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Transient evolution of the power radiated coherently by a charged- particle bunch orbiting between two infinite, parallel conducting plates is calculated. The plates comprise an idealized vacuum pipe in a bending magnet. The bunch moves on a trajectory such that it suddenly diverts from a straight-line path to a circular orbit and begins radiating. The influence of the plates on the transients is contrasted to their shielding of the steady-state radiated power. The effect of the radiation field on beam emittance in a magnetic bending system is also quantified. 18 refs., 1 fig.

This report identifies seven developers whose gasification technologies can be used to treat the organic constituents of municipal solid waste: Energy Products of Idaho; TPS Termiska Processor AB; Proler International Corporation; Thermoselect Inc.; Battelle; Pedco Incorporated; and ThermoChem, Incorporated. Their processes recover heat directly, produce a fuel product, or produce a feedstock for chemical processes. The technologies are on the brink of commercial availability. This report evaluates, for each technology, several kinds of issues. Technical considerations were material balance, energy balance, plant thermal efficiency, and effect of feedstock contaminants. Environmental considerations were the regulatory context, and such things as composition, mass rate, and treatability of pollutants. Business issues were related to likelihood of commercialization. Finally, cost and economic issues such as capital and operating costs, and the refuse-derived fuel preparation and energy conversion costs, were considered. The final section of the report reviews and summarizes the information gathered during the study.

An experiment was performed in the Tevatron to measure the tune spread versus octupole strength. The experiment is sensitive to the relationship between octupole strength and current in the T:OZF circuit and to the octupole (and other non-linear focusing fields) in the Tevatron. The major motivation for the experiment was to determine the value of octupole excitation that minimizes the tune spread: this value is an estimate of the value required to obtain ''zero'' total octupole excitation in the extraction process. The experiment was performed using the strip-line kickers at A17 and the resonant Schottky pickups. The horizontal proton kicker was excited with a sine-wave from a vector signal analyzer (HP-89440A) and the horizontal proton signal was received. The gating circuitry normally used to select proton or antiproton bunches was by-passed. The response function was measured and recorded on a floppy disk. Measurements were initially made with a 200 Hz span (0.250 Hz frequency bins) and later with a 100 Hz span (0.125 Hz frequency bins).

The CEBAF accelerator is a five pass, recirculating, CW electron linear accelerator. There are a total of nine recirculation arcs connecting the two linacs. Three experimental halls are serviced by the accelerator through separate transport channels. The magnet powering system for CEBAF consists of approximately 2000 independent control channels. About 1850 of these channels are low current, trim magnet power supplies. There are 28 higher power supplies used to energize the major bending elements. Over one hundred, 20 amp, active shunts are used to vary current in selected magnets in the major dipole strings. The majority of the magnetic elements are concentrated in the arcs and transport channels. The correction dipoles, quadrupoles and sextupoles are each powered individually be a dedicated trim power supply channel. The arc and extraction channel dipoles are powered in series strings by the high powered supplies, known locally at CEBAF as ``box power supplies``. Arc loads consist of some 30-40 magnets in series. Transport channel, path length control doglegs and septa box power supplies have loads ranging from 1 to 10 magnets. Shunts are installed on virtually all loads where two or more magnets are in series. At this time, 95{percent} of the power supplies …

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The carbonate fuel cell promises highly efficient, cost-effective, environmentally superior power generation from pipeline natural gas, coal gas, biogas, and other gaseous and liquid fuels. ERC has been engaged in the development of this unique technology since the late 1970s, primarily focusing on the development of the Direct Fuel Cell (DFC) technology [1-6] pioneered by ERC. The DFC design incorporates the unique internal reforming feature which allows utilization of a hydrocarbon fuel directly in the fuel cell without requiring any external reforming reactor and associated heat exchange equipment. This approach provides upgrading of waste heat to chemical energy; thereby, it contributing to higher overall efficiency for conversion of fuel energy to electricity with low levels of environmental emissions. Among the internal reforming options, ERC has selected the Indirect Internal Reforming (IIR) - Direct Internal Reforming (DIR) combination as its baseline design. ERC plans to offer commercial DFC power plants in various sizes, initially focusing on the MW-scale units. The plan is to offer standardized, packaged MW-scale DFC power plants operating on natural gas or other hydrocarbon-containing fuels for commercial sale by the end of the decade. These power plants, which can be shop-fabricated and sited near the user, are ideally …

A diode-side-pumped discrete-optic E{sup 3+}:YAG laser employs pump-light coupling through a sapphire plate diffusion-bonded to the laser slab, giving reduced thermal lensing and exceptional beam quality (M{sup 2} {approx} 1.3.) The novel architecture is also applicable to other side-pumped lasers.

The Acquire Commercial Technology for Retrieval program seeks commercial solutions to measure any waste residual (i.e., heel)left after waste retrieval operations of underground radioactive storage tanks. The technology identified should operate in a range of waste depth thickness of 0 - 6 inches. This report provides a description of the need, requirements, and constraints for the residual waste volume measurement system; describes a logical approach to measuring waste volume; provides a brief review and assessment of available technologies; and outlines a set of integrated tests that will evaluate the performance of candidate technologies.

The corrosion behavior of a borosilicate glass containing 20 mass 5 Na{sub 2}O was assessed using static dissolution tests. This glass (LD6-5412) is representative of high Na glasses that may be used to stabilize Hanford low-level radioactive waste. The normalized mass loss (NL) decreases as NL(Na) {approximately} NL(B) > NL(Si) in 20 and 40 C for tests conducted at glass surface area to leachant volume (S/V) ratio of 10 m{sup {minus}1}, and decreases as NL(Na) > NL(B) {approximately} NL(Si) in 90 C tests conducted at 10 m{sup {minus}1} and in all tests conducted at higher S/V. The difference in the corrosion behavior is probably caused by the influence of dissolved glass components in the leachates. The NL(Na) is greater than the NL(B) or NL(Si) in all the tests conducted. Results from long-term tests at 2,000 m{sup {minus}1} show that the preferential release of Na persists for longer than one year at all temperatures and indicate that Na is released from this glass by an ion exchange process.

For many years, ECG`s and vector cardiograms have been the tools of choice for non-invasive diagnosis of cardiac conduction problems, such as found in reentrant tachycardia or Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. Through skillful analysis of these skin-surface measurements of cardiac generated electric currents, a physician can deduce the general location of heart conduction irregularities. Using a combination of high-fidelity geometry modeling, advanced mathematical algorithms and massively parallel computing, Sandia`s approach would provide much more accurate information and thus allow the physician to pinpoint the source of an arrhythmia or abnormal conduction pathway.

Embedded VO{sub 2} precipitates have been formed in single-crystal sapphire by the ion co-implantation of vanadium and oxygen and subsequent thermal annealing. The embedded VO{sub 2} particles have been shown to exhibit an optical switching behavior that is comparable to that of continuous thin films. In this work, the mechanisms of formation of these optically active particles are investigated. It is shown that precipitation of the vanadium dioxide phase is favored when the thermal treatment is performed on an ion-damaged but still crystalline (rather than amorphized) Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} substrate. The best optical switching behavior is observed in this case, and this behavior is apparently correlated with a more-favorable dispersion of VO{sub 2} small particles inside the matrix.

The development of the ability to routinely machine glass materials to optical tolerances is highly desirable and, in particular, could provide new degrees of control over the precise shape of complex and unusual optical surfaces. Of particular interest in this regard is the formation of non-spherical shapes where there is a need to fabricate both inexpensive, low-precision optics as well as specialized high-precision aspheric components. This work describes the initial feasibility tests of the machining of a new type of glass, lead indium phosphate (LIP), a material which transmits from the visible to 2.8 micrometers (for thin samples). Glossy surfaces were produced with a root-mean-square surface roughness of less than 100 nm (with 200 micrometer filter). The results indicate that this approach offers the potential for producing high-quality aspheric optical shapes based on the use of LIP glass.

Non-thermal plasma techniques represent a new generation of air emission control technology that potentially could treat large-volume emissions containing dilute concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In order to apply non-thermal plasmas in an industrial scale, it is important to establish the electrical power requirements and byproducts of the process. There is a need for reliable data concerning the primary decomposition mechanisms and subsequent chemical kinetics associated with non-thermal processing of VOCs. There are many basic atomic and molecular physics issues that are essential in evaluating the economic performance of non- thermal plasma reactors. These studies are important in understanding how the input electrical power is dissipated in the plasma and how efficiently it is converted to the production of the plasma species (radicals, ions, or electrons) responsible for the decomposition of the VOCs. This paper will present results from the basic experimental and theoretical studies aimed at identifying the reaction mechanisms responsible for the primary decomposition of various types of VOCs.

There are important differences between the safety principles for nuclear weapons and for nuclear reactors. For example, a principal concern for nuclear weapons is to prevent electrical energy from reaching the nuclear package during accidents produced by crashes, fires, and other hazards, whereas the foremost concern for nuclear reactors is to maintain coolant around the core in the event of certain system failures. Not surprisingly, new methods have had to be developed to assess the risk from nuclear weapons. These include fault tree transformations that accommodate time dependencies, thermal and structural analysis techniques that are fast and unconditionally stable, and parameter sampling methods that incorporate intelligent searching. This paper provides an overview of the new methods for nuclear weapons and compares them with existing methods for nuclear reactors. It also presents a new intelligent searching process for identifying potential nuclear detonation vulnerabilities. The new searching technique runs very rapidly on a workstation and shows promise for providing an accurate assessment of potential vulnerabilities with far fewer physical response calculations than would be required using a standard Monte Carlo sampling procedure.

The Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project is investigating the Topopah Spring tuff at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, to determine whether it is suitable as a host rock for the disposal of high-level nuclear wastes. The Large Block Test (LBT) at Fran Ridge was planned as part of the project to investigate coupled thermal-mechanical-hydrological and geochemical processes that may occur in the repository near-field environment. This test would be performed on an excavated block of Topopah Spring tuff and would provide information at an intermediate scale (1-10 m) that would help evaluate existing models for repository performance. As part of the LBT, we are analyzing the coupled thermal-mechanical- hydrological behavior of the block in response to heating. Our objectives are to aid in the experimental design of the test, to evaluate different thermal and constitutive models, and to evaluate several different numerical methods. In this report, we present results of thermal-mechanical simulations of the heat-up phase of the LBT conducted using two different numerical codes that are commercially available: a two-dimensional (2D), finite- difference model called FLAC and a three-dimensional (3D), finite- element model, called ABAQUS. The purpose of this initial numerical modeling is to calculate temperatures, stresses, and displacements in two …

Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, (including x-ray dot mapping), x-ray diffraction and computer based image analysis have been used to study non-superconducting secondary phases that evolve during the processing of (Bi,Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x}/Ag composite superconductors. These investigations have provided new information and insights about specific alkaline earth cuprates (AECs) and lead-rich phases. We can conclusively identify (Ca,Sr){sub 2}CuO{sub 3}, (Ca,Sr){sub 14}(Cu{sub 24})O{sub 41}, and CuO phases, the alkaline earth plumbates, and a (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O 3221 phase with a wide range of Pb/Bi ratios. These techniques also help in differentiating voids from secondary phases and alkaline earth plumbates from the lead-rich 3221 phase.

Typically, katabatic flows have been studied in their least complicated or idealized state. Further, these flows are generally regarded as having simple forcing and non-turbulent structure due to the strong atmospheric stability they are bedded within. Somewhat analogously, mountain waves and their effects have been mostly studied in their idealized state, i.e. for constant upstream flow and stability. Even in the numerous cases where these two atmospheric phenomena have been studied in their realistic state, seldom has their mutual interaction been considered. One exception that includes numerical modeling is Gross (1990). The express purpose of this work is to examine how each of these phenomena interact with each other in an evolving nocturnal atmosphere. This work is motivated by observations from the Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) Program which clearly indicate non-idealized behavior in katabatic flows. Although numerous idealized simulations were also completed, discussion here focuses on the most realistic simulations of the case night 3--4 September 1993. This night was dominated by clear skies and light near surface winds. A high pressure system to the southwest of Colorado caused northwesterly flow at {approximately} 7 m s{sup {minus}1} upstream of the Rockies with a Froude number of 0.45 overnight. …

Currently, states and low-level radioactive waste (LLW) disposal site operators have no method of independently verifying the radionuclide content of packaged LLW that arrive at disposal sites for disposal. At this time, disposal sites rely on LLW generator shipping manifests and accompanying records to insure that LLW received meets the waste acceptance criteria. An independent verification system would provide a method of checking generator LLW characterization methods and help ensure that LLW disposed of at disposal facilities meets requirements. The Mobile Low-Level Waste Verification System (MLLWVS) provides the equipment, software, and methods to enable the independent verification of LLW shipping records to insure that disposal site waste acceptance criteria are being met. The MLLWVS system was developed under a cost share subcontract between WMG, Inc., and Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies through the Department of Energy`s National Low-Level Waste Management Program at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL).

This report addresses laboratory measurement error in estimates of external doses obtained from personnel dosimeters, and investigates the effects of these errors on linear dose-response analyses of data from epidemiologic studies of nuclear workers. These errors have the distinguishing feature that they are independent across time and across workers. Although the calculations made for this report were based on Hanford data, the overall conclusions are likely to be relevant for other epidemiologic studies of workers exposed to external radiation.

Idealized analytical investigations of katabatic slope flows have usually sought to simplify the analysis by either assuming a particular force balance amenable to analytical solution or using integral (or bulk) models. In each case, steady state conditions are evaluated, with occasional exception. Historically, the modeling of idealized katabatic flows has focused analysis of model time where steady state conditions have been achieved. To investigate the true dynamics of evolving undisturbed katabatic flow, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is used. As described in Pielke et al (1992) RAMS is a prognostic numerical model that contains the three-dimensional primitive equations in terrain-following, non- hydrostatic, compressible form. In addition to standard variables, RAMS was configured to output the various components of the governing equations with high temporal resolution. Each of the simulations used idealized 2000m high mountain topography of a given slope (1{degree}, 2.5{degrees},5{degrees}, or 10{degrees}) on either side of the peak. In the 3-d simulations this mountain becomes an infinite north-south ridge (cyclic boundary conditions in the N-S direction). Vertical grid spacing was set to 20m for the first 500m {delta}z increases to a maximum of 400 m over 72 grid points to 10.5 km. Horizontal grid spacing was 500 m …

This note describes the measurements of the waveform of the Tevatron antiproton injection kicker using the 150 Gev proton beam. This new horizontal kicker was installed at D48 during the summer of 1995 shutdown. These measurements were taken in two sessions [1] starting on October 10 and October 18, 1995. The measurements use the Tevatron BPM and flying wire systems. This note is a companion to the Tevatron proton injection kicker note published recently [2]. The design specifications for the kicker are given in Dinkel et al. [3].

The purpose of this engineering note is to explain the method involved in calculating the mass flow rates through venturis and orifice plates at sub-sonic conditions. In particular, the mass flow rate calculations are required for two FLOW-DYNE venturi flow meters, serial no. 35821 and no. 35822, and an orifice plate flow meter, serial no. 35823. The two venturis, FT-4052-H and FT-4053-H, are located in the D-Zero VLPC valve box at the refrigerator and the orifice plate, FO-2019-H, is on the high pressure helium supply line in the assembly building.