The design and construction of a lightweight collector panel that uses the Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) to achieve maximal concentration with minimal tracking requirements is described. The primary goal of the effort has been the development of methods of constructing the units with low cost materials that still allow high temperature (120 to 230/sup 0/C) operation. The use of thermoformed plastics for both the container box and the reflector substrate has been investigated for use in combination with an evacuated glass tube around the absorber plate. The predicted performance of the collector has been calculated, and the problem of keeping the reflectors cool has been addressed. Preliminary results on the reflector tests are presented.

In order to determine the feasibility of intercity freight pipelines, it was necessary to determine whether sufficient traffic flows currently exist between various origins and destinations to justify consideration of a mode whose operating characteristics became competitive under conditions of high-traffic volume. An intercity origin/destination freight-flow matrix was developed for a large range of commodities from published sources. A high-freight traffic-density corridor between Chicago and New York and another between St. Louis and New York were studied. These corridors, which represented 18 cities, had single-direction flows of 16 million tons/year. If trans-shipment were allowed at each of the 18 cities, flows of up to 38 million tons/year were found in each direction. These figures did not include mineral or agricultural products. After determining that such pipeline-eligible freight-traffic volumes existed, the next step was to determine the ability of freight pipeline to penetrate such markets. Modal-split models were run on aggregate data from the 1967 Census of Transportation. Modal-split models were also run on disaggregate data specially collected for this study. The freight pipeline service characteristics were then substituted into both the aggregate and disaggregate models (truck vs. pipeline and then rail vs. pipeline) and estimates of pipeline penetration into particular …

Output from four numerical-hydrodynamical models for the lake is compared to data from the field program of the Federal Water Pollution Control Agency (FWPCA) for September 1963 and/or to other limited data from which lake currents could be inferred. The comparisons between model-generated and observed currents are made by using real-time graphs for fixed locations, power spectra, lake-wide plots of average motion, progressive vector diagrams, cumulative scalar- and vector-averaged currents at fixed locations; horizontal scalar averages at various depths; and Fourier norms. The major merit of the models is their apparent ability to simulate circulation patterns. This ability can be used to expose important avenues of exchange between the northern and southern basins of the lake and to locate dominant features in the motion of the lake. The major failing of the models is their inability to simulate time-series currents at a fixed location. This failing is shown to be primarily the result of inadequate knowledge of wind and temperature fields. Choice of an appropriate means for data and model comparison evolves as a difficult and important task. Suggestions are made for model improvement and synthesis with future observations in order to focus on average motion in the deep lake.

This report has the goal of presenting for the CTR designer and material supplier potentially significant problem areas in materials manufacturing and in structural material resources projected for potential application in fusion power reactor construction. The projected material requirements are based on presently available bills-of-materials for conceptual CTR designs used for constructing a hypothetical fusion power generating capacity of 10/sup 6/ MW(e) maturing exponentially over a 20-year period. The projected elemental requirements, the ratio of these requirements to the projected total U.S. demand, and the salient problems currently identified with the CTR use of these elements are summarized. The projected requirements are based upon a ''model'' industry, which is described, and the estimated potential use of molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, and tantalum as blanket structural materials.

An improved bremsstrahlung convertor for use at high electron beam energies was developed. The convertor consists of three main components: (1) conversion foil; (2) electron scavenger; and (3) impulse shield. Structural failures of the impulse shield were experimentally determined to be caused by shock wave interactions. Convertor materials and design modifications were aimed at attenuation of the magnitude of the shock and maximization of energy absorption by the convertor materials. Techniques proven successful included the introduction of porosity into electron scavenger and impulse shield materials, the use of a standoff between the conversion foil and the electron scavenger, the insertion of a gap between the scavenger and impulse shield, and the use of advanced composite materials for the impulse shield. These modifications have increased the convertor operating range from 4 cal/gm Au to over 8 cal/gm Au. Kevlar 49 reinforced-resin composites have proven to have the best combination of strength, stiffness, toughness, and x-ray transport properties for use as bremmstrahlung convertor impulse shields.

An analytical and experimental study was conducted to examine the mechanical behavior of double-lapped adhesive-bonded joints subjected to bending loads. Adherends consisted of a U-shaped high-strength steel hub and a unidirectional composite of either B/Al or B/epoxy. Adhesives with a range of moduli and peel strengths were evaluated with and without bolts in regions of high stress concentration. Finite element analysis results indicated high shear and normal stress concentrations at the end of the steel hub legs. These concentrations are a direct function of the effective hub stiffness - increases in hub thickness or Young's modulus result in higher adhesive stresses. Stress concentrations in the adhesive layer may be reduced by decreasing adhesive modulus, composite transverse modulus, or composite in-plane shear modulus. Experimental testing of sample joints revealed that failure modes are controlled by the composite adherend material. Joints incorporating a B/Al adherend failed by adhesive peel in the region of high stress concentration. Failure occurred at a load level which stressed the B/Al composite to 75 percent of its 200 ksi ultimate strength. Delamination of the B/epoxy composite was the predominant failure mode of joints utilizing a B/epoxy adherend. Failure by delamination was suppressed by the insertion of high-strength …

Recently it has been proposed that heavy ion beams could be accelerated with sufficient power and focus to generate shock heating and create hot plasmas in targets of various materials. This preliminary study addresses two aspects of this process: first, the energy deposition by the primary beam, and second, the problem of energy deposition by secondary nuclear reaction particles. For the purpose of discussion it is assumed that beams of 600 MeV/amu uranium (143 GeV total) are focussed on various targets of thickness 1-10 mm. The energy deposition within such targets by the primary and secondary particles is studied.

The radiation diffusion approximation greatly simplifies radiation transport problems. Yet the application of this method has often been unnecessarily restricted to optically thick regions, or has been extended through the use of such ad hoc devices as flux limiters. The purpose of this paper is to review and draw attention to the use of the more physically appropriate temperature jump boundary conditions for extending the range of validity of the diffusion approximation. Pioneering work has shown that temperature jump boundary conditions remove the singularity in flux that occurs in ordinary diffusion at small optical thicknesses. In this review paper Deissler's equations for frequency-dependent jump boundary conditions are presented and specific geometric examples are calculated analytically for steady state radiation transfer. When jump boundary conditions are applied to radiation diffusion, they yield exact solutions which are naturally flux- limited and geometry-corrected. We believe that the presence of temperature jumps on source boundaries is probably responsible in some cases for the past need for imposing ad hoc flux-limiting constraints on pure diffusion solutions. The solution for transfer between plane slabs, which is exact to all orders of optical thickness, also provides a useful tool for studying the accuracy of computer codes.

Calculated kerma factors (kerma per unit fluence) in the energy range of 20 to 70 MeV based on nonelastic charged-particle-production cross-section data obtained from the intranuclear-cascade model of nuclear reactions are given for H, C, N, O, and tissue.

Calculated results are presented of the uncertainties in the neutron scalar flux, the energy deposition per unit volume, and the displacements per atom in the toroidal field coil of a tokamak experimental power reactor due to neutron cross-section errors in iron and carbon which are major constituents of the blanket-shield-coil configuration considered. The calculations were carried out using perturbation theory to obtain sensitivity profiles for the various cross sections of interest, and these profiles were then combined with cross- section error estimates, including correlations, to obtain the uncertainties. Each of the three responses--the neutron scalar flux, the energy deposition per unit volume, and the displacements per atom--is found to be very sensitive to the cross sections in the energy group which contains the source (approximately 14 MeV since a D-T source is assumed), and each of the responses is found to have a relative standard deviation of approximately 100 percent due to neutron cross- section errors in iron.

A large-scale digitizer (LSD) system for acquiring charge and time-of-arrival particle data from high-energy-physics experiments has been developed at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The objective in this development was to significantly reduce the cost of instrumenting large-detector arrays which, for the 4..pi..-geometry of colliding-beam experiments, are proposed with an order of magnitude increase in channel count over previous detectors. In order to achieve the desired economy (approximately $65 per channel), a system was designed in which a number of control signals for conversion, for digitization, and for readout are shared in common by all the channels in each 128-channel bin. The overall-system concept and the distribution of control signals that are critical to the 10-bit charge resolution and to the 12-bit time resolution are described. Also described is the bit-serial transfer scheme, chosen for its low component and cabling costs.

Analog to digital converter circuits that are based on the sharing of common resources, including those which are critical to the linearity and stability of the individual channels, are described. Simplicity of circuit composition is valued over other more costly approaches. These are intended to be applied in a large-scale processing and digitizing system for use with high-energy physics detectors such as drift-chambers or phototube-scintillator arrays. Signal distribution techniques are of paramount importance in maintaining adequate signal-to-noise ratio. Noise in both amplitude and time-jitter senses is held sufficiently low so that conversions with 10-bit charge resolution and 12-bit time resolution are achieved.

A ninety-day aging study was performed on Halthane 73-18A to determine the thermal aging effects due to the presence of DABCO, a catalyst. Samples were taken after 14 days, 30 days, 60 days, and 90 days of exposure to air at 90/sup 0/C. Tests used to evaluate aging effects were: ring tensile, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic dielectric spectroscopy, and solvent swell. Results of tensile tests indicated an increase in tensile properties that peaked at 30 days and decayed to 70 percent loss of peak strength in 90 days. DSC, DDS, and solvent swell data all followed the same trend. Comparative analysis of all data support the hypothesis that the presence of DABCO increases the oxidative cleavage of the polyether chain segment.

The drilling of wells makes up a large fraction of the costs of geothermal energy-extraction plants, and billions of dollars for wells will be needed before geothermal energy is nationally significant. Technical and economic systems studies are summarized regarding the application of the Subterrene concept, i.e., excavating and penetrating rocks or soils by melting, to the production of deep wells such as may be used for dry hot rock or geopressurized geothermal energy-extraction systems. Technically, it was found that Subterrene features are compatible with those of current rotary drilling practices. In fact, some special features could lead to improved well production techniques. These include the buildup of a glass lining along the borehole wall which provides structural resistance to collapse; close control of hole geometry; the existence of a barrier between the drilling fluids and the formations being penetrated; nonrotation; potentially better bit life; and faster rates of penetration in deep, hard rock. A typical optimum-cost well would be rotary-drilled in the upper regions and then rock-melted to total depth. Indicated cost savings are significant: a 30 percent or 3.9 million dollar (1975 $) reduction from rotary-drilled well costs are estimated for a 10-km depth well with a bottom hole …

The drilling of wells comprises a large fraction of the costs of geothermal energy-extraction plants, and billions of dollars for wells will be needed before geothermal energy is nationally significant. Technical and cost studies were made of the application of the Subterrene concept, i.e., excavating and penetrating rocks or soils by melting, to deep wells such as may be used for dry-hot-rock or geopressure geothermal energy extraction systems. Technically, it was found that Subterrene requirements are compatible with those of current rotary drilling practices. Certain features of the rock-melting concept such as the glass lining on the borehole wall, and nonrotation, provide opportunities for the development of better well production techniques in hot wells. A typical optimum-cost well would be rotary-drilled in the upper regions and then rock-melted to total depth. Indicated cost-savings are significant: a 33 percent or 4.5 million dollars reduction from rotary drilled well costs are estimated for a 10 km depth well with bottom hole temperatures of 673 K. Even for normal geothermal gradient conditions, the savings for the 10 km depth is estimated as 23 percent or 2 million dollars.

By exposing samples to various irradiance levels from a calibrated thermal radiation source, the ignition responses of blackened alpha-cellulose and cotton cloth with and without fire-retardant additives were compared. Samples treated with retardant compounds which showed the most promise were then isothermally pyrolyzed in air for comparisons between the pyrolysis rates. Alpha-cellulose samples containing a mixture of boric acid, borax, and ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate could not be ignited by irradiances up to 4.0 cal cm/sup -2/ s-1 (16.7 W/cm/sup 2/). At higher irradiances the specimens ignited, but flaming lasted only until the flammable gases were depleted. Cotton cloth containing a polymeric retardant with the designation THPC + MM was found to be ignition-resistant to all irradiances below 7.0 cal cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ (29.3 W/cm/sup 2/). Comparison of the pyrolysis rates of the retardant-treated alpha-cellulose and the retardant-treated cotton showed that the retardant mechanism is qualitatively the same. Similar ignition-response measurements were also made with specimens exposed to ionizing radiation. It was observed that gamma radiation results in ignition retardance of cellulose, while irradiation by neutrons does not.

A dynamic response calculation has been performed on a half-scale earth penetrator to be tested on a reverse ballistics test in Aug. 1976. In this test a 14 in. dia sandstone target is fired at the EP at 1800 ft/sec at normal impact. Basically two types of calculations were made. The first utilized an axisymmetric, finite element code DTVIS2 in the dynamic mode and with materials having linear elastic properties. CRT's radial and axial force histories were smoothed to eliminate grid encounter frequency and applied to the nodal points along the nose of the penetrator. Given these inputs DTVIS2 then calculated the internal dynamic response. Secondly, SAP4, a structural analysis code, is utilized to calculate axial frequencies and mode shapes of the structure. A special one dimensional display facilitates interpretation of the mode shape. DTVIS2 and SAP4 use a common mesh description. Special considerations in the calculation are the assessment of the effect of gaps and preload and the internal axial sliding of components.

The magnetic properties of amorphous alloys (Ni/sub 100-c/Mn/sub c/)/sub 78/P/sub 14/B/sub 8/ with 0.7 at. percent equal to or less than c equal to or less than 20 at. percent were investigated for temperatures between 1.7 and 270/sup 0/K. Samples were prepared by the splat cooling method; the susceptibilities at zero field and the magnetizations in fields up to 70 kOe were measured. Ni/sub 78/P/sub 14/B/sub 8/ is paramagnetic, and Ni--Mn--P--B alloys exhibit different magnetic characteristics depending on the manganese concentration and the temperature range. At ''high temperature'' T equal to or greater than 30/sup 0/K the initial susceptibility has a Curie--Weiss behavior; all the paramagnetic Curie temperatures, theta, are equal to zero or positive. The low-temperature studies show that three concentration regimes can be determined; for c equal to or less than 2 at. percent, a dilute alloy behavior is observed. For higher manganese concentrations the magnetization features show the existence of a mixing of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling between atoms. For 2 at. percent less than c equal to or less than 8 at. percent the alloys present spin glass characteristics, i.e., a random magnetic coupling occurs between magnetic moments. For 8 at. percent less than c equal …

The magnetic properties of amorphous alloys (Ni/sub 1-c/Co/sub c/)/sub 0/./sub 78/P/sub 0/./sub 14/B/sub 0/./sub 08/ were investigated. The samples were prepared by the splat-cooling method. The Curie temperatures were determined and the magnetization measurements, performed for 1.7/sup 0/K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 270/sup 0/K and fields up to kOe. Ni/sub 0/./sub 78/P/sub 0/./sub 14/B/sub 0/./sub 08/ is paramagnetic, whereas Co/sub 0/./sub 78/P/sub 0/./sub 14/B/sub 0/./sub 08/ is ferromagnetic until the crystallization temperature (678/sup 0/K). The average moment per cobalt atom is 1.15 ..mu../sub B/. In (Ni/sub 1-c/Co/sub c/)/sub 0/./sub 78/P/sub 0/./sub 14/B/sub 0/./sub 08/ the critical concentration for the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition is c approximately equal to 0.15; this transition occurs in an inhomogeneous way. The saturation magnetization in the whole concentration range can be interpreted (as for some crystallized alloys and compounds) by a local environment model, when a reasonable short-range order is assumed. In such a model the magnetic moment per cobalt atom is related merely to the number of its Co first neighbors n/sub Co/. For n/sub Co/ = 0 and 1 the cobalt atom is not magnetic, for n/sub Co/ = 2 and 3 it carries a small moment ..mu../sub …

Magnetization was measured between 1.7 and 300/sup 0/K in fields up to 70 kOe on splat-cooled Ni--P--B amorphous alloys in the critical concentration range for the appearance of ferromagnetism. The onset of ferromagnetism is attributed to interactions between giant moments. For the composition range investigated, the magnetic contribution is arising mainly from moments of 5 to 6 ..mu../sub B/ with a Kondo-type characteristic temperature of 1/sup 0/K.

This report describes a feasibility study for computerized automation of the Annapolis Field Office (AFO) of EPA's Region III. The AFO laboratory provides analytical support for a number of EPA divisions; its primary function at present is analysis of water samples from rivers, estuaries, and the ocean in the Chesapeake Bay area. Automation of the AFO laboratory is found to be not only feasible but also highly desirable. An automation system is proposed which will give major improvements in analytical capacity, quality control, sample management, and reporting capabilities. This system is similar to the LLL-developed automation systems already installed at other EPA laboratories, with modifications specific to the needs of the AFO laboratory and the addition of sample file control. It is estimated that the initial cost of the system, nearly $300,000, would be recouped in about three years by virtue of the increased capacity and efficiency of operation.

The annotated bibliography is divided into sections on chemistry and geochemistry, migration and accumulation, cultural distributions, natural distributions, and bibliographies and annual reviews. (LK)

Separate abstracts were prepared for seven sections of this report. Abstracts of two papers appeared previously in ERA.

Experiments have been carried out on the two-mirror configuration of a LiIO/sub 3/ Raman oscillator. With the two-mirror setup, 1.0 watt average power was obtained in the 1.18 ..mu..m 1st Stokes line and 550 mW in the 1.31 ..mu..m 2nd Stokes line. Both of these represent new records for SRS. The two-mirror configuration has very stable outputs and is probably superior to the three-mirror configuration for most applications. In addition, mode-locked operation of the two-mirror Raman oscillator has been demonstrated. SRS was obtained with the 628 cm/sup -1/ mode in LiNbO/sub 3/ for the first time at kHz prf's. In our initial experiments, the SRS is weak and difficult to maintain. Several factors have been identified which are likely responsible for the relatively poor performance of this Raman oscillator.