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Detailed examination of computed particle trajectories has revealed a complexity and disorder that is of increasing interest to accelerator specialists. To introduce this topic, the author would like you to consider for a moment the analysis of synchrotron oscillations for a particle in a coasting beam, regarded as a problem in one degree of freedom. A simple analysis replaces the electric field of the RF-v cavity system by a traveling wave, having the speed of a synchronous reference particle, and leads to a pair of differential equations of the form dy/dn = -K sin {pi}x, (1A) where y measures the fractional departure of energy from the reference value {pi}x measures the electrical phase angle at which the particle traverses the cavity, and K is proportional to the cavity voltage; and dx/dn = {lambda}{prime}y, (1b) in which {lambda}{prime} is proportional to the change of revolution period with respect to particle energy. It will be recognized that these equations can be derived from a Hamiltonian function H = (1/2){lambda}{prime}y{sup 2}-(K/{pi})cos {pi}x. (2) Because this Hamiltonian function does not contain the independent variable explicitly, it will constitute a constant of the motion and possible trajectories in the x,y phase space will be just …

The need for improved spatial resolution in nuclear medicine has long been recognized. Notable attempts to achieve this goal are the gas-filled wire chambers and solid-state detectors. (1) However, at energies above 100 keV, gas-filled chambers suffer from poor detection efficiency and a long recoil electron range in the gas. While it is advantageous to pressurize these chambers to 10 or more atmospheres, structural design of the thin window presents a formidable task. High-resolution optimal collimators do not appear to have sufficient strength to be used as a pressure support window. Solid-state detectors, while having the potential of a gamma camera with a superb energy resolution, are presently studied on a very small scale due to technological and cost limitations. Aside from the detector, the parallel-hole collimator presents a real limit to the resolution of the camera. A factor of two improvement in the resolution results in a factor of four loss in the collimator's transmission. A careful analysis of optimal collimators and the application of collimators designed for a specific depth range and resoluation are part of our overall program. Our goal has been the development of a liquid-xenon multiwire gamma camera with 2- to 3-mm spatial resolution, high …

Cold trap requirements for the Primary Heat Transfer System (PHTS) and the Intermediate Heat Transfer System (IHTS) are defined. The bases for these requirements are (1) maintaining concentrations of oxygen and hydrogen within given limits, (2) controlling the transport of tritium by coprecipitating it in cold traps together with hydrogen, and (3) providing the necessary volume capacity for collecting impurities. It is concluded that the 60 gpm, FFTF Type I, NaK cooled, cold trap will satisfy the PHTS requirements. For each of the IHTS loops a single, 60 gpm, cold trap is required; and an aircooled trap similar to the FFTF Type I design except for a 3-foot longer crystallizer section has been chosen for this service.

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The environmental effects of this conceptual design were evaluated and found to be little different from other electrical power plants in most regards. Exceptions include a very small release of tritium, a low-hazard isotope, and relatively large amounts of radioactive material which must be either stored on site for eventual reprocessing or permanently discarded. These radioactive materials are nonvolatile and should not pose a difficult disposal problem, although some of the material may remain radioactive for hundreds of years. Natural resources required to build and operate the reference plant are not excessive except perhaps in the case of niobium and beryllium. The accident, sabotage, etc., problems of the plant are very minimal and although accidents can be postulated which would be inconvenient and costly within the plant, the probability of sizable impact on the surroundings is so as to be incredible.

Aspects of an inertial-confinement, fusion reactor that uses an energy release {approx gt}10{sup 11} joules are discussed. The large energy release makes possible direct conversion of the fusion neutrons' energy after nuclear heating of an evaporated blanket to the plasma state. Surface damage by charged particles is avoided and structural damage by neutrons is alleviated. Complex fuel assemblies and other expandable parts may be used as a result of the high monetary value of the energy release.

A method for measuring the rate of leaching of /sup 137/Cs from cement grouts was investigated as an alternate to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) method which requires long experimental times. The effects of curing time (10, 20, and 30 days) and the type of leachant (tap and saline water) on the amount of /sup 137/Cs leached were studied. Mathematical models for mass transport phenomena for both finite cylindrical geometry and a semi-infinite medium were developed to analyze the data. It was found that the models for diffusion of /sup 137/Cs with depletion of the species due to curing provided the best correlation of the data. The proposed method was found to give values of the mass transport coefficients within a factor of 2 to 10 of the IAEA test results. Diffusion coefficients were found to be in the range of 10/sup -9/ to 10/sup -11/ cm/sup 2//sec and depletion rate constants in the range of 10/sup -6/ to 10/sup -8/ sec/sup -1/.

The purpose of this study was threefold: To examine a large body of in-reactor data for UO{sub 2} pellet fuel where internal temperatures have been measured, and to estimate fuel surface temperature, cladding inner temperature, and thus gap conductance under a consistent set of assumptions. To estimate the variance (due to experimental uncertainties) in the inferred gap conductance values. To attempt a correlation of the gap conductance values with design parameters and operating conditions (e.g., with cold diametral gap and local linear power).

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