Thin-film characterization and flaw detection. Final report, February 1, 1993--November 31, 1997 (open access)

Thin-film characterization and flaw detection. Final report, February 1, 1993--November 31, 1997

The objectives were to determine the elastic constants of thin films deposited on substrates, to measure residual stress and to detect and characterize defects in thin film substrate configurations. There are many present and potential applications of configurations consisting of a thin film deposited on a substrate. Thin films that are deposited to improve the hardness and/or the thermal properties of surfaces were of principal interest in this work. Thin film technology does, however, also include high {Tc} superconductor films, films for magnetic recording, superlattices and films for band-gap engineering and quantum devices. The studies that were carried out on this project also have relevance to these applications. Both the film and the substrate are generally anisotropic. A line-focus acoustic microscope has been used to measure the speed of surface acoustic waves (SAW) in the thin film/substrate system. This microscope has unique advantages for measurements in anisotropic media. Analytical and numerical techniques have been employed to extract the desired information on the thin film from the measured SAW data. Results include: (1) analytical and numerical techniques for the direct problem and for inverse methods; (2) measurements of homogeneous and superlattice film constants; (3) investigation of the effect of surface roughness …
Date: February 25, 1998
Creator: Achenbach, J. D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Rural electrification: Waste biomass Russian northern territories. Final report (open access)

Rural electrification: Waste biomass Russian northern territories. Final report

The primary objective of this pre-feasibility evaluation is to examine the economic and technical feasibility of replacing distillate fuel with local waste biomass in the village of Verkhni-Ozerski, Arkhangelsk Region, Russia. This village is evaluated as a pilot location representing the off-grid villages in the Russian Northern Territories. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has agreed to provide technical assistance to the Ministry of Fuel and Energy (MFE). MFE has identified the Northern Territories as a priority area requiring NREL`s assistance. The program initially affects about 900 off-grid villages. Biomass and wind energy, and to a lesser extent small hydro (depending on resource availability) are expected to play the dominant role in the program, Geothermal energy may also have a role in the Russian Far East. The Arkhangelsk, Kariela, and Krasnoyarsk Regions, all in the Russian Northern Territories, have abundant forest resources and forest products industries, making them strong candidates for implementation of small-scale waste biomass-to-energy projects. The 900 or so villages included in the renewable energy program span nine administrative regions and autonomous republics. The regional authorities in the Northern Territories proposed these villages to MFE for consideration in the renewable energy program according to the following selection criteria: …
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Adamian, S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Feasibility Study of Dupoly to Recycle Depleted Uranium. (open access)

Feasibility Study of Dupoly to Recycle Depleted Uranium.

DUPoly, depleted uranium (DU) powder microencapsulated in a low-density polyethylene binder, has been demonstrated as an innovative and efficient recycle product, a very durable high density material with significant commercial appeal. DUPoly was successfully prepared using uranium tetrafluoride (UF{sub 4}) ''green salt'' obtained from Fluor Daniel-Fernald, a U.S. Department of Energy reprocessing facility near Cincinnati, Ohio. Samples containing up to 90 wt% UF{sub 4} were produced using a single screw plastics extruder, with sample densities of up to 3.97 {+-} 0.08 g/cm{sup 3} measured. Compressive strength of as-prepared samples (50-90 wt% UF4 ) ranged from 1682 {+-} 116 psi (11.6 {+-} 0.8 MPa) to 3145 {+-} 57 psi (21.7 {+-} 0.4 MPa). Water immersion testing for a period of 90 days produced no visible degradation of the samples. Leach rates were low, ranging from 0.02 % (2.74 x 10{sup {minus}6} gm/gm/d) for 50 wt% UF{sub 4} samples to 0.72 % (7.98 x 10{sup {minus}5} gm/gm/d) for 90 wt% samples. Sample strength was not compromised by water immersion. DUPoly samples containing uranium trioxide (UO{sub 3}), a DU reprocessing byproduct material stockpiled at the Savannah River Site, were gamma irradiated to 1 x 10{sup 9} rad with no visible deterioration. Compressive strength …
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Adams, J. W.; Lageraaen, P. R.; Kalb, P. D. & Rutenkroger, S. P.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant biological monitoring and abatement program (BMAP) plan (open access)

Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant biological monitoring and abatement program (BMAP) plan

The proposed Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) for East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, as described, will be conducted for the duration of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit issued for the Y-12 Plant on April 28, 1995, and which became effective July 1, 1995. The basic approach to biological monitoring used in this program was developed by the staff in the Environmental Sciences Division at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at the request of Y-12 Plant personnel. The proposed BMAP plan is based on results of biological monitoring conducted since 1985. Details of the specific procedures used in the current routine monitoring program are provided, but experimental designs for future studies are described in less detail. The overall strategy used in developing this plan was, and continues to be, to use the results obtained from each task to define the scope of future monitoring efforts. Such efforts may require more intensive sampling than initially proposed in some areas or a reduction in sampling intensity in others. By using the results of previous monitoring efforts to define the current program and to guide them in the development of future studies, an effective integrated …
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Adams, S.M.; Brandt, C.C. & Cicerone, D.S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Scaling behavior in interference lithography (open access)

Scaling behavior in interference lithography

Interference lithography is an emerging, technology that provides a means for achieving high resolution over large exposure areas (approximately 1 m{sup 2}) with virtually unlimited depth of field. One- and two-dimensional arrays of deep submicron structures can be created using near i-line wavelengths and standard resist processing. In this paper, we report on recent advances in the development of this technology, focusing, in particular, on how exposure latitude and resist profile scale with interference period We present structure width vs dose curves for periods ranging from 200 nm to 1 um, demonstrating that deep submicron structures can be generated with exposure latitudes exceeding 30%. Our experimental results are compared to simulations based on PROLITIV2.
Date: February 27, 1998
Creator: Agayan, R.R.; Banyai, W.C. & Fernandez, A.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Nanoscale investigation of polarization retention loss in ferroelectric thin films via scanning force microscopy. (open access)

Nanoscale investigation of polarization retention loss in ferroelectric thin films via scanning force microscopy.

Scanning force microscopy (SFM) was applied to direct nanoscale investigation of the mechanism of retention loss in ferroelectric thin films. Experiments were conducted by performing local polarization reversal within an individual grain with subsequent imaging of a resulting domain structure at various time intervals. A conductive SFM tip was used for domain switching and imaging in the SFM piezoresponse mode.
Date: February 12, 1998
Creator: Aggarwal, S.; Auciello, O.; Gruverman, A.; Prakash, S. A.; Ramesh, R. & Tokumoto, H.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Modeling macroscopic response of random composites (open access)

Modeling macroscopic response of random composites

Preliminary work is presented on an effort to generate synthetic constitutive data for random composite materials. The long-ranged goal is to use the overall response determined from finite element simulations of representative volumes (RV) of the heterogeneous material to construct a homogenized constitutive model. A simple composite of a matrix containing polydispersed spheres was chosen as the first configuration to simulate. Here the accuracy of the numerical simulation tools is tested by determining effective elastic constants of the ordered elastic composite in which equal-sized spheres are arranged in each of three cubic lattice configurations. The resulting anisotropic effective elastic constant values agree with theoretical results to better than 10%, with typical agreement being better than 4%.
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Aidun, J. B.; Rintoul, M. D. & Lo, D. C. S.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Sputter deposited beryllium fuel capsules for NIF (open access)

Sputter deposited beryllium fuel capsules for NIF

The objective of our effort is to systematically study the properties of films produced under different conditions, with an emphasis on improving surface morphology and microstructure while studying permeability and capsule strength. We have made extensive use of atomic force and electron microscopy to determine the microstructure of the films, along with composition probes (mainly x-ray fluorescence) to quantify the chemical structure. Our studies can be roughly divided into three categories. First, there are those in which the effects of substrate biasing have been investigated. This includes varying the substrate voltage from 0 to 120 V and applying an intermittent bias. Next there are studies of Be combined with boron, a non-soluble dopant Because of it`s low Z this dopant is of particular interest for x-ray related applications. Finally, there are experiments in which pulses of nitrogen are admitted to the vacuum chamber during deposition. The layers of nitride formed tended to disrupt the growth of Be grains, leading to a more fine-grained microstructure. For all these studies, we have most often used hollow plastic spheres for our substrate material. However, there have been some samples deposited on glass spheres or silicon flats.
Date: February 12, 1998
Creator: Alford, C.S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Development of InAsSb-based light emitting diodes for chemical sensing systems (open access)

Development of InAsSb-based light emitting diodes for chemical sensing systems

Mid-infrared (3--6 {micro}m) LED`s are being developed for use in chemical sensor systems. As rich, InAsSb heterostructures are particularly suited for optical emitters in the mid-infrared region. The authors are investigating both InAsSb-InAs multiple quantum well (MQW) and InAsSb-InAsP strained layer superlattice (SLS) structures for use as the active region for light emitting diodes (LED`s). The addition of phosphorus to the InAs barriers increases the light and heavy hole splitting and hence reduces non-radiative Auger recombination and provides for better electron and hole confinement in the InAsSb quantum well. Low temperature (< 20 K) photoluminescence (PL) emission from MQW structures is observed between 3.2 to 6.0 {micro}m for InAsSb wells between 70 to 100 {angstrom} and antimony mole fractions between 0.04 to 0.18. Room temperature PL has been observed to 6.4 {micro}m in MQW structures. The additional confinement by InAsP barriers results in low temperature PL being observed over a narrower range (3.2 to 5.0 {micro}m) for the similar well thicknesses with antimony mole fractions between 0.10 to 0.24. Room temperature photoluminescence was observed to 5.8 {micro}m in SLS structures. The addition of a p-AlAsSb layer between the n-type active region (MQW or SLS) and a p-GaAsSb contact layer improves …
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Allerman, A. A.; Kurtz, S. R.; Biefeld, R. M.; Baucom, K. C. & Burkhatt, J. H.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Clean Slate 2 Revegetation and Monitoring Plan (open access)

Clean Slate 2 Revegetation and Monitoring Plan

This document is a reclamation plan for short-term and long-term stabilization of land disturbed by activities associated with interim clean-up of radionuclide-contaminated surface soil at Clean Slate 2 located northwest of the Nevada Test Site on the Nellis Air Force Range. Surface soils at Clean Slate 2 were contaminated as a result of the detonation of a device containing plutonium and depleted uranium using chemical explosives. Excavation of contaminated soils at Clean Slate 2 will follow procedures similar to those used during the cleanup of the Double Tracks and Clean Slate 1 sites. A maximum of approximately 33 cm (12 in) of the surface soils will be excavated and removed from the site. Near ground zero, where contamination levels are highest, approximately 2 m (7 ft) of soil may be removed. The maximum area to be excavated is estimated to be 18.4 hectares (45.4) acres. In addition to the disturbance associated with soil excavation, approximately 2.0 hectares (5.0) acres will be disturbed by the construction of staging areas and placement of support facilities. Short term stabilization consists of an application of a chemical soil stabilizer and long-term stabilizations involves the establishment of a permanent vegetative cover using selective native plant …
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Anderson, David
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Boundary element method applied to a gas-fired pin-fin-enhanced heat pipe (open access)

Boundary element method applied to a gas-fired pin-fin-enhanced heat pipe

The thermal conduction of a portion of an enhanced surface heat exchanger for a gas fired heat pipe solar receiver was modeled using the boundary element and finite element methods (BEM and FEM) to determine the effect of weld fillet size on performance of a stud welded pin fin. A process that could be utilized by others for designing the surface mesh on an object of interest, performing a conversion from the mesh into the input format utilized by the BEM code, obtaining output on the surface of the object, and displaying visual results was developed. It was determined that the weld fillet on the pin fin significantly enhanced the heat performance, improving the operating margin of the heat exchanger. The performance of the BEM program on the pin fin was measured (as computational time) and used as a performance comparison with the FEM model. Given similar surface element densities, the BEM method took longer to get a solution than the FEM method. The FEM method creates a sparse matrix that scales in storage and computation as the number of nodes (N), whereas the BEM method scales as N{sup 2} in storage and N{sup 3} in computation.
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Andraka, C. E.; Knorovsky, G. A. & Drewien, C. A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Progress on the development of a three-dimensional capability for simulating large-scale complex geologic processes (open access)

Progress on the development of a three-dimensional capability for simulating large-scale complex geologic processes

Significant progress has been made in developing a three-dimensional capability for predicting the mechanical response of rock over spatial and time scales of geologic interest to the Oil and Gas industry. An Advanced Computational Technology Initiative (ACTI) initiated three years ago to achieve such a computational technology breakthrough has made significant progress towards its goal by adapting and improving the unique advanced quasistatic finite element technology developed by Sandia National Laboratories to the mechanics applications important to exploration and production (E and P). This capability now gives the industry a powerful tool to help reduce risk on prospects, improve pre-project initial reserve estimates, and lower operating costs. Progress to date on this program is reported herein by presenting and discussing the enhancements and adaptations that have been made to the technology, with specific examples to illustrate their use on large E and P geomechanics problems.
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Argueello, J. G.; Stone, C. M. & Fossum, A. F.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Use of time-resolved wave profile techniques for dynamic material property measurements -- Review and prospects for the future (open access)

Use of time-resolved wave profile techniques for dynamic material property measurements -- Review and prospects for the future

Shock wave techniques have become a standard tool for studying the high pressure dynamic response of materials. An important advance in this field is the development of techniques for making detailed measurements of the time-resolved wave structure in shock and release waves. These techniques began with the development of stress wave gauges in the early 1960s and have evolved into a variety of high-resolution techniques being used in present shock physics applications. This paper provides a brief review of the development and use of time-resolved interferometer techniques for studying the high pressure dynamic response of materials. Applications of these techniques include studies of the initial compressive yield response of materials, plastic viscosity occurring during shock compression, measurements of compressive and tensile yield strength after passage of strong shock waves, and measurements of the kinetic properties of phase transitions. Dynamic material properties obtained from these measurements are important in developing predictive material models important to Science Based Stockpile Stewardship and in validating the equation of state and constitutive response of material models being used in a variety of applications. Examples are given which illustrate the importance of these measurements in current weapon physics and in other non-weapon applications. Prospects for extending …
Date: February 1998
Creator: Asay, J. R.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Detonation front theories: Using high-resolution DNS to define extended asymptotic scalings and models (open access)

Detonation front theories: Using high-resolution DNS to define extended asymptotic scalings and models

When the detonation reaction-zone length, {eta}{sub r}, is short in comparison to the dimensions of the explosive piece being burnt, the detonation can be viewed as a propagating surface (or front) separating burnt from unburnt material. If the product of the shock curvature, {kappa} and {eta}{sub r} is small (i.e., the scaled shock curvature satisfies the {vert_bar}{kappa}{eta}{sub r}{vert_bar} {much_lt} 1), then to leading order the speed of this surface, D{sub n}({kappa}) is a function only of {kappa}. It is in this limit that the original version of the asymptotic detonation front theory, called detonation shock dynamics (DSD), derives the propagation law, D{sub n}({kappa}). In this lecture, the authors compare D{sub n}({kappa})-theory with the results obtained with high-resolution direct numerical simulations (DNS), and then use the DNS results to guide the development of extended asymptotic front theories with enhanced predictive capabilities.
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Aslam, T.D. & Bdzil, J.B.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Visible light photon counters (VLPCs) for high rate tracking medical imaging and particle astrophysics (open access)

Visible light photon counters (VLPCs) for high rate tracking medical imaging and particle astrophysics

This paper is on the operation principles of the Visible Light Photon Counters (VLPCs), application to high luminosity-high multiplicity tracking for High Energy Charged Particle Physics, and application to Medical Imaging and Particle Astrophysics. The VLPCs as Solid State Photomultipliers (SSPMS) with high quantum efficiency can detect down to single photons very efficiently with excellent time resolution and high avalanche gains.
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Atac, M.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Detection of cosmic ray tracks using scintillating fibers and position sensitive multi-anode photomultipliers (open access)

Detection of cosmic ray tracks using scintillating fibers and position sensitive multi-anode photomultipliers

This experiment demonstrates detection of cosmic ray tracks by using Scintillating fiber planes and multi-anode photomultipliers (MA-PMTs). In a laboratory like this, cosmic rays provide a natural source of high-energy charged particles which can be detected with high efficiency and with nanosecond time resolution.
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Atac, M.; Streets, J. & Wilcer, N.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Effect of Fluid Flow on Inclusion Coarsening in Low-Alloy Steel Welds (open access)

Effect of Fluid Flow on Inclusion Coarsening in Low-Alloy Steel Welds

Oxide inclusions form in welds because of deoxidation reactions in the weld pool. These inclusions control the weld microstructure development. Thermodynamic and kinetic calculation of oxidation reaction can describe inclusion characteristics such as number density, size, and composition. Experimental work has shown that fluid-flow velocity gradients in the weld pool can accelerate inclusion growth by collision and coalescence. Moreover, fluid flow in welds can transport inclusions to different temperature regions that may lead to repeated dissolution and growth of inclusions. These phenomena are being studied with the help of computational coupled heat transfer, fluid-flow, thermodynamic, and kinetic models. The results show that the inclusion formation in steel welds can be described as a function of the welding processes, process parameters, and steel composition.
Date: February 28, 1998
Creator: Babu, S.S.; David, S.A.; DebRoy, T. & Hong, T.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
1997 project of the year, PUREX deactivation project (open access)

1997 project of the year, PUREX deactivation project

At the end of 1992, the PUREX and UO{sub 3} plants were deemed no longer necessary for the defense needs of the United States. Although no longer necessary, they were very costly to maintain in their post-operation state. The DOE embarked on a deactivation strategy for these plants to reduce the costs of providing continuous surveillance of the facilities and their hazards. Deactivation of the PUREX and UO{sub 3} plants was estimated to take 5 years and cost $222.5 million and result in an annual surveillance and maintenance cost of $2 million. Deactivation of the PUREX/UO{sub 3} plants officially began on October 1, 1993. The deactivation was 15 months ahead of the original schedule and $75 million under the original cost estimate. The annual cost of surveillance and maintenance of the plants was reduced to less than $1 million.
Date: February 13, 1998
Creator: Bailey, R.W.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Design and construction of a pipeline for transfer of radioactive sodium at Argonne National Laboratory-West. (open access)

Design and construction of a pipeline for transfer of radioactive sodium at Argonne National Laboratory-West.

Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II), an experimental sodium cooled fast breeder reactor located at Argonne National Laboratory-West (ANL-W), was shut down in 1994, and has since been defueled in preparation for final plant closure. Approximately 100,000 gallons of liquid sodium is contained in the primary and secondary cooling systems of the EBR-II plant. The liquid sodium must be drained from the reactor systems during closure of the plant to place the reactor plant in an industrially and radiologically safe condition for long term storage or dismantlement. Because the liquid sodium is a listed waste under the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA), it is not suitable for disposal. It therefore must be transferred to the Sodium Process Facility (SPF), which is located approximately nine hundred feet from the reactor complex, where it will be processed into a non-reactive form, suitable for land disposal in Idaho. To facilitate this transfer, a heated pipeline for carrying liquid sodium metal from EBR-II to the SPF was designed and installed. The SPF was originally designed and built to process primary sodium from the Fermi-1 reactor. The sodium is stored at ANL-W in 55 gallon drums. Design of the SPF did not originally accommodate processing of EBR-II …
Date: February 25, 1998
Creator: Baily, C. E.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Macroencapsulation of mixed waste debris at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation -- Final project report by AST Environmental Services, LLC (open access)

Macroencapsulation of mixed waste debris at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation -- Final project report by AST Environmental Services, LLC

This report summarizes the results of a full-scale demonstration of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) package, manufactured by Arrow Construction, Inc. of Montgomery, Alabama. The HDPE package, called ARROW-PAK, was designed and patented by Arrow as both a method to macroencapsulation of radioactively contaminated lead and as an improved form of waste package for treatment and interim and final storage and/or disposal of drums of mixed waste. Mixed waste is waste that is radioactive, and meets the criteria established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for a hazardous material. Results from previous testing conducted for the Department of Energy (DOE) at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory in 1994 found that the ARROW-PAK fabrication process produces an HDPE package that passes all helium leak tests and drop tests, and is fabricated with materials impervious to the types of environmental factors encountered during the lifetime of the ARROW-PAK, estimated to be from 100 to 300 years. Arrow Construction, Inc. has successfully completed full-scale demonstration of its ARROW-PAK mixed waste macroencapsulation treatment unit at the DOE Hanford Site. This testing was conducted in accordance with Radiological Work Permit No. T-860, applicable project plans and procedures, and in close consultation with …
Date: February 25, 1998
Creator: Baker, T.L.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Development of Ag-clad Bi-2223 superconductors for electric power applications. (open access)

Development of Ag-clad Bi-2223 superconductors for electric power applications.

Development of high-temperature superconductor technology will make possible the design and fabrication of smaller, lighter, and more efficient power devices such as motors, generators, transformers, transmission cables, and fault-current limiters. A prototype fault-current limiter, a 200-hp motor, and a 50-m-long transmission cable have already been demonstrated using Ag-clad Bi-2223 superconductor tapes. We have recently enhanced the transport current properties of long lengths of multifilament Ag-clad Bi-2223 tapes through increased packing density of precursor powder, improved mechanical deformation, optimization of conductor design, and adjusted cooling rate. These improved processing parameters had a pronounced effect on the transport critical current of the super-conducting tapes. Our improvements are briefly discussed and their implications are assessed in this paper.
Date: February 17, 1998
Creator: Balachandran, U.; Eror, N. G.; Haldar, P.; Lelovic, M. & Selvamanickam, V.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Oxygen-permeable ceramic membranes for gas separation (open access)

Oxygen-permeable ceramic membranes for gas separation

Mixed-conducting oxides have a wide range of applications, including fuel cells, gas separation systems, sensors, and electrocatalytic equipment. Dense ceramic membranes made of mixed-conducting oxides are particularly attractive for gas separation and methane conversion processes. Membranes made of Sr-Fe-Co oxide, which exhibits high combined electronic and oxygen ionic conductivities, can be used to selectively transport oxygen during the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas (syngas, i.e., CO + H{sub 2}). The authors have fabricated tubular Sr{sub 2}Fe{sub 2}CoO{sub 6+{delta}} membranes and tested them (some for more than 1,000 h) in a methane conversion reactor that was operating at 850--950 C. An oxygen permeation flux of {approx} 10 scc/cm{sup 2} {center_dot} min was obtained at 900 C in a tubular membrane with a wall thickness of 0.75 mm. Using a gas-tight electrochemical cell, the authors have also measured the steady-state oxygen permeability of flat Sr{sub 2}Fe{sub 2}CoO{sub 6+{delta}} membranes as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure(pO{sub 2}). Steady-state oxygen permeability increases with increasing temperature and with the difference in pO{sub 2} on the two sides of the membrane. At 900 C, an oxygen permeability of {approx} 2.5 scc/cm{sup 2} {center_dot} min was obtained in a 2.9-mm-thick membrane. This …
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Balachandran, U.; Ma, B.; Maiya, P. S.; Dusek, J. T.; Mieville, R. L. & Picciolo, J. J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Direct chemical oxidation: a non-thermal technology for the destruction of organic wastes (open access)

Direct chemical oxidation: a non-thermal technology for the destruction of organic wastes

Direct Chemical Oxidation (DCO) is a non-thermal, ambient pressure, aqueous-based technology for the oxidative destruction of the organic components of hazardous or mixed waste streams. The process has been developed for applications in waste treatment and chemical demilitarization and decontamination at LLNL since 1992, and is applicable to the destruction of virtually all solid or liquid organics, including: chlorosolvents, oils and greases, detergents, organic-contaminated soils or sludges, explosives, chemical and biological warfare agents, and PCB's. [1-15] The process normally operates at 80-100 C, a heating requirement which increases the difficulty of surface decontamination of large objects or, for example, treatment of a wide area contaminated soil site. The driver for DCO work in FY98 was thus to investigate the use of catalysts to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology for organics destruction at temperatures closer to ambient. In addition, DCO is at a sufficiently mature stage of development that technology transfer to a commercial entity was a logical next step, and was thus included in FY98 tasks.
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Balazs, G. B.; Cooper, J. F.; Lewis, P. R. & Adamson, M. G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ring cooler for muon collider (open access)

Ring cooler for muon collider

The possibilities of a ring cooler stage in a muon collider are explored. A basic design is examined both with analytic calculations and simulation of the evolution of beam phase space.
Date: February 1, 1998
Creator: Balbekov, V.I. & Van Ginneken, A.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library