Advanced Modeling and Materials in Kraft Pulp Mills (open access)

Advanced Modeling and Materials in Kraft Pulp Mills

This CRADA provided technical support to the Weyerhaeuser Company on a number of issues related to the performance and/or selection of materials at a number of locations in a pulp and paper mill. The studies related primarily to components for black liquor recovery boilers, but some effort was directed toward black liquor gasifiers and rolls for paper machines. The purpose of this CRADA was to assist Weyerhaeuser in the evaluation of materials exposed in various paper mill environments and to provide direction in the selection of alternate materials, when appropriate.
Date: May 15, 2002
Creator: Keiser, J. R. & Gorog, J. P.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Habilitation Thesis on Neutrino Oscillations at the Bugey Reactor, Top Discovery in CDF, and the D0 SMT (open access)

Habilitation Thesis on Neutrino Oscillations at the Bugey Reactor, Top Discovery in CDF, and the D0 SMT

None
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Kajfasz, Eric
Object Type: Thesis or Dissertation
System: The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of potential for jet-impingement erosion from leaking steam generator tubes during severe accidents. (open access)

Analysis of potential for jet-impingement erosion from leaking steam generator tubes during severe accidents.

This report summarizes analytical evaluation of crack-opening areas and leak rates of superheated steam through flaws in steam generator tubes and erosion of neighboring tubes due to jet impingement of superheated steam with entrained particles from core debris created during severe accidents. An analytical model for calculating crack-opening area as a function of time and temperature was validated with tests on tubes with machined flaws. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics code was used to calculate the jet velocity impinging on neighboring tubes as a function of tube spacing and crack-opening area. Erosion tests were conducted in a high-temperature, high-velocity erosion rig at the University of Cincinnati, using micrometer-sized nickel particles mixed in with high-temperature gas from a burner. The erosion results, together with analytical models, were used to estimate the erosive effects of superheated steam with entrained aerosols from the core during severe accidents.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Majumdar, S.; Diercks, D. R.; Shack, W. J. & Technology, Energy
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels in North America: Opportunities for Harmonization (open access)

Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels in North America: Opportunities for Harmonization

To support the North American Energy Working Group's Expert Group on Energy Efficiency (NAEWG-EE), USDOE commissioned the Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP) to prepare a resource document comparing current standards, labels, and test procedure regulations in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The resulting document reached the following conclusions: Out of 24 energy-using products for which at least one of the three countries has energy efficiency regulations, three products -- refrigerators/freezers, split system central air conditioners, and room air conditioners -- have similar or identical minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) in the three countries. These same three products, as well as three-phase motors, have similar or identical test procedures throughout the region. There are 10 products with different MEPS and test procedures, but which have the short-term potential to develop common test procedures, MEPS, and/or labels. Three other noteworthy areas where possible energy efficiency initiatives have potential for harmonization are standby losses, uniform endorsement labels, and a new standard or label on windows. This paper explains these conclusions and presents the underlying comparative data.
Date: May 16, 2002
Creator: Vanwiemcgrory, Laura; Wiel, Stephen; Van Wie McGrory, Laura & Harrington, Lloyd
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
A Long-Term Comparison of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Abundance and Size Structure in Their Historical Range in Idaho. (open access)

A Long-Term Comparison of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Abundance and Size Structure in Their Historical Range in Idaho.

We compared estimates of population abundance and size structure for Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri obtained by electrofishing 77 stream segments across southeastern Idaho in the 1980s and again in 1999-2000 to test whether populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout had changed. Sites sampled in the 1980s were relocated in 1999-2000 by using maps and photographs or by finding original site-boundary stakes, so that the same reach of stream was sampled during both periods. Abundance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout longer than 10 cm did not change, averaging 41 fish/100 m of stream during both the 1980s and 1999-2000. The proportion of the total catch of trout composed of Yellowstone cutthroat trout also did not change, averaging 82% in the 1980s and 78% in 1999-2000. At the 48 sites where size structure could be estimated for both periods, the proportion of Yellowstone cutthroat trout that were 10-20 cm long declined slightly (74% versus 66%), but the change was due entirely to the shift in size structure at the Teton River sites. The number of sites that contained rainbow trout O. mykiss or cutthroat trout 3 rainbow trout hybrids rose from 23 to 37, but the average proportion of the catch composed …
Date: May 23, 2002
Creator: Meyer, Kevin A.; Schill, Daniel J. & Elle, F. Steven
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Proposed Reference Spectral Irradiance Standards to Improve Photovoltaic Concentrating System Design and Performance Evaluation: Preprint (open access)

Proposed Reference Spectral Irradiance Standards to Improve Photovoltaic Concentrating System Design and Performance Evaluation: Preprint

This conference paper describes the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the International Standards Organization (ISO) standard solar terrestrial spectra (ASTM G-159, IEC-904-3, ISO 9845-1) provide standard spectra for photovoltaic performance applications. Modern terrestrial spectral radiation models and knowledge of atmospheric physics are applied to develop suggested revisions to update the reference spectra. We use a moderately complex radiative transfer model (SMARTS2) to produce the revised spectra. SMARTS2 has been validated against the complex MODTRAN radiative transfer code and spectral measurements. The model is proposed as an adjunct standard to reproduce the reference spectra. The proposed spectra represent typical clear sky spectral conditions associated with sites representing reasonable photovoltaic energy production and weathering and durability climates. The proposed spectra are under consideration by ASTM.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Myers, D. R.; Emery, K. E. & Gueymard, C.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Implications of Regional Transmission Organization Design for Renewable Energy Technologies (open access)

Implications of Regional Transmission Organization Design for Renewable Energy Technologies

This report summarizes the development of Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) and assesses the potential implications of market rules for renewable energy technologies. The report focuses on scheduling provisions, as these have proved problematic in some cases for intermittent renewable energy technologies. Market rules of four RTOs-the Pennsylvania-Maryland-New Jersey ISO, the ERCOT ISO, the Midwest ISO and the New York ISO (NYISO)-were examined to determine the impact on intermittent renewable energy projects such as wind energy generators. Also, a more general look was taken at how biomass power may fare in RTOs, specifically whether these technologies can participate in ancillary service markets. Lastly, an assessment was made regarding the implications for renewable energy technologies of a Northeast-wide RTO that would combine the three existing Northeast ISOs (the aforementioned PJM and NYISOs, as well as ISO New England).
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Porter, K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Voluntary Participation Drives Oklahoma's Coalitions (open access)

Voluntary Participation Drives Oklahoma's Coalitions

Fact sheet describing the Oklahoma and Tulsa Clean Cities Coalitions and their commitment to the alternative fuel industry.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Chronological Reliability Model Incorporating Wind Forecasts to Assess Wind Plant Reserve Allocation: Preprint (open access)

Chronological Reliability Model Incorporating Wind Forecasts to Assess Wind Plant Reserve Allocation: Preprint

Over the past several years, there has been considerable development and application of wind forecasting models. The main purpose of these models is to provide grid operators with the best information available so that conventional power generators can be scheduled as efficiently and as cost-effectively as possible. One of the important ancillary services is reserves, which involves scheduling additional capacity to guard against shortfalls. In a recent paper, Strbac and Kirschen[1] proposed a method to allocate the reserve burden to generators. Although Milligan adapted this technique to wind plants[2], neither of these papers accounts for the wind forecast in the reliability calculation. That omission is rectified here. For the system studied in this paper, we found that a reserve allocation scheme using 1-hour forecasts results in a small allocation of system reserve relative to the rated capacity of the wind power plant. This reserve allocation is even smaller when geographically dispersed wind sites are used instead of a large single site.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Milligan, M. R.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Solid-State Heat-Capacity-Laser Review (open access)

Solid-State Heat-Capacity-Laser Review

We describe our recent progress in the area of solid-state heat-capacity-lasers (SSHCL). In particular, we examine the physics of heat-capacity operation of a solid state laser and give the present technology status of our 10 kW flashlamp-pumped laser The current status of work leading to a diode-pumped Nd:GGG HCL is also described.
Date: May 7, 2002
Creator: Rotter, M D & Dane, C B
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Wind Power Today: Wind Energy Program Highlights 2001 (open access)

Wind Power Today: Wind Energy Program Highlights 2001

Wind Power Today is an annual publication that provides an overview of the U.S. Department of Energy's Wind Energy Program accomplishments for the previous year. The purpose of Wind Power Today is to show how DOE's Wind Energy Program supports wind turbine research and deployment in hopes of furthering the advancement of wind technologies that produce clean, low-cost, reliable energy. Content objectives include: educate readers about the advantages and potential for widespread deployment of wind energy; explain the program's objectives and goals; describe the program's accomplishments in research and application; examine the barriers to widespread deployment; describe the benefits of continued research and development; facilitate technology transfer; and attract cooperative wind energy projects with industry. This 2001 edition of Wind Power Today also includes discussions about wind industry growth in 2001, how DOE is taking advantage of low wind speed regions through advancing technology, and distributed applications for small wind turbines.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Book
System: The UNT Digital Library
Compressed Air System Improvement Project Saves Foundry Energy and Increases Production (open access)

Compressed Air System Improvement Project Saves Foundry Energy and Increases Production

This case study highlights International Truck and Engine Corporation's optimization project on the compressed air system that serves its foundry, Indianapolis Casting Corporation. Due to the project's implementation, the system's efficiency was greatly improved, allowing the foundry to operate with less compressor capacity, which resulted in reduced energy consumption, significant maintenance savings, and more reliable production.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: United States. Department of Energy. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Office of Industrial Technologies.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
Strong Earthquake Motion Estimates for Three Sites on the U.C. San Diego Campus (open access)

Strong Earthquake Motion Estimates for Three Sites on the U.C. San Diego Campus

The approach of the Campus Earthquake Program (CEP) is to combine the substantial expertise that exists within the UC system in geology, seismology, and geotechnical engineering, to estimate the earthquake strong motion exposure of UC facilities. These estimates draw upon recent advances in hazard assessment, seismic wave propagation modeling in rocks and soils, and dynamic soil testing. The UC campuses currently chosen for application of our integrated methodology are Riverside, San Diego, and Santa Barbara. The procedure starts with the identification of possible earthquake sources in the region and the determination of the most critical fault(s) related to earthquake exposure of the campus. Combined geological, geophysical, and geotechnical studies are then conducted to characterize each campus with specific focus on the location of particular target buildings of special interest to the campus administrators. We drill, sample, and geophysically log deep boreholes next to the target structure, to provide direct in-situ measurements of subsurface material properties, and to install uphole and downhole 3-component seismic sensors capable of recording both weak and strong motions. The boreholes provide access below the soil layers, to deeper materials that have relatively high seismic shear-wave velocities. Analyses of conjugate downhole and uphole records provide a basis …
Date: May 7, 2002
Creator: Day, S.; Doroudian, M.; Elgamal, A.; Gonzales, S.; Heuze, F.; Lai, T. et al.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Optimal Elevation and Configuration of Hanford's Double-Shell Tank Waste Mixer Pumps (open access)

Optimal Elevation and Configuration of Hanford's Double-Shell Tank Waste Mixer Pumps

The objective of this study was to compare the mixing performance of the Lawrence pump, which has injection nozzles at the top, with an alternative pump that has injection nozzles at the bottom, and to determine the optimal elevation for the alternative pump. Sixteen cases were evaluated: two sludge thicknesses at eight levels. A two-step evaluation approach was used: Step 1 to evaluate all 16 cases with the non-rotating mixer pump model and Step 2 to further evaluate four of those cases with the more realistic rotating mixer pump model. The TEMPEST code was used.
Date: May 15, 2002
Creator: Onishi, Yasuo; Yokuda, Satoru T. & Majumder, Catherine A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Evolution During Growth - A Photoluminescence Study: Preprint (open access)

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Evolution During Growth - A Photoluminescence Study: Preprint

This conference paper describes the in-depth understanding of the defect formation and resulting changes in material quality occurring during the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 growth process is vital to the successful and widespread use of this photovoltaic material. In an attempt to develop such an understanding, we investigated the growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-films from (In,Ga)2Se3 precursors. This was achieved by using energy- and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies to characterize a series of thin-films, each removed at a different point along the reaction pathway of the''three-stage'' growth process. The resulting thin-films are representative of the absorber layer as it proceeds from a Cu-rich to In(Ga)-rich state. The experimental results support a growth model incorporating defect changes in the dominant defect states and improvement in the recombination lifetime during this final stage of the growth process as the material transitions to a Cu-poor phase.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Keyes, B. M.; Dippo, P.; AbuShama, J. & Noufi, R.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Fracture Surface Area Effects on Fluid Extraction and the Electrical Resistivity of Geothermal Reservoir Rocks (open access)

Fracture Surface Area Effects on Fluid Extraction and the Electrical Resistivity of Geothermal Reservoir Rocks

Laboratory measurements of the electrical resistivity of fractured analogue geothermal reservoir rocks were performed to investigate the resistivity contrast caused by active boiling and to determine the effects of variable fracture dimensions and surface area on water extraction. Experiments were performed at confining pressures up to 10 h4Pa (100 bars) and temperatures to 170 C. Fractured samples show a larger resistivity change at the onset of boiling than intact samples. Monitoring the resistivity of fractured samples as they equilibrate to imposed pressure and temperature conditions provides an estimate of fluid migration into and out of the matrix. Measurements presented are an important step toward using field electrical methods to quantitatively search for fractures, infer saturation, and track fluid migration in geothermal reservoirs.
Date: May 9, 2002
Creator: Roberts, J. J.; Detwiler, R. L.; Ralph, W. & Bonner, B.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Tool to Market Customer-Sited Small Wind Systems: Preprint (open access)

Tool to Market Customer-Sited Small Wind Systems: Preprint

In order to make the Wind Powering America effort a success, homeowners and landowners interested in purchasing grid-connected small wind energy systems must be provided with assistance and education. The Clean Power Estimator (CPE) program is a valuable tool for these individuals. In support of this educational effort, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NRELs) National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) is integrating the CPE program with site-specific wind resource data. This paper describes how the CPE program works, how end users can determine the cost-effectiveness of wind for a specific location, and how companies can use the program to identify high-value wind locations.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Jimenez, T.; George, R.; Forsyth, T. & Hoff, T. E.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Determination of S-112 and Mock Tank Electrical Resistivities using Numerical Forward and Inverse Solutions (open access)

Determination of S-112 and Mock Tank Electrical Resistivities using Numerical Forward and Inverse Solutions

The purpose of this work is to establish the electrical similarity of the Mock Tank site to S-112 tank site to determine if the Mock Tank requires modifications for the tests this summer. We accomplish this objective by determining the effective electrical resistivity of S-112 and comparing it with that of the Mock Tank. We also compare the expected sensitivities under S-112 and Mock Tank assuming that long electrodes are used.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Ramirez, A & Daily, W
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Practical Issues Associated with Mortar Projections in Large Deformation Contact/Impact Analysis (open access)

Practical Issues Associated with Mortar Projections in Large Deformation Contact/Impact Analysis

Several recent works have considered variants of the mortar-finite element method for numerical treatment of contact phenomena. The method has shown considerable promise for the spatial discretization of contact interactions, particularly for kinematically linear applications where one or both of the contacting surfaces are flat. Desirable features already demonstrated for the method in this specialized setting include passage of patch tests, preservation of convergence rates that would be obtained with a perfectly conforming mesh, and accurate resolution of contact stresses on interfaces. This paper concerns itself with the successful extension of these methods to encompass contact of geometrically noncoincident surfaces. The issue of patch test passage over curved interfaces will be discussed. It will be shown that a generalization of the mortar projection method is required to pass patch tests in this instance. Issues relating to the exact numerical integration of the mortar projection integrals will also be outlined, and a convergence study for a mortar tying application will be presented.
Date: May 2, 2002
Creator: Laursen, T. A.; Puso, M. A. & Heinstein, M. W.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Non-Equilibrium Zeldovich-Von Neumann-Doring Theory and Reactive Flow Modeling of Detonation (open access)

Non-Equilibrium Zeldovich-Von Neumann-Doring Theory and Reactive Flow Modeling of Detonation

This paper discusses the Non-Equilibrium Zeldovich - von Neumann - Doring (NEZND) theory of self-sustaining detonation waves and the Ignition and Growth reactive flow model of shock initiation and detonation wave propagation in solid explosives. The NEZND theory identified the non-equilibrium excitation processes that precede and follow the exothermic decomposition of a large high explosive molecule into several small reaction product molecules. The thermal energy deposited by the leading shock wave must be distributed to the vibrational modes of the explosive molecule before chemical reactions can occur. The induction time for the onset of the initial endothermic reactions can be calculated using high pressure, high temperature transition state theory. Since the chemical energy is released well behind the leading shock front of a detonation wave, a physical mechanism is required for this chemical energy to reinforce the leading shock front and maintain its overall constant velocity. This mechanism is the amplification of pressure wavelets in the reaction zone by the process of de-excitation of the initially highly vibrationally excited reaction product molecules. This process leads to the development of the three-dimensional structure of detonation waves observed for all explosives. For practical predictions of shock initiation and detonation in hydrodynamic codes, …
Date: May 2, 2002
Creator: Tarver, C M; Forbes, J W & Urtiew, P A
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Electronic Structure and Doping of P-Type Transparent Conducting Oxides: Preprint (open access)

Electronic Structure and Doping of P-Type Transparent Conducting Oxides: Preprint

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are a group of materials that are widely used in solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. Recently, Cu-containing p-type TCOs such as MII Cu2 O2 (MIII=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) and CuMIII O2 (MIII=Al, Ga, In) have been proposed. Using first-principles band structure methods, we have systematically studied the electronic and optical properties of these p-type transparent oxides. For MII Cu2 O2 , we predict that adding a small amount of Ca into Sr Cu2 O2 can increase the transparency and conductivity. For CuMIII O2 , we explained the doping and band gap anomalies in this system and proposed a new approach to search for bipolar dopable wide-gap materials.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Wei, S.-H.; Nie, X. & Zhang, S. B.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Physical Properties of HWCVD Microcrystalline Silicon Thin Films: Preprint (open access)

Physical Properties of HWCVD Microcrystalline Silicon Thin Films: Preprint

This conference paper describes Microcrystalline silicon films were grown with different thicknesses and different hydrogen dilution ratios on glass and Si substrates. Some films were deposited with a seed layer, whereas others were deposited directly on the substrate. We used atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction to study the morphology and crystalline structure of the samples. We did not find a significant influence of the different substrates on the morphology or crystalline structure. The presence of the seed layer enhanced the crystallization process, decreasing the amount of amorphous layer present in the films. The microstructure of most films was formed by grains, with a subgrain structure. Films grown with low values of dilution ratio had (220) texture and elongated grains, whereas films deposited with high values of dilution ratio were randomly oriented and had an irregular shape.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Moutinho, H. R.; Romero, M. J.; Jiang, C. S.; Xu, Y.; Nelson, B. P.; Jones, K. M. et al.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Spectral Corrections Based on Optical Air Mass: Preprint (open access)

Spectral Corrections Based on Optical Air Mass: Preprint

This conference paper describes the measurement of the photovoltaic (PV) performance with respect to reference conditions requires measuring the performance with respect to a reference spectrum. Procedures were developed in the mid 1980s to correct measurements for errors relating to the spectral irradiance of the light source being different from the standard and the responsivity of the irradiance detector being different from the device under test. In principle, these procedures are exact, but require the measurement of the spectral irradiance of the light source and responsivity of the test device. This is problematic for most facilities that measure module performance. It has been suggested that a polynomial fit of the short-circuit current (I sc ) measured under natural sunlight divided by the total broadband irradiance as a function of air mass provides an accurate spectral correction factor. The polynomial correction factor is normalized to unity at an absolute air mass of 1.5.The polynomial correction factor is compared with the spectral correction factor for a variety of devices at two locations.
Date: May 1, 2002
Creator: Emery, K.; DelCueto, J. & Zaaiman, W.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Blanket Biological Review for General Maintenance Activities Within Active Burial Grounds, 200 E and 200 W Areas, ECR No.2001-200-048 (open access)

Blanket Biological Review for General Maintenance Activities Within Active Burial Grounds, 200 E and 200 W Areas, ECR No.2001-200-048

No plant and animal species protected under the ESA, candidates for such protection, or species listed by the Washington state government were observed in the vicinity of the proposed sites. Piper's daisy may still occur in some of the burial grounds. This is a Washington State Sensitive plant species, and as such is a Level III resource under the Hanford Site Biological Resources Management Plan. Compensatory mitigation is appropriate for this species when adverse impacts cannot be avoided. The Ecological Compliance Assessment Project (ECAP) staff should consulted prior to the initiation of major work activities within areas where this species has been identified (218-E-12, 218-E-10). The stalked-pod and crouching milkvetch are relatively common throughout 200 West area, therefore even if the few individuals within the active burial grounds are disturbed, it is not likely that the overall local population will be adversely affected. The Watch List is the lowest level of listing for plant species of concern in the State of Washington. No adverse impacts to species or habitats of concern are expected to occur from routine maintenance within the active portions of the 218-W-4C, 218-W-4B, 218-W-3, 218-W-3A, and 218-W-5 burial grounds, as well as the portion of 218-E-12B currently …
Date: May 8, 2002
Creator: Sackschewsky, Michael R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library