MARKAL-MACRO is an experiment in model linkage. This new tool is intended as an improvement over existing methods for energy policy assessment. It is designed specifically for estimating the costs and analyzing alternative technologies and policies proposed for reducing environmental risks such as global climate change or regional air pollution. The greenhouse gas debate illustrates the usefulness of linked energy-economy models. A central issue is the coupling between economic growth, the level of energy demands, and the evolution of an energy system to supply these demands. The debate is often connected with alternative modeling approaches. The competing philosophies may be labeled [open quotes]top-down macroeconomic[close quotes] and [open quotes]bottom-up engineering[close quotes] perspectives. Do macroeconomic models, with their descriptions of effects within the total economy but few technical details on the energy system, tend to overestimate future energy demands Conversely, do engineering models, ignoring feedbacks to the general economy and non-technical market factors but containing rich descriptions of technology options, tend to take too optimistic a view of conservation and the use of renewable energy sources Or is the principal difference that the engineering models ignore new sources of energy demands, and that the macroeconomic models ignore saturation effects for old categories …

The study of high pressure lubricooling jet injection into tool/chip interface showed good results by decreasing friction, tool forces, and temperature at tool/chip interface. Tool wear vs time using different cooling conditions at 1.52 mm depth of cut is shown. Surface roughness generated is in lower range for water jet assisted tool. A test chart is given for visualization of chip formation.

MARKAL-MACRO is an experiment in model linkage. This new tool is intended as an improvement over existing methods for energy policy assessment. It is designed specifically for estimating the costs and analyzing alternative technologies and policies proposed for reducing environmental risks such as global climate change or regional air pollution. The greenhouse gas debate illustrates the usefulness of linked energy-economy models. A central issue is the coupling between economic growth, the level of energy demands, and the evolution of an energy system to supply these demands. The debate is often connected with alternative modeling approaches. The competing philosophies may be labeled {open_quotes}top-down macroeconomic{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}bottom-up engineering{close_quotes} perspectives. Do macroeconomic models, with their descriptions of effects within the total economy but few technical details on the energy system, tend to overestimate future energy demands? Conversely, do engineering models, ignoring feedbacks to the general economy and non-technical market factors but containing rich descriptions of technology options, tend to take too optimistic a view of conservation and the use of renewable energy sources? Or is the principal difference that the engineering models ignore new sources of energy demands, and that the macroeconomic models ignore saturation effects for old categories of demands? An efficient …

Hydrogen production from radiolysis of aqueous solutions can create a safety hazard since hydrogen is flammable. At times this production can be significant, especially in HB line where nitric acid solutions containing high concentrations of Pu-238, an intense alpha emitter, are processed. The hydrogen production rates from these solutions are necessary for safety analyses of these process systems. The methods and conclusions of hydrogen production rate tests are provided in this report.

The study of high pressure lubricooling jet injection into tool/chip interface showed good results by decreasing friction, tool forces, and temperature at tool/chip interface. Tool wear vs time using different cooling conditions at 1.52 mm depth of cut is shown. Surface roughness generated is in lower range for water jet assisted tool. A test chart is given for visualization of chip formation.

The demands for structural systems to perform reliably under severe temperatures and load conditions continue to increase. These demands will continue with the development of advanced power generation methods and for future aerospace applications. An understanding of the hightemperature creep crack growth process, which is a frequent failure mechanism in these structures, is important. Many investigations which have appeared to date are concerned with creep crack growth which occurs under a constant load and temperature. However, most structural components experience complicated load histories. The history of degradation and damage which accumulates at the crack tip is greatly influenced by these transients. This program aims at gaining an understanding of the history-dependent high temperature failure process through a combined experimental and analytical effort. Development of a useful predictive methodology fbr characterizing this process is being undertaken.

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The demands for structural systems to perform reliably under severe temperatures and load conditions continue to increase. These demands will continue with the development of advanced power generation methods and for future aerospace applications. An understanding of the hightemperature creep crack growth process, which is a frequent failure mechanism in these structures, is important. Many investigations which have appeared to date are concerned with creep crack growth which occurs under a constant load and temperature. However, most structural components experience complicated load histories. The history of degradation and damage which accumulates at the crack tip is greatly influenced by these transients. This program aims at gaining an understanding of the history-dependent high temperature failure process through a combined experimental and analytical effort. Development of a useful predictive methodology fbr characterizing this process is being undertaken.