The TENSOR code, a two-dimensional finite-difference code, has been used extensively for the solution of stress wave propagation problems in materials, particularly those associated with the containment of underground nuclear test. These problems are typically characterized by shock waves at early times and by nearly incompressible flow at later times. To address this type of problem more economically, an implicit Newmark time integration has been implemented. Implicit differencing requires the solution of a coupled system of equations, by either direct or interative methods. An iterative technique has been selected to reduce the impact of the algorithm on the code structure and because it is the more economical method when only modest increases in timestep are desired. Although the algorithm is similar in some respects to the ICE method of Harlow and Amsden, substantial differences are required by the involvement of a complete stress tensor (instead of a scalar pressure) and by the highly nonlinear nature of the earth material constitutive relations.

A new composition of matter has been discovered which is an explosive addition compound of ammonium nitrate (AN) and diethylenetriamine trinitrate (DETN) in a 50:50 molar ratio. the compound is stable over extended periods of time only at temperatures higher than 46/sup 0/C, decomposing to a fine-grained eutectic mixture (which is also believed to be new) of AN and DETN at temperatures lower than 46/sup 0/C. The compound of the invention has an x-ray density of 1.61 g/cm/sup 3/, explodes to form essentially only gaseous products, has higher detonation properties (i.e., detonation velocity and pressure) than those of any mechanical mixture having the same density and composition as the compound of the invention, is a quite insensitive explosive material, can be cast at temperatures attainable by high pressure steam, and is prepared from inexpensive ingredients. Methods of preparing the compound and the fine-grained eutectic composition of the invention are given.

In the tandem mirror experiment (TMX), coherent oscillations have been identified as resulting from the Alfven ion-cyclotron instability. Although the drive for this instability is localized in the end cell, the waves generated propagate out of the unstable region and interact with the central-cell ions. This interaction leads to an experimentally observed scaling of the stored end-cell energy with axial ion end-loss current.

We discuss the developing technology of measuring electric and magnetic fields with optical fibers using the Faraday and Kerr effects, magnetostriction, and Sagnac interferometry. We review the measurement of induced birefringence in the presence of natural birefringence. We propose the use of these effects in making measurements in the fusion research program, with ZT-40 as an example.

The heat transfer experiments and data reduction were completed. A schematic of the test setup is shown. The static bed height was held constant at 36 cm, except for the experiments for the effects of static bed height. The heat transfer tube was placed to the heights of 1.25, 19, 58, 147 and 224 cm above the bed. The 1.25 cm tube elevation was the one when the lower side of the tube just touched the top of the static bed. Immersed tube heat transfer coefficients were also measured (for glass beads of d = 300, 850 ..mu..m) to compare with the heat transfer coefficients in freeboard region. Glass beads with 300, 850 ..mu..m mean diameters and sand with 285, 465 ..mu..m mean diameters were used as fluidizing particles. High gas velocities were reached up to 3.5 m/sec. The heat transfer probe was capable of measuring local heat transfer coefficients at eight locations that are 45/sup 0/ apart from each other. The average heat transfer coefficients were then calculated by integrating the local values. A sample of experimental results for the variation of local heat transfer coefficient around the heat transfer tube for glass beads with mean diameter 300 ..mu..m …

A preliminary study of heat and water transport in unsaturated porous media is reported. The project provides background information regarding the feasibility of seasonal thermal energy storage in unconfined aquifers. A parametric analysis of the factors of importance, and an annotated bibliography of research findings pertinent to unconfined aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) are presented. This analysis shows that heat and mass transfer of water vapor assume dominant importance in unsaturated porous media at elevated temperature. Although water vapor fluxes are seldom as large as saturated medium liquid water fluxes, they are important under unsaturated conditions. The major heat transport mechanism for unsaturated porous media at temperatures from 50 to 90/sup 0/C is latent heat flux. The mechanism is nonexistent under saturated conditions but may well control design of unconfined aquifer storage systems. The parametric analysis treats detailed physical phenomena which occur in the flow systems study and demonstrates the temperature and moisture dependence of the transport coefficients of importance. The question of design of an unconfined ATES site is also addressed by considering the effects of aquifer temperature, depth to water table, porous medium flow properties, and surface boundary conditions. Recommendations are made for continuation of this project in …

Recent experiments on small-p/sub T/ hadron production in pp collisions have shed new light on the apparent violation of the universality ansatz that the multiplicity dispersion in hadron-hadron collisions is much larger than that in e/sup +/e/sup -/ collisions. We present a model based on the universality ansatz, among other things. This model reproduces qualitatively the hadron multiplicity distributions in pp collisions over a wide range of energies. Within our framework, this essentially resolves the discrepancy stated above. In our approach the universality ansatz is also found to be applicable to the diffractive component events. This is supported by the inclusive x-distribution data having various specified number of prongs in the final states.

Introduction of a non-sinusoidal deformation can enhance the efficacy of modular coils for generating magnetic fields with a built-in rotational transform. Techniques are developed that provide an understanding of how specific deformations affect the harmonic content of the magnetic field and thus the properties of the vacuum configuration. This provides an optimization procedure for coil design.

IN 1981, the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) conducted an analysis of the costs of using salt, granite, basalt or tuff to isolate spent nuclear fuel. Preliminary cost estimates were made and the conditions affecting cost in each medium were examined parametrically. The analysis was conducted using a repository cost model named RECON, created for this project. Data for the model were gathered from recent conceptual design studies completed and under way, from the Generic Environmental Impact Statement on Commercial Radioactive Waste Management (GEIS), and from reports on specific, related topics. These data were current through Jun 1981. The study approach was to select reference repository descriptions and costs for each of the previously mentioned media. These descriptions were used as baselines to evaluate the cost sensitivity of key repository design parameters such as package design, thermal loading limits, additional radionuclide migration barriers, repository size, and emplacement design. The sensitivity of input cost parameters such as cost of money, mining, and hole drilling was also examined. Following the sensitivity analyses, the cost model was used to explore cost-effective alternative emplacement designs for the different media.

The Fluidized-Bed Waste-Heat Recovery (FBWHR) System is designed to preheat this combustion air using the heat available in dirty flue gas streams. In this system, a recirculating medium is heated by the flue gas in a fluidized bed. The hot medium is then removed from the bed and placed in a second fluidized bed where it is fluidized by the combustion air. Through this process, the combustion air is heated. The cooled medium is then returned to the first bed. Initial development of this concept is for the aluminum smelting industry.

The sediments of the Enewetak lagoon are the repository for the majority of residual radionuclides from the weapons testing program. The objective was to evaluate the biological and physical-chemical processes in the sediment bottom communities. Research has focused on features of the environment which reflect biological influence as opposed to direct studies of the constituent organisms. (ACR)

A general theory of the transverse instability of coasting beams in circular accelerators produced by the interaction of the beam charge and current with its electromagnetic environment is presented. The theory allows to numerically calculate the threshold current for an arbitrary frequency versus momentum curve. The numerical solution is used to study the stability of a coasting beam in a high energy proton storage ring like ISABELLE during the stacking process and for a full intensity beam.

The inspections to be made, the conditions for measurement, the variables to be measured and the analyses to be performed in order to characterize the operation of a power-conditioning subsystem (PCS) are described. Of primary concern is the small, utility-interactive PCS in the 2- to 10-kW power range for use in a residential photovoltaic (PV) system feeding a single-phase 120/240-volt line. The procedure is broken down into four main tasks: analysis of the design, tests under nominal conditions, tests under extreme conditions, and accelerated environmental stress tests. The results of these tests will provide an objective assessment of PCS performance under the full range of conditions likely to be encountered in actual applications.

This report presents results of a Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance (HSSR) of the Bettles NTMS quadrangle, Alaska. In addition to this abbreviated data release, more complete data are available to the public in machine-readable form. These machine-readable data, as well as quarterly or semiannual program progress reports containing further information on the HSSR program in general, or on the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) portion of the program in particular, are available from DOE's Technical Library at its Grand Junction Area Office. Presented in this data release are location data, field analyses, and laboratory analyses of several different sample media. For the sake of brevity, many field site observations have not been included in this volume; these data are, however, available on the magnetic tape. Appendices A and B describe the sample media and summarize the analytical results for each medium. The data have been subdivided by one of the Los Alamos National Laboratory sorting programs of Zinkl and others (1981a) into groups of stream-sediment and lake-sediment samples. For each group which contains a sufficient number of observations, statistical tables, tables of raw data, and 1:1,000,000 scale maps of pertinent elements have been included in this report. Also included …

FY 1981 laboratory and field studies related to the Radionuclide Migration project are described. Results are presented for radiochemical analyses of water samples collected from the RNM-1 well and the RNM-2S satellite well at the Cambric site. Data are included for tritium, {sup 85}Kr, {sup 129}I, and {sup 36}Cl. The maximum-concentration tritium, peak appears to have arrived at RNM-2S near the end of FY-1981. Laboratory studies emphasize the sorptive behavior of alluvium and tuff and its dependence on mineralogy. Results from batch measurements and crushed-rock and whole-core column studies are presented.

In this report the current state of waste package development for high level waste, transuranic waste, and spent fuel in the US and abroad has been assessed. Specifically, reviewed are recent and on-going research on various waste forms, container materials and backfills and tentatively identified those which are likely to perform most satisfactorily in the repository environment. Radiation effects on the waste package components have been reviewed and the magnitude of these effects has been identified. Areas requiring further research have been identified. The important variables affecting radionuclide release from the waste package have been described and an evaluation of regulatory criteria for high level waste and spent fuel is presented. Finally, for spent fuel, high level, and TRU waste, components which could be used to construct a waste package having potential to meet NRC performance requirements have been described and identified.

This report describes efforts leading to the development and characterization of a compact ion source and optical transfer system producing relatively high current density ion beams. The ion source and beam transfer system represent a major advance in the state of the art in that high current densities at low kinetic energies have been achieved for high molecular weight polyatomic ions. Indeed, the ion beams produced display ion abundance patterns typical of simple low energy electron impact ionization processes.

The tanning process and associated energy requirements are summarized. It appears that a significant economic impact may be possible if a shallow hydrothermal resource of approximately 150 to 170/sup 0/F (66 to 77/sup 0/C) were found, and the fluids were cascaded to produce the temperatures necessary for the various tanning operations. The hydrothermal energy would have to be cost competitive with the rapidly escalating fossil energy costs. Although one would need to thoroughly analyze the technical, environmental, and economic issues of such an application, this initial review indicates a good match between the process and potential hydrothermal resources.

Combined steam-turbine/positive-displacement engine (PDE) geothermal power systems are analyzed thermodynamically and compared with optimized reference flash-steam plants. Three different configurations of combined systems are considered. Treated separately are the cases of self-flowing and pumped wells. Two strategies are investigated that help overcome the inherent expansion-ratio limitation of PDE's: pre-flashing and pre-mixing. Parametrically-obtained results show the required minimum PDE efficiency for the combined system to match the reference plant for various sets of design conditions.

Studies of tritium radiotoxicity involving chronic /sup 3/H0H exposures in mammals demonstrate in both mice and monkeys that biological effects can be measured following remarkably low levels of exposure - levels in the range of serious practical interest to radiation protection. These studies demonstrate also that deleterious effects of /sup 3/H beta radiation do not differ significantly from those of gamma radiation at high exposures. In contrast, however, at low exposures tritium is significantly more effective than gamma rays, rad for rad, by a factor approaching 3. This is important for hazard evaluation and radiation protection because knowledge concerning biological effects of chronic low-level radiation exposure has come mainly from gamma-ray data; and predictions based on gamma-ray data will underestimate tritium effects - especially at low exposures - unless the RBE is fully taken into account.

Notes from a talk at the LAMPF II workshop are given. Topics include antinucleon physics in the next decade - the role of anti p and anti n beams in shedding light on some fundamental problems in nuclear and particle physics. Some particle aspects considered include; a) anti n as a source of antiquarks (anti NN provides a well-suited entrance channel for formation of new kind of mesons), and b) possibility of forming quark-gluon phase in anti N annihilations in nuclei. Some nuclear aspects discussed include: a) medium and long range parts of NN and anti NN potentials related by G-parity, b) search for coherent tensor forces in anti NN spin observables, and c) quasi-molecular resonance phenomena in anti NN and anti N-nucleus systems. (WHK)

Separate abstracts were prepared for the 32 reports of this volume which describes progress on biomedical and health effects research conducted at Battelle PNL in 1981. (KRM)

Considerable information useful in nuclear waste storage can be gained by studying the conditions of uranium ore deposit formation. Further information can be gained by comparing the chemistry of uranium to nuclear fission products and other radionuclides of concern to nuclear waste disposal. Redox state appears to be the most important variable in controlling uranium solubility, especially at near neutral pH, which is characteristic of most ground water. This is probably also true of neptunium, plutonium, and technetium. Further, redox conditions that immobilize uranium should immobilize these elements. The mechanisms that have produced uranium ore bodies in the Earth's crust are somewhat less clear. At the temperatures of hydrothermal uranium deposits, equilibrium models are probably adequate, aqueous uranium (VI) being reduced and precipitated by interaction with ferrous-iron-bearing oxides and silicates. In lower temperature roll-type uranium deposits, overall equilibrium may not have been achieved. The involvement of sulfate-reducing bacteria in ore-body formation has been postulated, but is uncertain. Reduced sulfur species do, however, appear to be involved in much of the low temperature uranium precipitation. Assessment of the possibility of uranium transport in natural ground water is complicated because the system is generally not in overall equilibrium. For this reason, Eh …

The amount of oil washed from the partially retorted and unretorted shales from 14 interrupted runs of the controlled-state retort has been used to estimate dynamic oil film thickness on those shales. The data obtained indicated that factors that affect oil viscosity determine oil film thickness. For example, in the heated region of the retort, temperature was the controlling factor for oil film thickness. In the unheated region controlling factors included proximity to the heated region, gas composition and flow rate, retorting advance rate, and breadth of retorting zone. Factors that affected oil composition and thereby increased viscosity, such as increased gas velocity, oxygen in the retorting gas, slower retorting advance rate, and thinner retorting zone, increased oil film thickness. In the unheated region of the retort the oil film was thickest nearest the heated region gradually tapering to a more or less constant value approximately 1 meter from the heated region. Oil shale particle size did not affect oil film thickness.