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Solar two: A molten salt power tower demonstration
A consortium of United States utility concerns led by the Southern California Edison Company (SCE) is conducting a cooperative project with the US Department of Energy (DOE), Sandia National Laboratories, and industry to convert the 10-MW Solar One Power Tower Pilot Plant to molten nitrate salt technology. The conversion involves installation of a new receiver, a new thermal storage system, and a new steam generator; it utilizes Solar One`s heliostat field and turbine generator. Successful operation of the converted plant, called Solar Two, will reduce economic risks in building initial commercial power tow projects and accelerate the commercial acceptance of this promising renewable energy technology. The estimated cost of Solar Two, including its three-year test period, is $48.5 million. The plant will begin operation in early 1996.
Date:
August 1995
Creator:
Tyner, C. E.; Sutherland, J. P. & Gould, W. R., Jr.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tuning shims for high field quality in superconducting magnets
A high field quality in interaction region quadrupoles is crucial to the luminosity performance of high energy colliders such as the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The field quality in magnets is limited in part by manufacturing tolerances in the parts and assembly. A tuning shim method has been developed to reduce the relative field errors ({Delta}B/B) from {approximately}10{sup {minus}4} to {approximately}10{sup {minus}5} at 2/3 of the coil radius. Eight tuning shims having a variable thickness of iron are inserted after the construction and measurement of field harmonics in the magnet. In this paper the tuning shim technique is described for RHIC interaction region quadrupoles. The results of calculations and measurement are also presented.
Date:
August 1995
Creator:
Gupta, R.; Anerella, M. & Cozzolino, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Deep x-ray lithography for micromechanics
Extensions of the German LIGA process have brought about fabrication capability suitable for cost effective production of precision engineered components. The process attributes allow fabrication of mechanical components which are not capable of being made via conventional subtractive machining methods. Two process improvements have been responsible for this extended capability which involve the areas of thick photoresist application and planarization via precision lapping. Application of low-stress x-ray photoresist has been achieved using room temperature solvent bonding of a preformed photoresist sheet. Precision diamond lapping and polishing has provided a flexible process for the planarization of a wide variety of electroplated metals in the presence of photoresist. Exposure results from the 2.5 GeV National Synchrotron Light Source storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory have shown that structural heights of several millimeter and above are possible. The process capabilities are also well suited for microactuator fabrication. Linear and rotational magnetic microactuators have been constructed which use coil winding technology with LIGA fabricated coil forms. Actuator output forces of 1 milliNewton have been obtained with power dissipation on the order of milliWatts. A rotational microdynamometer system which is capable of measuring torque-speed data is also discussed.
Date:
August 1995
Creator:
Christenson, T. R. & Guckel, H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Material and processing issues for the monolithic integration of microelectronics with surface-micromachined polysilicon sensors and actuators
The monolithic integration of micromechanical devices with their controlling electronics offers potential increases in performance as well as decreases in cost for these devices. Analog Devices has demonstrated the commercial viability of this integration by interleaving the micromechanical fabrication steps of an accelerometer with the microelectronic fabrication steps of its controlling electronics. Sandia`s Microelectronics Development Laboratory has integrated the micromechanical and microelectronic processing sequences in a segregated fashion. In this CMOS-first, micromechanics-last approach, conventional aluminum metallization is replaced by tungsten metallization to allow CMOS to withstand subsequent high-temperature processing during the micromechanical fabrication. This approach is a further development of an approach originally developed at UC Berkeley. Specifically, the issues of yield, repeatability, and uniformity of the tungsten/CMOS approach are addressed. Also, material issues related to the development of high-temperature diffusion barriers, adhesion layers, and low-stress films are discussed. Processing and material issues associated with alternative approaches to this integration such as micromechanics- first, CMOS-last or the interleaved process are also discussed.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Smith, J.H.; Montague, S. & Sniegowski, J.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Using the CAVE virtual-reality environment as an aid to 3-D electromagnetic field computation
One of the major problems in three-dimensional (3-D) field computation is visualizing the resulting 3-D field distributions. A virtual-reality environment, such as the CAVE, (CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment) is helping to overcome this problem, thus making the results of computation more usable for designers and users of magnets and other electromagnetic devices. As a demonstration of the capabilities of the CAVE, the elliptical multipole wiggler (EMW), an insertion device being designed for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) now being commissioned at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), wa made visible, along with its fields and beam orbits. Other uses of the CAVE in preprocessing and postprocessing computation for electromagnetic applications are also discussed.
Date:
August 1995
Creator:
Turner, L. R.; Levine, D.; Huang, M.; Papka, M. & Kettunen, L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preliminary design and estimate of capital and operating costs for a production scale application of laser decontamination technology
The application of laser ablation technology to the decontamination of radioactive metals, particularly the surfaces of equipment, is discussed. Included is information related to the design, capital and operating costs, and effectiveness of laser ablation technology, based on commercial excimer and Nd:YAG lasers, for the decontamination of production scale equipment.
Date:
August 6, 1994
Creator:
Pang, Ho-ming & Edelson, M. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Multidimensional DDT modeling of energetic materials
A nonequilibrium continuum mixture model has been incorporated into the CTH shock physics code to describe deflagration-to-detonation transition in granular energetic materials. This approach treats multiple thermodynamic and mechanics fields including the effects of relative material motion, rate-dependent compaction and interphase exchange of mass, momentum and energy. A finite volume description is formulated and internal state variables are solved using an operator-splitting method. Numerical simulations of low-velocity impact on a weakly-confined porous propellant bed are presented which display lateral wall release leading to curved compaction and reaction wave behavior.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Baer, M. R.; Hertel, E. S. & Bell, R. L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conceptual design of the National Ignition Facility
DOE commissioned a Conceptual Design Report (CDR) for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in January 1993 as part of a Key Decision Zero (KDO), justification of Mission Need. Motivated by the progress to date by the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) program in meeting the Nova Technical Contract goals established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1989, the Secretary requested a design using a solid-state laser driver operating at the third harmonic (0.35 {mu}m) of neodymium (Nd) glass. The participating ICF laboratories signed a Memorandum of Agreement in August 1993, and established a Project organization, including a technical team from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester. Since then, we completed the NIF conceptual design, based on standard construction at a generic DOE Defense Program`s site, and issued a 7,000-page, 27-volume CDR in May 1994.2 Over the course of the conceptual design study, several other key documents were generated, including a Facilities Requirements Document, a Conceptual Design Scope and Plan, a Target Physics Design Document, a Laser Design Cost Basis Document, a Functional Requirements Document, an Experimental Plan for Indirect Drive …
Date:
August 2, 1995
Creator:
Paisner, J.A.; Kumpan, S.A.; Lowdermilk, W.H.; Boyes, J.D. & Sorem, M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Automatic history matching of geothermal field performance
We have developed inverse modeling capabilities for the multiphase multicomponent numerical simulator TOUGH2 to facilitate automatic history matching, and parameter estimation based on data obtained during exploitation of Geothermal fields. The ITOUGH2 code allows one to estimate TOUGH2 input parameters based on any type of observation for which a corresponding TOUGH2 output can be calculated. Furthermore, a detailed residual and error analysis is performed, and the uncertainty of model predictions can be evaluated. This paper focuses on the solution of the inverse; problem, i.e. the determination of model-related parameters by automatically calibrating a conceptual model of the Geothermal system against data obtained during field operation. We first describe the modeling, approach used to simulate fluid and heat flow in fractured-porous media. The inverse problem is then formulated, followed by a brief discussion of the optimization algorithm. A sample problem is given to demonstrate the application of the method to Geothermal reservoir data.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Finsterle, S. & Pruess, K>
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Global shielding analysis for the three-element core advanced neutron source reactor under normal operating conditions
Two-dimensional discrete ordinates radiation transport calculations were performed for a model of the three-element core Advanced Neutron Source reactor design under normal operating conditions. The core consists of two concentric upper elements and a lower element radially centered in the annulus between the upper elements. The initial radiation transport calculations were performed with the DORT two-dimensional discrete ordinates radiation transport code using the 39-neutron-group/44-gamma-ray-group ANSL-V cross-section library, an S{sub 6} quadrature, and a P{sub 1} Legendre polynomial expansion of the cross sections to determine the fission neutron source distribution in the core fuel elements. These calculations were limited to neutron groups only. The final radiation transport calculations, also performed with DORT using the 39-neutron-group/44-gamma-ray-group ANSL-V cross-section library, an S{sub l0} quadrature, and a P{sub 3} Legendre polynomial expansion of the cross sections, produced neutron and gamma-ray fluxes over the full extent of the geometry model. Responses (or activities) at various locations in the model were then obtained by folding the appropriate response functions with the fluxes at those locations. Some comparisons were made with VENTURE-calculated (diffusion theory) 20-group neutron fluxes that were summed into four broad groups. Tne results were in reasonably good agreement when the effects of photoneutrons were …
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Slater, C. O. & Bucholz, J. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Synthesis, characterization, phase diagrams and superconducting and normal state magnetic properties of La{sub 2{minus}x}Sr{sub x}CuO{sub 4} (0 {le} x {le} 0.08) and electrochemically oxidized La{sub 2{minus}x}Sr{sub x}CuO{sub 4+{delta}} (0 {le} x {le} 0.33, 0 {le} {delta} {le} 0.12)
La{sub 2{minus}x}Sr{sub x}CuO{sub 4} (0 {le} x {le} 0.15) can all be intercalated with oxygen by a novel electrochemical oxidation method. Bulk superconductivity is found with an onset {Tc} {approx} 40 K for the whole range 0.01 {le} x {le} 0.15; for x = 0.25 and 0.33, the electrochemical oxidation did not improve the superconducting properties. The magnetic susceptibility {chi}(T = 50--320 K) data for La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4.11} and La{sub 1.92}Sr{sub 0.08}CuO{sub 4.07} are nearly identical with those of conventionally prepared La{sub 1.85}Sr{sub 0.15}CuO{sub 4}, indicating that the hole doping level (p) in the CuO{sub 2} planes of the three compounds is nearly the same. Combined thermogravimetric analysis and iodometric titration experiments indicate that part of the intercalated oxygen has a formal valence close to {minus}1. The maximum doped-hole concentration in the CuO{sub 2} planes that can be achieved from combined Sr-doping and electrochemical oxygen doping for 0 {le} x {le} 0.15 is p {approx} 0.16 holes/formula unit. Oxygen can also intercalate into single crystal La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4} through a slow electrochemical oxidation process. The required low current and long time for the charging process reflects that the oxygen intercalation for a single crystal is limited by its small specific …
Date:
August 1, 1993
Creator:
Chou, F.
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
1993 RCRA Part B permit renewal application, Savannah River Site: Volume 10, Consolidated Incineration Facility, Section C, Revision 1
This section describes the chemical and physical nature of the RCRA regulated hazardous wastes to be handled, stored, and incinerated at the Consolidated Incineration Facility (CIF) at the Savannah River Site. It is in accordance with requirements of South Carolina Hazardous Waste Management Regulations R.61-79.264.13(a) and(b), and 270.14(b)(2). This application is for permit to store and teat these hazardous wastes as required for the operation of CIF. The permit is to cover the storage of hazardous waste in containers and of waste in six hazardous waste storage tanks. Treatment processes include incineration, solidification of ash, and neutralization of scrubber blowdown.
Date:
August 1, 1993
Creator:
Molen, G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
OUT Success Stories: Advanced Airfoils for Wind Turbines
New airfoils have substantially increased the aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbines. It is clear that these new airfoils substantially increased energy output from wind turbines. Virtually all new blades built in this country today use these advanced airfoil designs.
Date:
August 31, 2000
Creator:
Jones, J. & Green, B.
Object Type:
Book
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Procyon: 18-MJ, 2-{mu}s pulsed power system
The Procyon high explosive pulsed power (HEPP) system was designed to drive plasma z-pinch experiments that produce Megajoule soft x-ray pulses when the plasma stagnates on axis. In the proceedings of the Ninth IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, we published results from system development tests. At this time, we have fielded seven tests in which the focus was on either vacuum switching or load physics. Four of the tests concentrated on the performance of a Plasma Flow Switch (PFS) which employed a 1/r mass distribution in the PFS barrel. Of the four tests, two had dummy loads and one had an implosion load. In addition, one of the tests broke down near the vacuum dielectric interface, and the result demonstrated what Procyon could deliver to an 18 nH load. We will summarize PFS results and the 18 nH test which is pertinent to upcoming solid/liquid liner experiments. On our other three tests, we eliminated the PFS switching and powered the z-pinch directly with the HEPP system. From the best of these direct drive tests we obtained 1.5 MJ of radiation in a 250 ns pulse, our best radiation pulse to date. We will also summarize direct drive test results. More details …
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Goforth, J.H.; Anderson, B.G. & Anderson, W.E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Vapor pressures and heats of vaporization of primary coal tars. Quarterly technical progress report, 1 January 1995--31 March 1995
The vapor pressure correlations that exist at present for coal tars are very crude and they are not considered reliable to even an order of magnitude when applied to tars. Sophisticated general correlative approaches are slowly being developed, based upon group contribution methods, or based upon some key functional features of the molecules. These are as yet difficult to apply to coal tars. The detailed group contribution methods, in which fairly precise structural information is needed, do not lend themselves well for application to very complex, poorly characterized coal tars. The methods based upon more global types of characterizations have not yet dealt much with the question of oxygenated functional groups. In short, only very limited correlations exist, and these are not considered reliable to even an order of magnitude when applied to tars. The present project seeks to address this important gap in the near term by direct measurement of vapor pressures of coal tar fractions, by application of well-established techniques and modifications thereof. The principal objectives of the program are to: (1) obtain data on the vapor pressures and heats of vaporization of tars from a range of ranks of coal, (2) develop correlations based on a minimum …
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Suuberg, E.M.; Oja, V. & Lilly, W.D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Why in situ, real-time characterization of thin film growth processes?
Since thin-film growth occurs at the surface, the analytical methods should be highly surface-specific. although subsurface diffusion and chemical processes also affect film properties. Sampling depth and ambient-gas is compatibility are key factors which must be considered when choosing in situ probes of thin-film growth phenomena. In most cases, the sampling depth depends on the mean range of the exit species (ion, photon, or electron) in the sample. The techniques that are discussed in this issue of the MRS Bulletin (1) have been chosen because they may be used for in situ, real-time analysis of film-growth phenomena in vacuum and in the presence of ambient gases resulting either from the deposition process or as a requirement for the production of the desired chemical phase. A second criterion for inclusion is that the instrumentation be sufficiently compact and inexpensive to permit use as a dedicated tool in a thin-film deposition system.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Auciello, O. & Krauss, A. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A progress report on the g-2 storage ring magnet system
The 3.1 GeV muon storage ring for the g-2 experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory hat three large solenoid magnets that form a continuous 1.451 tesla storage ring dipole with an average beam bond radius of 7.1 metors. In addition to the three storage ring solenoids, there is an inflector dipole with nested dipole coils that create very little stray magnetic field. A superconducting shield on the infractor gets rid of most of the remaining stray flux. This paper reports on the progress made on the storage ring solenoid magnet system and the inflector as of June 1995. The results of cryogenic system tests are briefly reported.
Date:
August 1995
Creator:
Bunce, G.; Cullen, J. & Danby, G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Accelerator Physics Challenges for Future Linear Colliders
At the present time, there are a number of future linear collider designs with a center-of-mass energy of 500 GeV or more with luminosities in excess of 10{sup -34}cm{sup -2}s{sup -1} . Many of these designs are at an advanced state of development. However, to attain the high luminosity, the colliders require very small beam emittances, strong focusing, and very good stability. In this paper, some of the outstanding issues related to producing and maintaining the small beam sizes are discussed. Although the different designs are based on very different rf technologies, many of these problems are common.
Date:
August 9, 1999
Creator:
Raubenheimer, Tor O
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advanced Blade Manufacturing Project - Final Report
The original scope of the project was to research improvements to the processes and materials used in the manufacture of wood-epoxy blades, conduct tests to qualify any new material or processes for use in blade design and subsequently build and test six blades using the improved processes and materials. In particular, ABM was interested in reducing blade cost and improving quality. In addition, ABM needed to find a replacement material for the mature Douglas fir used in the manufacturing process. The use of mature Douglas fir is commercially unacceptable because of its limited supply and environmental concerns associated with the use of mature timber. Unfortunately, the bankruptcy of FloWind in June 1997 and a dramatic reduction in AWT sales made it impossible for ABM to complete the full scope of work. However, sufficient research and testing were completed to identify several promising changes in the blade manufacturing process and develop a preliminary design incorporating these changes.
Date:
August 1, 1999
Creator:
POORE, ROBERT Z.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Final report for tank 241-U-102, cores 143 and 144
None
Date:
August 30, 1996
Creator:
Steen, F.H., Westinghouse Hanford
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
DSI3D-RCS test case manual
The DSI3D-RCS code is designed to numerically evaluate radar cross sections on complex objects by solving Maxwell`s curl equations in the time-domain and in three space dimensions. The code has been designed to run on the new parallel processing computers as well as on conventional serial computers. The DSI3D-RCS code has been used to solve the following problems: (1) wedge cylinder--thin flat metal plate; (2) wedge cylinder with plate extension--thin flat metal plate; (3) plate with half cylinder extension--thin flat metal plate; (4) rectangular plate (business card)--thin flat metal plate; (5) wedge cylinder with gap--thin flat metal plate; (6) NASA Almond; (7) wavelength circular cavity. In order to generate each of the angle sweeps, it was necessary to run DSI3D once for each data point on the graphs. This is because these are backscatter calculations, and the incident pulse comes from a different direction as the angle {phi} is changed.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Madsen, N.; Steich, D.; Cook, G. & Eme, B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Impact evaluation of a major residential efficiency program: The importance of market transformation
In the Pacific Northwest, about 40% of new electrically heated homes are HUD-code manufactured homes (commonly called {open_quotes}mobile homes{close_quotes}). The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) sets national energy-efficiency construction standards for manufactured homes that preempt them from local building codes. Until October 1994, a relatively low efficiency requirement established in 1976 by HUD was in place for manufactured homes. The Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) is required to acquire cost-effective energy efficiency to meet the electricity needs of the Pacific Northwest. Because electrically heated manufactured homes are so common and are relatively inefficient, Bonneville, utilities, state energy offices, and others have conducted a series of programs since 1982 to upgrade their efficiency (1). Because of the preemptive national code, these programs have all been voluntary for manufactured homes. Bonneville and the regional utilities and manufacturers created the Manufactured Housing Acquisition Program (MAP) in April 1992 after conducting projects for ten years to determine the cost of manufactured home energy-efficiency upgrades, predict and measure energy consumption, and establish a regional partnership. The program was phased in over several months; since October 1992, all electrically heated manufactured homes produced in the region have been built to MAP specifications.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Lee, A. D.; Taylor, Z. T. & Sandahl, L. J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Third report on the Oak Ridge K-25 Site Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program for Mitchell Branch
As a condition of the modified National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit issued to the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (ORGDP; now referred to as the Oak Ridge K-25 Site) on September 11, 1986, a Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) was developed for the receiving stream (Mitchell Branch or K-1700 stream). On October 1, 1992, a renewed NPDES permit was issued for the K-25 Site. A biological monitoring plan was submitted for Mitchell Branch, Poplar Creek, Poplar Creek Embayment of the Clinch River and any unnamed tributaries of these streams. The objectives of BMAP are to (1) demonstrate that the effluent limitations established for the Oak Ridge K-25 Site protect and maintain the use of Mitchell Branch for growth and propagation of fish and other aquatic life and (2) document the effects on stream biota resulting from operation of major new pollution abatement facilities, including the Central Neutralization Facility (CNF) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) incinerator. The BMAP consists of four tasks: (1) toxicity monitoring; (2) bioaccumulation monitoring; (3) assessment of fish health; and (4) instream monitoring of biological communities, including benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. This document, the third in a series, reports on the results …
Date:
August 1995
Creator:
Hinzman, R. L.; Adams, S. M. & Ashwood, T. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Multidisciplinary framework for human reliability analysis with an application to errors of commission and dependencies
Since the early 1970s, human reliability analysis (HRA) has been considered to be an integral part of probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs). Nuclear power plant (NPP) events, from Three Mile Island through the mid-1980s, showed the importance of human performance to NPP risk. Recent events demonstrate that human performance continues to be a dominant source of risk. In light of these observations, the current limitations of existing HRA approaches become apparent when the role of humans is examined explicitly in the context of real NPP events. The development of new or improved HRA methodologies to more realistically represent human performance is recognized by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as a necessary means to increase the utility of PRAS. To accomplish this objective, an Improved HRA Project, sponsored by the NRC`s Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES), was initiated in late February, 1992, at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to develop an improved method for HRA that more realistically assesses the human contribution to plant risk and can be fully integrated with PRA. This report describes the research efforts including the development of a multidisciplinary HRA framework, the characterization and representation of errors of commission, and an approach for addressing human dependencies. The …
Date:
August 1995
Creator:
Barriere, M. T.; Luckas, W. J.; Wreathall, J.; Cooper, S. E.; Bley, D. C. & Ramey-Smith, A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library