This project is divided into four tasks. We developed our management plan in Task 1. Task 2, evaluation of mechanisms in FGD sorbent and ash interactions, focuses on characteristics of binary mixtures of these distinct powders. Task 3, evaluation of mechanisms in conditioning agents and ash, is designed to examine effects of various conditioning agents on fine ash particles to determine mechanisms by which these agents alter physical properties of ash. We began Tasks 2 and 3 with an extensive literature search and assembly of existing theories. We completed this phase of the project with publication of two special Topical Reports. Our laboratory analyses during the past quarter covered a variety of topics. We quantified increases in surface area, changes in particle morphology, and increases in cohesivity that result when sorbents are mixed with ashes. Measurements of water content illustrated the increased tendency of the mixtures to adsorb and absorb water. Our analyses of leached and unleached dust cake ashes provided some interesting insights into effects that compounds adsorbed on surfaces of ash particles can have on bulk ash behavior. We also observed the effects that pozzolanic reactions can have on ash resistivity. Initial examinations of outputs of the SRI-EPA …

This project is divided into four tasks. We developed our management plan in Task 1. Task 2, evaluation of mechanisms in FGD sorbent and ash interactions, focuses on characteristics of binary mixtures of these distinct powders. Task 3, evaluation of mechanisms in conditioning agents and ash, is designed to examine effects of various conditioning agents on fine ash particles to determine mechanisms by which these agents alter physical properties of ash. We began Tasks 2 and 3 with an extensive literature search and assembly of existing theories. We completed this phase of the project with publication of two special Topical Reports. Our laboratory analyses during the past quarter covered a variety of topics. We quantified increases in surface area, changes in particle morphology, and increases in cohesivity that result when sorbents are mixed with ashes. Measurements of water content illustrated the increased tendency of the mixtures to adsorb and absorb water. Our analyses of leached and unleached dust cake ashes provided some interesting insights into effects that compounds adsorbed on surfaces of ash particles can have on bulk ash behavior. We also observed the effects that pozzolanic reactions can have on ash resistivity. Initial examinations of outputs of the SRI-EPA …

A summary of work completed on the ARIES project during this report period is given. The main areas of effort were: neutronics, shield optimization and design, safety, systems, startup and shutdown, and ripple loss. (MOW)

A summary of work completed on the ARIES project during this report period is given. The main areas of effort were: neutronics, shield optimization and design, safety, systems, startup and shutdown, and ripple loss. (MOW)

Our objectives are to develop a new integrative physiological-morphological model of the wheat crop that will behave realistically in high-CO[sub 2] environments, and to update the ALFALFA model to match the wheat model's photosynthetic structures and microclimates.

Our objectives are to develop a new integrative physiological-morphological model of the wheat crop that will behave realistically in high-CO{sub 2} environments, and to update the ALFALFA model to match the wheat model`s photosynthetic structures and microclimates.

A rate equation for carbon monoxide consumption showing first order in CO and 0.5 order in hydrogen indicates the rate controlling step involves dissociated hydrogen. The inhibition of the rate with carbon dioxide is also shown. Examination of the hydrocarbon distributions indicates a see-saw effect with the C[sub 4]s representing the fulcrum and methane and C[sub 5][sup +] the end points. The shift in the distributions tends to be towards the C[sub 5][sup +] for high pressures and long residence times. This distribution can be shifted by incorporating Ti into the catalysts, but the optimum amount of Ti needs to be determined. The sol gel method of preparing the catalysts tends to produce a less active catalyst than by precipitation of a zirconyl salt. The most active catalyst contained approximately 2% Th/ZrO[sub 2]

A rate equation for carbon monoxide consumption showing first order in CO and 0.5 order in hydrogen indicates the rate controlling step involves dissociated hydrogen. The inhibition of the rate with carbon dioxide is also shown. Examination of the hydrocarbon distributions indicates a see-saw effect with the C{sub 4}s representing the fulcrum and methane and C{sub 5}{sup +} the end points. The shift in the distributions tends to be towards the C{sub 5}{sup +} for high pressures and long residence times. This distribution can be shifted by incorporating Ti into the catalysts, but the optimum amount of Ti needs to be determined. The sol gel method of preparing the catalysts tends to produce a less active catalyst than by precipitation of a zirconyl salt. The most active catalyst contained approximately 2% Th/ZrO{sub 2}

Measurement of the effect of the eddy current induced in the APS storage ring vacuum chamber by the storage ring sextupole magnet and its compensation using digital feedback with proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control algorithm are presented. The magnetic field in the vacuum chamber shows strong quadrupole and sextupole components varying with frequency, in addition to significant attenuation and phase shift. Large changes in the magnet resistance and inductance were also observed. Development of a theory of digital feedback to obtain system responses and the conditions for optimal control will be described, in conduction with design of a digital filter to compensate for the eddy current effect.

Clean Coal Technology implies the use of coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. Coal combustion results in the emission of two types of acid rain precursors: oxides of sulfur (sox) and oxides of nitrogen (NO[sub x]). This Clean Coal Technology project will demonstrate a combination of two developed technologies to reduce both NO[sub x] and SO[sub x] emissions. Gas reburning and calcium based dry sorbent injection. The demonstrations will be conducted on two pre-NSPS utility boilers representative of the US boilers which contribute significantly to the inventory of acid rain precursor emissions. Gas reburning is a combustion modification technique that consists of firing 80--85 percent of the fuel (corresponding to the total heat release) in the lower furnace. Reduction of NO[sub x] to molecular nitrogen (N[sub 2]) is accomplished via the downstream injection of the remaining fuel requirement in the form of natural gas (which also reduces the total SO[sub x] emissions). In a third stage, burnout air is injected at lower temperatures in the upper furnace to complete the combustion process without generating significant additional NO[sub x]. Dry sorbent injection consists of injecting calcium based sorbents (such as limestone, dolomite, or hydrated lime) into the combustion products. For sulfation …

Clean Coal Technology implies the use of coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. Coal combustion results in the emission of two types of acid rain precursors: oxides of sulfur (sox) and oxides of nitrogen (NO{sub x}). This Clean Coal Technology project will demonstrate a combination of two developed technologies to reduce both NO{sub x} and SO{sub x} emissions. Gas reburning and calcium based dry sorbent injection. The demonstrations will be conducted on two pre-NSPS utility boilers representative of the US boilers which contribute significantly to the inventory of acid rain precursor emissions. Gas reburning is a combustion modification technique that consists of firing 80--85 percent of the fuel (corresponding to the total heat release) in the lower furnace. Reduction of NO{sub x} to molecular nitrogen (N{sub 2}) is accomplished via the downstream injection of the remaining fuel requirement in the form of natural gas (which also reduces the total SO{sub x} emissions). In a third stage, burnout air is injected at lower temperatures in the upper furnace to complete the combustion process without generating significant additional NO{sub x}. Dry sorbent injection consists of injecting calcium based sorbents (such as limestone, dolomite, or hydrated lime) into the combustion products. For sulfation …

SEM pictures of the three mixtures of sorbent and ash from the DITF and the base line ESP hopper ash from Muskingum are shown in Figures 1 through 4. The effects of sorbent addition on particle morphology are evident in Figures 2 through 4 by the presence of irregularly shaped particles and deposits on the surfaces of the spherical fly ash particles. In contrast, the base Ene ash particles have the characteristic relatively smooth, spherical morphology normally associated with pulverized-coal (PC) fly ashes. Resistivity determinations made on these four ashes in ascending and descending temperature modes. These data are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Sorbent injection processes performed at the DITF lowered the duct temperature to around 165{degrees}F from about 350{degrees}F for base line operation. Consequently, during collection in the ESP, the particulate matter from the sorbent injection processes had a significantly lower resitivity (approximately 4 {times} 10{sup 7} {Omega}-cm) than the base line ash (approximately 3 {times} 10{sup 11} {Omega}-cm at 350{degrees}F). Specific surface areas and true particle densities have been measured for the four samples obtained from the DOE/PETC Duct Injection Test Facility. These data are summarized in Table 4. The primary difference indicated by these initial …

SEM pictures of the three mixtures of sorbent and ash from the DITF and the base line ESP hopper ash from Muskingum are shown in Figures 1 through 4. The effects of sorbent addition on particle morphology are evident in Figures 2 through 4 by the presence of irregularly shaped particles and deposits on the surfaces of the spherical fly ash particles. In contrast, the base Ene ash particles have the characteristic relatively smooth, spherical morphology normally associated with pulverized-coal (PC) fly ashes. Resistivity determinations made on these four ashes in ascending and descending temperature modes. These data are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Sorbent injection processes performed at the DITF lowered the duct temperature to around 165{degrees}F from about 350{degrees}F for base line operation. Consequently, during collection in the ESP, the particulate matter from the sorbent injection processes had a significantly lower resitivity (approximately 4 {times} 10{sup 7} {Omega}-cm) than the base line ash (approximately 3 {times} 10{sup 11} {Omega}-cm at 350{degrees}F). Specific surface areas and true particle densities have been measured for the four samples obtained from the DOE/PETC Duct Injection Test Facility. These data are summarized in Table 4. The primary difference indicated by these initial …

Low severity coal liquefaction allows for solubilization of coal with reduced gas make. These lower severity conditions may result in some selective bond rupture. Promotion of coal solubilization through hydrogen transfer using highly active and effective hydrogen donors is the objective of this study. The highly effective donors being tested are cyclic olefins. Representative cyclic olefins are isotetralin, which is 1,4,5,8-tetrahydronaphthalene, and 1,4,5,8,9,10-hexahydroanthracene. These compounds are hydroaromatics without aromatic rings and have been shown to be highly effective donors. The objective of the work performed in this study during this quarter was to evaluate reaction parameters for low severity liquefaction reactions using the cyclic olefin, hexahydroanthracene, and the aromatic, anthracene. These model compounds were reacted under a variety of conditions to evaluate their reactivity without coal. The reactions were performed under both thermal and catalytic conditions. Finely divided catalysts from different molybdenum precursors were used to determine their activity in promoting hydrogenation and hydrogen transfer at low severity conditions. The catalysts used were Molyvan L, sulfurized oxymolybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenum naphthenate, and Molyvan 822, organo molybdenum dithiocarbamate.

Low severity coal liquefaction allows for solubilization of coal with reduced gas make. These lower severity conditions may result in some selective bond rupture. Promotion of coal solubilization through hydrogen transfer using highly active and effective hydrogen donors is the objective of this study. The highly effective donors being tested are cyclic olefins. Representative cyclic olefins are isotetralin, which is 1,4,5,8-tetrahydronaphthalene, and 1,4,5,8,9,10-hexahydroanthracene. These compounds are hydroaromatics without aromatic rings and have been shown to be highly effective donors. The objective of the work performed in this study during this quarter was to evaluate reaction parameters for low severity liquefaction reactions using the cyclic olefin, hexahydroanthracene, and the aromatic, anthracene. These model compounds were reacted under a variety of conditions to evaluate their reactivity without coal. The reactions were performed under both thermal and catalytic conditions. Finely divided catalysts from different molybdenum precursors were used to determine their activity in promoting hydrogenation and hydrogen transfer at low severity conditions. The catalysts used were Molyvan L, sulfurized oxymolybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenum naphthenate, and Molyvan 822, organo molybdenum dithiocarbamate.

Formation of tritium heels in LANA (LaNi{sub 5-x}Al{sub x}) 0.30 (x=0.30) and 0.75 tritides was quantified; size of the heel is dependent on storage and processing conditions. Absorption-desorption cycling of the tritide beds mitigates formation of the tritium heel and can reduce its size. The higher pressure material LANA 0.30 showed slower heel formation than LANA 0.75; this allows more tritium to be removed at the maximum processing temperature. In plant application, LANA 0.30 beds are used as compressors; except during compressor operation, their aging will be very slow. Tritium heel removal by D exchange was demonstrated. Absorption-desorption cycling during an exchange cycle does not improve the exchange efficiency. Residual tritium can be removed to very low levels. For a tritide bed scheduled for removal from the process, a final tritium level can be estimated based on the number of D exchange cycles. 13 refs, 8 figs, 6 tabs.

The TRA Type I Shipping Container and TRA Type II Shipping Capsule were designed and fabricated at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory as special form containers for the transport of non-fissile radioisotopes and fissile radioisotopes in exempt quantities. The Type I container measures 0.75 in. outside diameter and 3.000 in long. The Type II capsule is 0.495 in. outside diameter 2.000 in. long. The container and capsule were tested and evaluated to determine their compliance with Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations 173, which governs packages for special form radioactive material. This report is based upon those tests and evaluations. The results of those tests and evaluations demonstrate the container and capsule are in full compliance with the special form shipping container regulations of 49 CFR 173.

The TRA Type I Shipping Container and TRA Type II Shipping Capsule were designed and fabricated at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory as special form containers for the transport of non-fissile radioisotopes and fissile radioisotopes in exempt quantities. The Type I container measures 0.75 in. outside diameter and 3.000 in long. The Type II capsule is 0.495 in. outside diameter 2.000 in. long. The container and capsule were tested and evaluated to determine their compliance with Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations 173, which governs packages for special form radioactive material. This report is based upon those tests and evaluations. The results of those tests and evaluations demonstrate the container and capsule are in full compliance with the special form shipping container regulations of 49 CFR 173.

Fixed mask 2 (FM2) is one of the critical elements on the front end of the beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) now under construction at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The FM2 uses an enhanced heat transfer tube developed at ANL. Due to large thermal loads on these components, inclined geometry is used in the design to spread the footprint of the x-ray beam. Even then, thermal loads are very critical. To address the thermal and thermo-mechanical issues, analytical studies have been applied to a simplified model of the FM2 tube. The maximum temperature and maximum effective stress have been parametrically studied. Results for maximum temperatures and stresses are obtained and compared with the available strength/fatigue data for the materials proposed for the fixed mask design.

Foundation stabilization work in K-Area has been recently completed by Bechtel Inc. This effort involved pumping cement and cement-sand grout into unconsolidated sediments under K-Area. Subsequent to stabilization, core samples were collected to document the extent of grout flow in the area. Samples of this core were examined by SRTC personnel in support of the grouting program at the request of Bechtel personnel. This report summarizes the results of the SRTC study.

Foundation stabilization work in K-Area has been recently completed by Bechtel Inc. This effort involved pumping cement and cement-sand grout into unconsolidated sediments under K-Area. Subsequent to stabilization, core samples were collected to document the extent of grout flow in the area. Samples of this core were examined by SRTC personnel in support of the grouting program at the request of Bechtel personnel. This report summarizes the results of the SRTC study.

We point out the strong correlation between the CP-violating asymmetries in the decays B{sup o} {yields} {Psi}K{sub s} and B{sup o} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} that is predicted by the Kobayashi-Maskawa model. This results in a very restricted allowed region for the asymmetries, and so their measurement will provide a powerful test of the standard model. To show how new physics may give very different results, we look at the predictions of a simple model where both the standard model and superweak contributions to the K{sup o} and B{sup o} mass matrices coexist. We find that, for possible values of the parameters, practically any values are allowed for the asymmetries.

We point out the strong correlation between the CP-violating asymmetries in the decays B{sup o} {yields} {Psi}K{sub s} and B{sup o} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} that is predicted by the Kobayashi-Maskawa model. This results in a very restricted allowed region for the asymmetries, and so their measurement will provide a powerful test of the standard model. To show how new physics may give very different results, we look at the predictions of a simple model where both the standard model and superweak contributions to the K{sup o} and B{sup o} mass matrices coexist. We find that, for possible values of the parameters, practically any values are allowed for the asymmetries.

CombiNO{sub x} is an integration of three technologies: modified reburning, promoted selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) and methanol injection. These technologies are combined to achieve high levels of NO{sub x}, emission reduction from coal fired power plants equipped with SO{sub 2} scrubbers. The first two steps, modified reburning and promoted SNCR are linked. It has been shown that, performance of the SNCR agent is dependent upon local oxidation of CO. Reburning is used to generate the optimum amount of CO to promote the SNCR agent, although lower levels of reburning are needed than are traditionally applied in the reburning process. If the reburn fuel is natural gas, the combination of reburning and SNCR may result in a significant cost savings over conventional reburning. The third step, injection of methanol into the flue gas, is used to convert NO to NO{sub 2} which may subsequently be removed in a wet scrubber.