The macropore structure of chars is a major factor in determining their reactivity during the gasification stage. The major objectives of this contract were to (a) quantify by direct measurements the effect of pyrolysis conditions of the macropore structure, and (b) establish how the macropores affected the reactivity pattern, the ignition behavior and the fragmentation of the char particles during gasification in the regime of strong diffusional limitations. Results from this project provide much needed information on the factors that affect the quality of the solid products (chars) of coal utilization processes (for example, mild gasification processes). The reactivity data will also provide essential parameters for the optimal design of coal gasification processes. (VC)

The objective of proposed research is development of catalysts with enhanced slurry phase activity and better selectivity to fuel range products, through a more detailed understanding and systematic studies of the effects of pretreatment procedures and promoters/binders (silica) on catalyst performance.

An aerosol reactor system has been designed and constructed for the systematic study of the mechanisms governing the possible synergistic capture of sulfur oxide and alkalis with aluminosilicates and lime (CaO). Actual particle dynamics found in coal combustor systems can be simulated, mass balances can be closed, and the system conditions are well controlled. The collection of hot reactive aerosol flows is performed utilizing an isokinetic probe.

The proposed retrofit coil is made of superconducting Cable-in-Conduit Conductor (CICC). The coils are designed to produce a nominal vertical field of 4.5 tesla within the MHD channel based on a nominal current density of 13.05 MA/m{sup 2}. The coils are supported within a case, or so-called constant tension strap. When the magnet is energized, the electromagnetic J {times} B body forces push the winding pack laterally outward and vertically towards the machine's midplane, thus putting the strap in tension. The end turns add axial tension to the conductor (a condition which is not simulated by this 2-D model of the midlength cross section). A sketch of the magnet system and structure is shown in Fig. 1.0-1. The purpose of this report is to describe the progress made in the design and analysis of the DC CICC retrofit magnet, and to outline the proposed next step.

This project seeks to develop a technique, based on coal surface properties, for highly dispersing catalysts in coal for gasification and to investigate the potential of using potassium carbonate and calcium acetate mixtures as catalysts for coal gasification. The lower cost and higher catalytic activity of the latter compound will produce economic benefits by reducing the amount of K{sub 2}CO{sub 3} required for high coal char reactivities. As was shown in previous reports, coal loading with potassium or calcium at different pHs produced CO{sub 2} gasification activities which increased in the order pH 6 > pH 10 {much gt} pH 1. The current report shows that a similar trend was obtained when calcium and potassium were simultaneously loaded and char reaction times were less than about 75 min. Beyond this time, the coal impregnated with catalyst at pH 1 became more reactive, reaching 100% conversion after 1.5h. X-ray diffraction analysis suggest that the catalysts are well dispersed around pH 1 and 6 whereas reduced dispersion as obtained at pH 10. The reactivities are independent of the surface areas of the coals.

The Environmental Protection Department/Environmental Monitoring Section (EPD/EMS) administers the Savannah River Site's (SRS) Groundwater Monitoring Program. During second quarter 1991 EPD/EMS conducted extensive sampling of monitoring wells. EPD/EMS established two sets of flagging criteria in 1986 to assist in the management of sample results. The flagging criteria do not define contamination levels; instead, they aid personnel in sample scheduling, interpretation of data, and trend identification. Beginning in 1991, the flagging criteria are based on EPA drinking water standards and method detection limits. A detailed explanation of the current flagging criteria is presented in the Flagging Criteria section of this document. Analytical results from second quarter 1991 are listed in this report.

Due to the generation of a wide variety of pollutants during coal combustion, research on the development of a multifunction sorbent for adsorbing SO{sub 2} and alkali compounds simultaneously is ongoing at the University of Arizona. The current work focuses on the thermodynamic behavior of the reacting system for alkali adsorption especially in gas phase. The temperature and pressure effects on sodium species and on the system are intensively investigated under the simulated flue gas composition condition. The interaction of sulfur dioxide with sodium chloride vapor and some other system elements is also explored.

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The research described here is directed towards an investigation of mechanisms governing the capture of alkali metals and SO{sub 2} by injection of clay based sorbents into a combustor environment. While the species of interest are products of coal combustion, the earlier parts of these investigations will use a gas flame doped with relevant levels of Potassium, Sodium and Sulfur dioxide typical of a coal flame environment. This ensures that the particles so sampled from the combustor are from the injected sorbents and not mixed with coal ash. The approach here is to translate results from bench scale studies into evaluating governing mechanisms at a practical combustor level scale in which there exist both temperature variations and flow mixing characteristics. The research will thus consist of two tasks: (1) Detailed experimental studies for Alkali metals K, Na and toxic metal Cr in the presence of SO{sub 2} in which effect of parameters such as Speciation, Temperature profiles, Injection temperatures, residence time, bulk concentration levels, sorbent particle size and sorbent injection rates will be evaluated. (2) Theoretical modeling: Both equilibrium thermodynamics and reaction kinetics models will be used to correlate the experimental data. For these experiments the Sorbent type is Kaolinite …

A review of recent developments in the quantum differential calculus. The quantum group GL[sub q](n) is treated by considering it as a particular quantum space. Functions on SL[sub q] (n) are defined as a subclass of functions on GL[sub q](n). The case of SO[sub q](n) is also briefly considered. These notes cover part of a lecture given at the XIX International Conference on Group Theoretic Methods in Physics, Salamanca, Spain 1992.

We discussed the use of renormalization counterterms to restore the chiral gauge symmetry in a lattice theory of Wilson fermions. We show that a large class of counterterms can be implemented automatically by making a simple modification to the fermion determinant.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) is used to study the plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) of TiB{sub 2}. CARS is applied to the dominent species in an inductively coupled B{sub 2}H{sub 6}/Ar rf plasma. Axial concentration profiles of diborane and hydrogen are probed in the plasma. A five-step mechanism is developed. Photochemical initiation of the chemical reaction is considered. 16 refs, 5 figs.(DLC)

We have developed what we believe to be the very first a priori prediction technique for the gasification reactivity of coal char. With this method the gasification reactivity of a coal char as function of temperature can be predicted from a single temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiment following mild gasification at a single temperature (Calo et al., 1989; Hall and Calo, 1990a). This approach has been demonstrated for C0{sub 2} gasification of coal chars where the gasification reactivity is controlled by the thermal desorption of oxygen surface complexes formed during gasification. This approach may be extended to other oxidant species, such as steam, and carbon-hydrogen complexes for hydrogen gasification as well. In the current report, we present a summary of the work that has been conducted to date in constructing a new TGA/TPD-MS experimental system which provides us with the capability of simultaneous monitoring of transient sample mass data, as well as gas phase composition during thermal desorption experiments. In addition, we present some steam reactivity data obtained with another TGA (Cahn 113 system) which has been modified for steam gasification experiments.

Data from measurements at NIKHEF-K of the electro-production of neutral pions from the proton were completely analyzed and axe about to be submitted for publication. These results represent the first precise measurement of this fundamental process in the threshold region. The results are completely consistent with calculations based upon the Low Energy Theorems. Results from studies of a gas jet target in the electron storage ring of the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory (SAL) have been fully analyzed and are being prepared for publication. An Internal Target Development Facility (ITDF), established at NIKHEF-K in a collaborative effort for the purpose of developing higher density gas jet targets suitable for use in electron rings, is operational. Diagnostic techniques are being evaluated in preparation for evaluating jet technology options. Our study of the calcium isotopes ([sup 42]C and [sup 44]C) is nearing completion. Both the electron and proton scattering data have been completely analyzed. Consistent proton and neutron transition densities have been extracted, and are being compared to corresponding results from pion scattering. Preparations for ([gamma],[pi][sup [minus]]) measurements at SAL have been completed, and data taking is about to commence.

A preliminary design basis for ammonia scrubbers in the DWPF has been issued. This design basis is based on a theoretical model of ammonia evolution from the SRAT, SME and RCT. It is desirable to acquire actual process data on ammonia evolution prior to performing detailed design of scrubbers for DWPF. The evolution of ammonia from the SRAT and SME in the Integrated DWPF Melter System (IDMS) was investigated during the HM4 run. In this run, Precipitate Hydrolysis Aqueous (PHA), which was made in the Precipitate Hydrolysis Experimental Facility (PHEF) using the HAN (hydroxylamine nitrate) process was used, thus resulting in PHA with a high concentration of ammonium ion.

This report presents results from the limestone Injection Multistage Burner (LIMB) Demonstration Project Extension. LIMB is a furnace sorbent injection technology designed for the reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO[sub 2]) and nitrogen oxides (NO[sub x]) emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. The testing was conducted on the 105 Mwe, coal-fired, Unit 4 boiler at Ohio Edison's Edgewater Station in Lorain, Ohio. In addition to the LIMB Extension activities, the overall project included demonstration of the Coolside process for S0[sub 2] removal for which a separate report has been issued. The primary purpose of the DOE LIMB Extension testing, was to demonstrate the generic applicability of LIMB technology. The program sought to characterize the S0[sub 2] emissions that result when various calcium-based sorbents are injected into the furnace, while burning coals having sulfur content ranging from 1.6 to 3.8 weight percent. The four sorbents used included calcitic limestone, dolomitic hydrated lime, calcitic hydrated lime, and calcitic hydrated lime with a small amount of added calcium lignosulfonate. The results include those obtained for the various coal/sorbent combinations and the effects of the LIMB process on boiler and plant operations.

Purpose of this contract is to develop a process for converting light alkane gases to methyl chloride via oxyhydrochlorination using highly selective, stable catalysts (Cu) in either fixed-bed or fluid-bed reactors. Catalyst development and micro-packed bed screening studies are underway. Engineering support for pre-design on the miniplant is struggling with the unit operations problem associated with separation of products from unreacted methane.

Due to the generation of a wide variety of pollutants during coal combustion, research on the development of a multifunction sorbent for adsorbing SO{sub 2} and alkali compounds simultaneously is ongoing at the University of Arizona. The current work focuses on the thermodynamic behavior of the reacting system for alkali adsorption especially in gas phase. The temperature and pressure effects on sodium species and on the system are intensively investigated under the simulated flue gas composition condition. The interaction of sulfur dioxide with sodium chloride vapor and some other system elements is also explored.

The role of subjective experience in physical theory is discussed, with particular attention to the later ideas of Wolfgang Pauli. These ideas appear to open the door to a unified framework for the development of science.

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Twenty dimensional measurements were conducted on seven empty Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) reference canisters. These measurements were repeated after the canisters were filled with simulated nuclear waste glass. An in-depth statistical analysis of the results indicated that changes do occur as a result of filling the steel canisters with glass poured at 1150{degree}C for four of the parameters. While small, these changes were statistically significant. The analysis indicates the maximum dimensional change found to occur after the filling for each variable. Statistical tests were used to determine if canister dimensions do significantly change, and corresponding variance information is presented. The results showed that the four measured parameters affected by filling are bottom diameter, bottom end diameter flange tilt, and lower head mismatch. Significant variability also existed for height, upper weld, ID label, lower head mismatch, and lower head ovality due to the measurements coming from different canisters. Finally, lower head mismatch showed variability caused by the data being taken at different locations on the canister. This location effect did not affect any of the other variables in this way.

Vitrification facilities are being developed worldwide to convert high-level nuclear waste to a durable glass form for permanent disposal. Facilities in the United States include the Department of Energy`s Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) at the Savannah River Site, the Hanford Waste Vitrification Plant (HWVP) at the Hanford Site and the West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP) at West Valley, NY. At each of these sites, highly radioactive defense waste will be vitrified to a stable borosilicate glass. The DWPF and WVDP are near physical completion while the HWVP is in the design phase. The Integrated DWPF Melter System (IDMS) is a vitrification test facility at the Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC). It was designed and constructed to provide an engineering-scale representation of the DWPF melter and its associated feed preparation and off-gas treatment systems. Because of the similarities of the DWPF and HWVP processes, the IDMS facility has also been used to characterize the processing behavior of a reference NCAW simulant. The demonstration was undertaken specifically to determine material balances, to characterize the evolution of offgas products (especially hydrogen), to determine the effects of noble metals, and to obtain general HWVP design data. The campaign was conducted from November, 1991 …

A Sampling and Analysis Plan was prepared and submitted to a Scientific Review Committee for comment. Substantial comments relative to study objectives, sampling design, and sampling periods coupled with the passage of Hurricane Andrew precluded the scheduled initiation of sampling at offshore and coastal sites (Tasks 3 -- Environmental Field Sampling and Analysis of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), Heavy Metals, and Organics and 4 -- Monitoring of the Recovery of Impacted Wetland and Open Bay Produced Water Discharge Sites in Coastal Louisiana and Texas). A proposed revised schedule has been prepared for Tasks 3 and 4. Task 5 (Assessment of Economic Impacts of Offshore and Coastal Discharge Requirements on Present and Future Operations in the Gulf of Mexico Region), activities have involved identification and collection of the necessary data for the economic analysis. Task 6 (Synthesis of Gulf of Mexico Region Consumption and Use Patterns), activities have included near completion of the literature review and a reevaluation of the data collection efforts relative to the wholesaler, process plant, and restaurant components. Task 7 (Technology Transfer Plan), work has been delayed due to the Tasks 3 and 4 delay and cancellation of the annual US Minerals Management Service Gulf of …

IMP dehydrogenase, a regulatory enzyme of guanine nucleotide biosynthesis, may play a role in cell proliferation and malignancy. To assess this possibility, we examined IMP dehydrogenase expression in a series of human solid tumor tissues and tumor cell lines in comparison with their normal counterparts. Increased IMP dehydrogenase gene expression was observed in brain tumors relative to normal brain tissue and in sarcoma cells relative to normal fibroblasts. Similarly, in several B- and T-lymphoid leukemia cell lines, elevated levels of IMP dehydrogenase mRNA and cellular enzyme were observed in comparison with the levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes. These results are consistent with an association between increased IMP dehydrogenase expression and either enhanced cell proliferation or malignant transformation.