dense pneumatic transport of cohesive solid plugs. This program included three main objectives, as follows: to develop probes for local measurements of (1) local particle volume fraction and (2) individual particle velocities in dense gas-solid flows; and (3) to construct a bench-scale setup for transporting dense cohesive solid plugs and to analyze data from the resulting tests.
Date:
March 2, 1992
Creator:
Louge, M. & Jenkins, J.T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Valuation of selected environmental impacts associated with Bonneville Power Administration Resource Program alternatives
This report documents work undertaken by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) and its contractors to assist the Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) in assessing the potential environmental consequences of new power resources. A major purpose of this effort is to describe and evaluate the techniques available for economic valuation of environmental costs. Another is to provide estimates of the environmental costs associated with specific power resources called for under Bonneville's Resource Programs. Bonneville's efforts to extend valuation techniques to as many impacts as can be reliably assessed represents a substantial advance in the application of state-of-the-art economic techniques to environmental assessments. This economic analysis evaluates effects on human health, wildlife, crops, and visibility impacts associated with air pollution. This report also discusses river recreation (primarily fishing) which may be affected by fluctuations in water levels. 70 refs.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Englin, J E & Gygi, K F
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Program RELAX: A code designed to calculate atomic relaxation spectra of x-rays and electrons
The code RELAX is designed to calculate atomic relaxation spectra of X-rays and electrons due to bound-bound transitions. This calculation is based on the atomic transition data contained in the Livermore Evaluated Atomic Data Library (EADL). The results produced by this code for fluorescence yield vs. atomic number (Z) have been published in Tables and Graphs of Atomic Subshell and Relaxation Data Derived from the LLNL Evaluated Atomic Data Library (EADL), z = 1--100{double prime}, UCRL-50400, Vol. 30, October 31, 1991, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Date:
March 20, 1992
Creator:
Cullen, D.E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Polarized wiggler for NSLS x-ray ring design considerations
We examine the properties of an elliptically polarized wiggler that will generate circularly polarized photons with energy spectrum of 3--12 KeV. The vertical wiggler magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets while the horizontal wiggler field is generated by electric coils capable of AC excitation. The radiation parameters of the wiggler are presented, including photon flux, circular and linear polarization and spectrum. These parameters are compared to the synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet. Numerical values are calculated for radiation from the wiggler and bending magnet for the NSLS X-ray ring parameters. A conceptual design for such a wiggler is discussed and several different alternatives are analyzed. We consider AC excitation of the wiggler to produce the time modulation of the elliptic polarization, and also to produce time modulated linearly polarized radiation.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Friedman, A.; Krinsky, S. & Blum, E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of selected furnace technologies for RWMC waste
This report provides a description and initial evaluation of five selected thermal treatment (furnace) technologies, in support of earlier thermal technologies scoping work for application to the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) buried wastes. The cyclone furnace, molten salt processor, microwave melter, ausmelt (fuel fired lance) furnace, and molten metal processor technologies are evaluated. A system description and brief development history are provided. The state of development of each technology is assessed, relative to treatment of RWMC buried waste.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Batdorf, J.; Gillins, R. (Science Applications International Corp., Idaho Falls, ID (United States)) & Anderson, G.L. (EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A three-gap klystron output cavity at X-band
A high-power X-band klystron employing a double-gap output cavity has been operating at SLAC. Multi-gap output circuits have lower surface gradients at the interaction gaps than single-gap ones but are prone to self-oscillate due to negative loading and trapped higher-order modes. In the double-gap circuit design, considerable attention had been directed to deal with these stability problems. The performance of the present tube appears to be limited by gap breakdown and beam interception particularly at long pulses. A three-gap output cavity is currently under development to further reduce the gap surface gradient. Another new feature of the circuit is an enlarged downstream drift tube to improve on beam clearance. This paper discusses the considerations involved in designing a multi-gap output cavity and presents the cold test measurements on the three-gap circuit. The experimental data is compared with numerical results from the 3-D simulation code ARGUS.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Ko, K.; Lee, T.G.; Tonegawa, S. (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA (United States)) & Kroll, N. (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA (United States) California Univ., San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics)
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tiger Team Assessment of the Ames Laboratory
This report documents the Tiger Assessment of the Ames Laboratory (Ames), located in Ames, Iowa. Ames is operated for the US Department of Energy (DOE) by Iowa State University. The assessment was conducted from February 10 to March 5, 1992, under the auspices of the Office of Special Projects, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Environment, Safety and Health, Headquarters, DOE. The assessment was comprehensive, encompassing Environment, Safety, and Health (ES H) disciplines; management practices; and contractor and DOE self-assessments. Compliance with applicable Federal, State of Iowa, and local regulations; applicable DOE Orders; best management practices; and internal requirements at Ames Laboratory were assessed. In addition, an evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of DOE and the site contractor's management of ES H/quality assurance program was conducted.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Studies of near-surface phenomena and erosion mechanisms in metallic alloys using single- and multi-particle impacts
An experimental study of the effects of material properties on erosion mechanisms was conducted by subjecting targets to single as well as multiple impacts of spherical particles at various velocities. A mechanical properties microprobe was used to monitor the hardening due to the impacts. Initial studies on several engineering alloys showed that work hardening was associated with single impacts, and the results suggested that the capacity to distribute the impact energy over large volumes improved a material's erosion resistance. Studies also showed that the alloys work hardened significantly under multiple-particle impacts. Single-particle impact studies were found to correlate well with results from low-velocity, multiple-particle erosion experiments. (VC)
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Rao, M. & Keiser, J. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The LBL geothermal reservoir technology program
The main objective of the DOE/GD-funded Geothermal Reservoir Technology Program at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is the development and testing of new and improved methods and tools needed by industry in its effort to delineate, characterize, evaluate, and exploit hydrothermal systems for geothermal energy. This paper summarizes the recent and ongoing field, laboratory, and theoretical research activities being conducted as part of the Geothermal Reservoir Technology Program. 28 refs., 4 figs.
Date:
March 1, 1991
Creator:
Lippmann, M.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Results of IR working group
The IP luminosity at the Eloisatron will direct very large fluxes of hadronic debris into the IR quads. For instance at 1.10{sup 35} cm{sup 2}/sec the flux corresponds to 180 kilowatts. Already at the SSC fluxes in the neighborhood of 2 kilowatts are expected to require special handling. Scaling from SSC design experience we propose a configuration for the first IR quads at the Eloisatron capable of handling the heat load and radiation problems.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Ritson, D. (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA (United States) Superconducting Super Collider Lab., Dallas, TX (United States))
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library