We report the first experimental observation of non-classical morphological equilibration of a corrugated crystalline surface. Periodic rippled structures with wavelengths of 290-550 nm were made on Si(OO1) by sputter rippling and then annealed at 650 - 750 °C. In contrast to the classical exponential decay with time, the ripple amplitude, A_{lambda}(t), followed an inverse linear decay, A_{lambda}(t)= A_{lambda}(0)/(1 +k_{lambda}t), agreeing with a prediction of Ozdemir and Zangwill. We measure the activation energy for surface relaxation to be 1.6±0.2 eV, consistent with an interpretation that dimers mediate transport.

500 cfm portable exhausters will be utilized on single shell tanks involved in saltwell pumping. This will be done, in part, to remove flammable gases from the tank vapor space. The exhaust filter train, fan, stack, and associated instrumentation and equipment are mounted on a portable skid. The design analysis and basis for the skid system design are documented in reference 1. A pumped drainage collection system is being added to the existing portable exhausters. Additional equipment and instrumentation are also being added to the exhausters, including a vacuum pump cabinet and a generic effluent monitoring system (GEMS). The GEMS will provide sampling and monitoring capabilities. The purpose of this analysis is three fold. First, to determine the maximum saltwell tank vapor space temperature. Second, to determine an allowable exhauster inlet air temperature increase to ensure the humidity is less than 70%. Third, to assess potential adverse temperature effects to the continuous air monitor (CAM) sample head. The results of this analysis will be used to ensure that air stream temperatures in the portable exhausters are increased sufficiently to prevent condensation from forming on either the pre or HEPA filters without adversely effecting the CAM.

The objective of this project management plan is to define the tasks and deliverables that will support the treatment, storage, and disposal of remote-handled and large container contact-handled low-level mixed waste, and the storage of Greater-thaw category 3 waste. The plan is submitted to fulfill the requirements of the Hanford Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order Milestone M-91-10, The plan was developed in four steps: (1) the volumes of the applicable waste streams and the physical, dangerous, and radioactive characteristics were established using existing databases and forecasts; (2) required treatment was identified for each waste stream based on land disposal restriction treatment standards and waste characterization data; (3) alternatives for providing the required treatment were evaluated and the preferred options were selected; (4) an acquisition plan was developed to establish the technical, schedule, and cost baselines for providing the required treatment capabilities. The major waste streams are tabulated, along with the required treatment for disposal.

We describe a new kind of stellar radial velocimeter based on the series combination of a wide angle Michelson interferometer and a disperser, and which we call a fringing spectrometer. The simplest instrument response of the interferometer produces smaller instrumental noise, and the low resolution requirements of the disperser allows high efficiency and creates an etendue capability which is two orders of magnitude larger than current radial velocimeters. The instrument is compact, inexpensive and portable. Benchtop tests of an open-air prototype shows the short term instrumental noise to be less than 0.76 m/s. A preliminary zero point drift of 4 m/s is already competitive with traditional instruments, in spite of the lack of obvious environmental controls and a known interferometer cavity length drift. We are currently installing cavity stabilization and other improvements that will lead to testing on starlight.

Tritium used in explosives experiments and buried in unlined landfills at a remote Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) site has resulted in three ground water tritium plumes. Using an innovative approach, we determined that despite ground water tritium activities of up to 1.5 million picoCuries per liter (pCi/L) in some locations, natural attenuation processes are significantly limiting the migration of tritium to environmental receptors. We used soil vapor and moisture tritium activity measurements to calculate the source inventory of tritium in the vadose zone. We determined the 12 year annual inventory of tritium in ground water, using objective tritium activity contours and the highly variable saturated thickness of the aquifer. Our analysis indicates that despite seasonal slug releases of tritium, the two plumes emanating from two landfills are stable, with the 1,000 and 20,000 pCi/L contours essentially fixed in space. The third plume emanates continuously from an explosives testing platform; the 1,000 pCi/L contour is translating slightly, but the 20,000 pCi/L contour is retreating upgradient towards the source. Additionally, the long-term trend in total tritium activity for each plume is decreasing. Three processes account for the attenuation of tritium observed: 1) radioactive decay, 2) hydrodynamic dispersion, and 3) dwindling tritium …

The primary objective of this project was to evaluate a novel bifunctional anion exchange resin for the cost-effective, in situ treatment of groundwater contaminated with perchlorate (ClO{sub 4}{sup -}). Both laboratory and field studies were performed to determine the selectivity and capacity of the bifunctional synthetic resins to sorb ClO{sub 4}{sup -} from simulated or actual contaminated groundwater. A number of synthetic bifunctional resins, including two commercial versions made by Purolite International and three commercially available, mono-functional resins, were tested. Initial laboratory batch and column breakthrough studies determined the best synthetic resins and the optimal conditions for the field experiment. Laboratory results indicated that the bifunctional synthetic resins, D-3696 and RO-02-119 were highly selective toward ClO{sub 4}{sup -} and performed {approx}5 times better than the best commercial nitrate resin (Purolite{reg_sign} A-520E) and more than an order of magnitude better than some nonselective commercial resins (e.g. Amberlite{reg_sign} IRA-900). The bifunctional resins were particularly effective in removing trace quantities of ClO{sub 4}{sup -} in groundwater to below the detection limit ({approx} 3 {micro}g/L). A field trial demonstrated that the bifunctional resin (D-3696) was able to treat {approx} 110,000 bed volumes of groundwater before a 10% breakthrough of ClO{sub 4}{sup -} occurred under …

ENRAF 854 ATG level detectors are normally used for measuring and tracking waste levels in the Hanford waste tanks. Since instrument technicians and operators are familiar with these gauges, it has been suggested that ENRAF 854's be used to alleviate problems with the existing annulus leak detector devices. The purpose of this test is to determine the following: (1) The liquid level at which the gauge will report a change in level, given the displacer initially resting on the bottom of a container; and (2) Whether the high alarm level can be set at 0.25 inch above the bottom of the container. This test and its results will be applicable to ENRAF 854 ATG level detectors used as annulus leak detectors.

Shear bands and faults are ubiquitous features of brittle rock deformation at a variety of length scales. Despite the prevalence of these features, understandhg of their inception remains rudimentary. Laboratory experiments suggest a casual association of localization of deformation (faulting) with peak stress, but more detailed examination reveals that localization can precede or follow the peak. Rudnicki and Rice (1975, hereafter abbreviated as RR) have suggested a the- ory of the inception of localization as a bifurcation or nonuniqueness of the so- lution for homogeneous deformation. They predict a strong dependence of local- ization on deformation state. In particular, they predict that localization can occur prepeak for deformation states near deviatoric pure shear and does not occur until well after peak for axisymmetric compression. This prediction is roughly in ac- cord with the true triaxial experiments of Mogi (1967, 1971). More recently, Ord et al. (1991) and Wwersik et al. (1991) have reported observations of localization prior to peak stress in plane strain experiments. The predictions of RR depend strongly on the constitutive properties of the rock and detailed comparison has been impeded by inadequate knowledge of those properties. Even the idealized constitutive model used by RR requires knowledge of …

Historically, more than 90% of the excess agricultural residue produced in California (approximately 10 million dry metric tons per year) has been disposed through open-field burning. Concerns about air quality have prompted federal, state, and local air quality agencies to tighten regulations related to this burning and to look at disposal alternatives. One use of this biomass is as an oxygenated fuel. This report focuses on quantifying and comparing the comprehensive environmental flows over the life cycles of two disposal scenarios: (1) burning the biomass, plus producing and using MTBE; and (2) converting and using ETBE.

Southern California's Coachella Valley became a Clean Cities region in 1996. Since then, they've made great strides. SunLine Transit, the regional public transit provider, was the first transit provider to replace its entire fleet with compressed natural gas buses. They've also built the foundation for a nationally recognized model in the clean air movement, by partnering with Southern California Gas Company to install a refueling station and developing a curriculum for AFV maintenance with the College of the Desert. Today the valley is home to more than 275 AFVs and 15 refueling stations.

This coalition was the culmination a two-year joint effort by Long Island Lighting Company and the Long Island Regional Planning Board. The group's first alternative fuel project was a single fill compressed natural gas station and a converted Chevrolet Caprice. Since then, the coalition has made steady progress in the alternative fuel and alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) market. They have over 400 AFVs and 21 fueling stations in their operating area. Thanks to strong partnerships with local public and private organizations, they've also passed some of the most progressive state tax incentive legislation for AFVs in the country.

Always going beyond expectations, the Greater Philadelphia Clean Cities Program provides its stakeholders with excellent resources to implement alternative fuel projects. They are known as one of the most successful coalitions in the Clean Cities Program, and are a member-funded organization comprised of large government organizations, utilities, and non-profit groups in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The coalition aggressively promotes alternative fuel vehicle acquisitions; their public outreach efforts target all stakeholders and provide numerous resources to advance the alternative fuel choice.

Since its designation as a national Clean City in 1994, Salt Lake Clean Cities has put more than 2,600 alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) on community streets. The 82 business, nonprofit, and government agencies that comprise the coalition are all dedicated to cleaning the air by reducing vehicle exhaust. Salt Lake Clean Cities has the third largest compressed natural gas and propane-refueling infrastructure in the country, with 98 locations available. They sponsor an annual ''Spring Soiree'' to increase public awareness about the program and educate the public about the benefits of alternative fuel and AFVs.

At the present time, general circulation models (GCMs) poorly represent clouds, to the extent that they cannot be relied upon to simulate the climatic effects of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, or of anthropogenic perturbations to concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or ice nuclei (IN). The long-term objective of this research was the development of an aerosol/cloud microphysics parameterization of mixed-phase stratus and boundary-layer clouds which responds to variations in CCN and IN. The work plan was to perform simulations of these cloud systems to gain understanding of their dynamics and microphysics, especially how aerosols affect cloud development and properties, that cold then be used to guide parameterizations. Several versions of the CSU RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System), modified to treat Arctic clouds, have been used during the course of this work. The authors also developed a new modeling system, the Trajectory Ensemble Model, to perform detailed chemical and microphysical simulations off-line from the host LES model. The increased understanding of the cloud systems investigated in this research can be applied to a single-column cloud model, designed as an adaptive grid model which can interface into a GCM vertical grid through distinct layers of the troposphere where the presence …

This talk presents an introduction to the use of dispersion relations to constrain the shapes of hadronic form factors consistent with QCD. The applications described include methods for studying the strange quark mass,and the pion charge ratio.

The Cooler Synchrotrons and storage ring COSY at the Forschungszentrum Juelich accelerates protons to momenta between 600 MeV/c and 3300 MeV/c [2]. At present the beam is used at four internal and three external target places. In addition, a polarized beam can be produced and accelerated at COSY. A colliding beams source, developed by a collaboration of the universities of Bonn, Erlangen, and Cologne is in operation [3]. The polarized H{sup {minus}} beam delivered by this source is pre-accelerated in a cyclotron to 295 MeV/c and injected via stripping injection into the COSY ring. The polarization of the circulating proton beam in COSY is measured continuously during acceleration with the internal EDDA detector [4]. In this paper the methods to overcome depolarizing resonances in COSY are discussed and the progress to preserve polarization during acceleration is presented.

Structured conversation diagrams, or conversation specifications, allow agents to have predictable interactions and achieve predefined information-based goals, but they lack the flexibility needed to function robustly in an unpredictable environment. We propose a mechanism that combines a typical conversation structure with a separately established policy to generate an actual conversation. The word "policy" connotes a high-level direction external to a specific planned interaction with the environment. Policies, which describe acceptable procedures and influence decisions, can be applied to broad sets of activity. Based on their observation of issues related to a policy, agents may dynamically adjust their communication patterns. The policy object describes limitations, constraints, and requirements that may affect the conversation in certain circumstances. Using this new mechanism of interaction simplifies the description of individual conversations and allows domain-specific issues to be brought to bear more easily during agent communication. By following the behavior of the conversation specification when possible and deferring to the policy to derive behavior in exceptional circumstances, an agent is able to function predictably under normal situations and still act rationally in abnormal situations. Different conversation policies applied to a given conversation specification can change the nature of the interaction without changing the specification.

It is the policy of Special Analytical Support (SAS) that the analytical aspects of all environmental data generated and processed in the laboratory, subject to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Department of Energy or other project specific requirements, be of known and acceptable quality. It is the intention of this QAPP to establish and assure that an effective quality controlled management system is maintained in order to meet the quality requirements of the intended use(s) of the data.

A code, SPINK, to track polarized particles in a circular accelerator, in particular RHIC [1], is been used to: find conditions for safely crossing depolarizing resonances, using Siberian Snakes; find the best conditions to match the spin of the injected beam to the ring lattice; study the operation of Spin Rotators and study the beam-beam effects in a polarized proton collider.

This issue of PV Working with Industry profiles the participants in the Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology (PVMaT) project.

The purpose of this test is to provide an initial screening of combustible gas concentrations in catch tanks that currently are operated by Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS). The data will be used to determine whether or not additional data will be needed for closure of the flammable gas unreviewed safety question for these facilities. This test will involve field measurements of ammonia, organic vapor, and total combustible gas levels in the headspace of the catch tanks. If combustible gas level in a tank exceeds an established threshold, gas samples will be collected in SUMMA canisters for more extensive laboratory analysis. In addition, ventilation rates of some catch tanks will be measured to evaluate removal of flammable gas by air flow through the tanks.

What's in store for alternative Fuels and advanced technology vehicles in the new millennium? The Clean Cities Coalitions now operate more than 240,000 alternative fuel vehicles in both public and private sectors and have access to more than 4,000 alternative refueling stations. DOE recently announced the selection of 15 proposals that will receive just under $1.7 million in financial assistance to help expand DOE's information dissemination and public outreach efforts for alternative fuels and advanced transportation technologies.

A stochastic approach to solving continuous function global optimization problems is presented. It builds on the tunneling approach to deterministic optimization presented by Barhen et al, by combining a series of local descents with stochastic searches. The method uses a rejection-based stochastic procedure to locate new local minima descent regions and a fixed Lipschitz-like constant to reject unpromising regions in the search space, thereby increasing the efficiency of the tunneling process. The algorithm is easily implemented in low-dimensional problems and scales easily to large problems. It is less effective without further heuristics in these latter cases, however. Several improvements to the basic algorithm which make use of approximate estimates of the algorithms parameters for implementation in high-dimensional problems are also discussed. Benchmark results are presented, which show that the algorithm is competitive with the best previously reported global optimization techniques. A successful application of the approach to a large-scale seismology problem of substantial computational complexity using a low-dimensional approximation scheme is also reported.

Fully reversed, load-controlled uniaxial push-pull fatigue tests at room temperature have been performed in air and in mercury on specimens of type 316LN stainless steel. The results indicate a significant influence of mercury on fatigue properties. Compared to specimens tested in air, specimens tested in mercury had reproducibly shorter fatigue lives (by a factor of 2-3), and fracture faces exhibiting intergranular cracking. Preliminary indications are that crack initiation in each environment is similar, but mercury significantly accelerates crack propagation.