A program is now underway to develop commercial power conversion systems that use parabolic dish mirrors in conjunction with Stirling engines to convert solar energy to electric power. In early prototypes, the solar concentrator focused light directly on the heater tubes of the Stirling engine. Liquid-metal heat-pipes are now being developed to transfer energy from the focus of the solar concentrator to the heater tubes of the engine. The dome-shaped heat-pipe receivers are approximately one-half meters in diameter and up to 77-kW of concentrated solar energy is delivered to the absorber surface. Over the past several years, Sandia National Laboratories, through the sponsorship of the Department of Energy, has conducted a major program to explore receiver designs and identify suitable wick materials. A high-flux bench-scale system has been developed to test candidate wick designs, and full-scale systems have been tested on an 11-meter test-bed solar concentrator. Procedures have also been developed in this program to measure the properties of wick materials, and an extensive data-base on wick materials for high temperature heat pipes has been developed. This paper provides an overview of the receiver development program and results from some of the many heat-pipe tests.

We present model-independent measurements of the vertical trajectory jitter of the positron beam in the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) linac and discuss the results of studies aimed at isolating its source.

In addition to fast neutrons, the copious energetic gamma rays, present in a reactor environment, induce displacement damage in the reactor pressure vessel. The contribution of gamma ray damage to embrittlement is most pronounced in reactors with large water gaps separating the core from the reactor pressure vessel. Water moderates the energies of fast neutrons much more effectively than it attenuates the high energy gamma flux, and thus enhances the high energy gamma flux, incident on the vessel relative to the fast neutron flux. In this paper, an analysis of computer transport calculations is presented which quantifies the relative contribution of gamma ray damage in various pressure vessels. The results indicate that gamma ray damage must be included for accurate predictions of radiation-induced embrittlement.

At the Fernald Environmental Restoration Management Corporation (FERMCO), our product is a clean site. We measure productivity by our progress in taking down buildings and dispositioning hazardous waste. To those ends, Quality and Safety work together to ensure that productivity is gained in the safest way possible. The Plant 7 deconstruction is an example of how this teamwork has increased productivity at the site.

A thermomechanical analysis of unidirectional continuous fiber metal matrix composites is presented. The analysis includes the effects of processing induced residual thermal stresses, interface cracking, and inelastic matrix behavior on damage evolution. Due to the complexity of the nonlinear effects, the analysis is performed computationally using the finite element method. The interface fracture is modeled by a nonlinear constitutive model. The problem formulation is summarized and results are presented for a four-ply unidirectional SCS-6/{beta}21S titanium composite under high temperature isothermal mechanical fatigue.

Radiation therapy with ``hadrons`` (protons, neutrons, pions, ions) has accrued a 55-year track record, with by now over 30,000 patients having received treatments with one of these particles. Very good, and in some cases spectacular results are leading to growth in the field in specific well-defined directions. The most noted contributor to success has been the ability to better define and control the radiation field produced with these particles, to increase the dose delivered to the treatment volume while achieving a high degree of sparing of normal tissue. An additional benefit is the highly-ionizing, character of certain beams, leading to creater cell-killing potential for tumor lines that have historically been very resistant to radiation treatments. Until recently these treatments have been delivered in laboratories and research centers whose primary, or original mission was physics research. With maturity in the field has come both the desire to provide beam facilities more accessible to the clinical setting, of a hospital, as well as achieving, highly-efficient, reliable and economical accelerator and beam-delivery systems that can make maximum advantage of the physical characteristics of these particle beams. Considerable work in technology development is now leading, to the implementation of many of these ideas, and …

A linear least-squares procedure for the determination of modal residues using time-domain system realization theory is presented. The present procedure is shown to be theoretically equivalent to residue determination in realization algorithms such as the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) and Q-Markov COVER. However, isolating the optimal residue estimation problem from the general realization problem affords several advantages over standard realization algorithms for structural dynamics identification. Primary among these are the ability to identify data sets with large numbers of sensors using small numbers of reference point responses, and the inclusion of terms which accurately model the effects of residual flexibility. The accuracy and efficiency of the present realization theory-based procedure is demonstrated for both simulated and experimental data.

In order to better understand the effect of hydrogen on the fracture behavior of nickel, this study uses the embedded atom method (EAM) to model the segregation of hydrogen to lattice defects in nickel. The dislocations modeled include an edge, a screw, and a Lomer dislocation in the locked configuration, i.e. the Lomer-Cottrell Cock (LCL). Several coincident site lattice boundaries are also investigated, these being the {Sigma}3(112) and {Sigma}11(113) tilt boundaries. It will be shown that the trap site energies in the vicinity of both the edge and screw dislocations is only about 0.1 eV while for the LCL and all of the grain boundaries the maximum trap site energy in the vicinity of the defect is on order 0.3 eV. Using a Monte-Carlo method to a impose a hydrogen environment produces much stronger segregation of hydrogen to the deeper traps. When compared to recent experimental studies showing that a binding energy between 0.3-0.4 eV is required for trap site controlled fracture in IN903, it can be concluded that the embrittlement process is most probably associated with trapping of hydrogen to the Lomer-Cottrell Locks.

The performance of TOUGH2, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory`s general purpose simulator for mass and heat flow and transport enhanced with the addition of a set of preconditioned conjugate gradient solvers, was tested on three PCs (486-33, 486-66, Pentium-90), a MacIntosh Quadra 800, and a workstation IBM RISC 6000. A two-phase, single porosity, 3-D geothermal reservoir model with 1,411 irregular grid blocks, with production from and injection into the reservoir was used as the test model. The code modifications to TOUGH2 and its setup in each machine environment are described. Computational work per time step and CPU time requirements are reported for each of the machines used. It is concluded that the current PCs provide the best price/performance platform for running large-scale geothermal field simulations that just a few years ago could only be executed on mainframe computers and high-end workstations.

Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is conducting a program to monitor the waste water from PNL-operated research and development facilities on the Hanford Site. The purpose of the program is to collect data to assess administrative controls and to determine whether discharges to the process sewer meet sewer criteria. Samples have been collected on a regular basis from the major PNL facilities on the Hanford Site since March 1994. A broad range of analyses has been performed to determine the primary constituents in the liquid effluent. The sampling program is briefly summarized in the paper. Continuous monitoring of pH, conductivity, and flow also provides data on the liquid effluent streams. In addition to sampling and monitoring, the program is evaluating the dynamics of the waste stream with dye studies and is evaluating the use of newer technologies for potential deployment in future sampling/monitoring efforts. Information collected to date has been valuable in determining sources of constituents that may be higher than the Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) for the Treated Effluent Disposal Facility (TEDF). This facility treats the waste streams before discharge to the Columbia River.

New low-impedance vacuum chambers were installed in the SLC damping rings for the 1994 run after finding a single bunch instability with the old chamber. Although the threshold is lower with the new vacuum chamber, the instability is less severe, and we are now routinely operating at intensities of 4.5 {times} 10{sup 10} particles per bunch (ppb) compared to 3 {times} 10{sup 10} ppb in 1993. The vacuum chamber upgrade is described, and measurements of the bunch length, energy spread, and frequency and time domain signatures of the instability are presented.

Radioisotope yields from 1.85-GeV proton interactions in a natural isotopic composition Mo target and those from 1.85- and 5.0-GeV protons in natural Te targets were measured at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory`s Bevatron. The radioisotope yields were determined by {gamma}-counting the targets using a 100-cm{sup 3} coaxial Ge detector following the irradiations. Cross sections were determined for the production of 31 radioactive nuclides, ranging from Z = 35, A = 74, to Z = 43, A = 97, from the Mo target and for 47 radioactive nuclides, ranging from Z = 35, A = 75, to Z = 53, A = 130 from the Te targets.

In this report, the use of Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to analyze mixed waste samples containing Sr is discussed. The mixed waste samples investigated include vitrified waste glass and contaminated soil. Compared to traditional analysis techniques, the laser-based method is fast (i.e., analysis times on the order of minutes) and essentially waste free since little or no sample preparation is required. Detection limits on the order of pmm Sr were determined. Detection limits obtained using a fiber optic cable to deliver laser pulses to soil samples containing Cr, Zr, Pb, Be, Cu, and Ni will also be discussed.

We derive a set of moment equations which incorporates linear quadrupolar focusing and space-charge defocusing, in the presence of rotational misalignments of the quadrupoles about the direction of beam propagation. Although the usual beam emittance measured relative to fixed transverse x and y coordinate axes is not constant, a conserved emittance-like quantity has been found. Implications for alignment tolerances in accelerators for heavy-ion inertial fusion are discussed.

The Mexico City Air Quality Research Initiative has developed a methodology to assist decision makers in determining optimum pollution control strategies for atmospheric pollutants. The methodology introduces both objective and subjective factors in the comparison of various strategies for improving air quality. Strategies or group of options are first selected using linear programming. These strategies are then compared using Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis. The decision tree for the Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis was generated by a panel of experts representing the organizations in Mexico that are responsible for formulating policy on air quality improvement. Three sample strategies were analyzed using the methodology: one to reduce ozone by 33% using the most cost effective group of options, the second to reduce ozone by 43% using the most cost effective group of options and the third to reduce ozone by 43% emphasizing the reduction of emissions from industrial sources. Of the three strategies, the analysis indicated that strategy 2 would be the preferred strategy for improving air quality in Mexico City.

A set of thermal analyses has been conducted to conservatively predict the heat transfer of a graphite crucible. The study used conjugate heat transfer to determine the cooling characteristics of a graphite crucible. Natural convection and conduction through the casting charge and the graphite crucible are examined. All of the analyses were conducted in non-dimensional form up to a Rayleigh number of 1 x 10{sup 8}. The parametric study examined the effect of increasing the internal heat generation of the casting charge. Data derived from an empirical estimate are compared to the FIDAP simulations. The two models are found to have good correlation.

This investigation addresses the combustion-related aspects of the reapplication of energetic materials as fuels in boilers as an economically viable and environmentally acceptable use of excess energetic materials. The economics of this approach indicate that the revenues from power generation and chemical recovery approximately equal the costs of boiler modification and changes in operation. The primary tradeoff is the cost of desensitizing the fuels against the cost of open burn/open detonation (OB/OD) or other disposal techniques. Two principal combustion-related obstacles to the use of energetic-material-derived fuels are NO{sub x} generation and the behavior of metals. NO{sub x} measurements obtained in this investigation indicate that the nitrated components (nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, etc.) of energetic materials decompose with NO{sub x} as the primary product. This can lead to high uncontrolled NO{sub x} levels (as high as 2600 ppM on a 3% O{sub 2} basis for a 5% blend of energetic material in the fuel). NO{sub x} levels are sensitive to local stoichiometry and temperature. The observed trends resemble those common during the combustion of other nitrogen containing fuels. Implications for NO{sub x} control strategies are discussed. The behavior of inorganic components in energetic materials tested in this investigation could lead to boiler maintenance …

A finite element formulation which derives constitutive response from crystal plasticity theory is used to examine localized deformation in fcc polycrystals. The polycrystals are simple, idealized arrangements of grains. Localized deformations within individual grains lead to the development of domains that are separated by boundaries of high misorientation. Shear banding is seen to occur on a microscopic scale of grain dimensions. The important consequences of these simulations are that the predicted local inhomogeneities are meeting various requirements which make them possible nucleation sites for recrystallization.

Hydrologic investigations on depleted uranium fate and transport associated with dynamic testing activities were instituted in the 1980`s at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Eglin Air Force Base. At Los Alamos, extensive field watershed investigations of soil, sediment, and especially runoff water were conducted. Eglin conducted field investigations and runoff studies similar to those at Los Alamos at former and active test ranges. Laboratory experiments complemented the field investigations at both installations. Mass balance calculations were performed to quantify the mass of expended uranium which had transported away from firing sites. At Los Alamos, it is estimated that more than 90 percent of the uranium still remains in close proximity to firing sites, which has been corroborated by independent calculations. At Eglin, we estimate that 90 to 95 percent of the uranium remains at test ranges. These data demonstrate that uranium moves slowly via surface water, in both semi-arid (Los Alamos) and humid (Eglin) environments.

Bookhaven, an Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) is now operational. This source is being used as a test bed to answer questions relevant to the eventual design of an EBIS-based heavy ion injector for RHIC. Such a source can easily produce ions such as Au{sup 43+} but the challenge lies in reaching intensities of interest for RHIC (3 {times} 10{sup 9} particles/pulse). The source studies are planned to address issues such as scaling of the electron beam to 10 A, possible onset (and control) of instabilities, ion injection, and parametric studies of output emittance.

Accurate finite-element simulation of 3-D nonlinear heat transfer in complex systems may require meshes composed of tens of thousands of finite elements and hours of CPU time on today`s fastest computers. To treat applications in which thousands of calculations may be necessary such as for risk assessment or design of high-temperature manufacturing processes, methods are needed which can solve these problems far more efficiently and maintain an acceptably high degree of accuracy. For this purpose, we developed the Thermal Evaluation and Matching Program for Risk Applications (TEMPRA). The primary differentiator between TEMPRA and comparable codes is its numerical formulation, which is designed to be unconditionally stable even with very large time steps, to afford good accuracy even with relatively coarse meshing, and to facilitate benchmarking/calibration through the use of adjustable parameters. Analysis for a sample problem shows that TEMPRA can obtain temperature response solutions with errors of less than 10% using approximately 1/1000 of the computer time required by a typical finite element code.

In this paper, the authors present a method for computing growth rates and frequency shifts of a beam containing multiple non-rigid bunches. With this approach, they calculate non-rigid multibunch effects which can impact phenomena which are traditionally treated as single-bunch effects, such as the transverse mode-coupling instability. This approach is important for high current storage rings such as PEP-II at SLAC (the B-Factory) which have very strong interbunch forces. Typical calculations treat multibunch and single bunch effects separately, and thus eliminate important interactions between the two. To illustrate the technique, the authors calculate growth rates and frequency shifts using PEP-II as an example.

Demolishing outdated structures from the US Department of Energy Hanford Site in Washington, generates large quantities of waste which can be minimized. The Hanford cleanup is one of the world`s largest and most complex environmental restoration efforts. Approximately 280 square miles of ground water and soil are contaminated; there are more than 80 surplus facilities, including nine shut-down nuclear reactors in various stages of decay; and there are 177 underground waste storage tanks containing highly radioactive waste. In all, 1,500 cleanup sites have been identified and the Environmental Restoration Contractor (ERC) is currently responsible for surveillance and maintenance of 170 structures. A two hour orientation training in pollution prevention was developed by the Westinghouse Hanford Company to provide all Decontamination and Decommissioning/Environmental Restoration (D&D/ER) personnel with the knowledge to apply waste minimization principles during their cleanup activities. The ERC Team Pollution Prevention Workshop serves to communicate pollution prevention philosophies and influences the way D&D/ER projects are conducted at the Hanford Site.

The Fermilab Main Injector (FMI) is a high intensity proton synchrotron which will be used to accelerate protons and antiprotons from 8.9 GeV/c to 150 GeV/c. The natural chromaticities of the machine for the horizontal and the vertical Planes are {minus}33.6 and {minus}33.9 respectively. The {Delta}p/p of the beam at injection is about 0.002. The chromaticity requirements of the FMI, are primarily decided by the {Delta}p/p = 0.002 of the beam at injection. This limits the final chromaticity of the FMI to be {plus_minus}5 units. To correct the chromaticity in the FMI two families of sextupole magnets will be installed in the lattice, one for each plane. A sextupole magnet suitable for the FMI needs has been designed and a number of them are being built. New chromaticity compensation schemes have been worked out in the light of recently proposed faster acceleration ramps. On an R/D sextupole magnet the low current measurements have been carried out to determine the electrical properties. Also, using a Morgan coil, measurements have been performed to determine the higher ordered multipole components up to 18-poles. An overview of these result are presented here.