An experimental and finite element analysis was performed for the electron-beam evaporation of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V from a bottom-feed system. The bulk evaporation rate was measured by feed consumption, and the pool elevation was held constant by adjusting the feed rate in a closed-loop control system. The instantaneous titanium and aluminum evaporation rates were determined by laser absorption in the vapor plume. Water temperature rises in cooling water circuits provided heat flows, and post-run cross sections revealed the location of the solidification zone. The MELT finite element code was applied to model the steady-state two-dimensional fluid flow and energy transport in the rod. There was good agreement between model and measured values of the heat flows and solidification boundaries for Ti. Measured bulk evaporation rates were similar for Ti and Ti-6-4 with greater variation observed for the Ti values. The model evaporation rates were higher than the measured values, but a similar linear dependence on e-beam power was observed in all cases. In a Ti-6-4 evaporation experiment with steady process conditions, laser absorption measurements showed much larger fluctuations in the evaporation rate for Al than Ti.

This research was directed toward developing a systematic reservoir characterization methodology which can be used by the petroleum industry to implement infill drilling programs and/or enhanced oil recovery projects in naturally fractured reservoir systems in an environmentally safe and cost effective manner. It was anticipated that the results of this research program will provide geoscientists and engineers with a systematic procedure for properly characterizing a fractured reservoir system and a reservoir/horizontal wellbore simulator model which can be used to select well locations and an effective EOR process to optimize the recovery of the oil and gas reserves from such complex reservoir systems.

None

A conceptual design study of 200-GeV proton intersecting storage accclerators with room temperature magnets is presented. The key to this study was thc desire to keep the electric power consumptiom to an acceptable level (40 MW). The design has been optimized by choosing small-gap (4 cm) aluminum coil dipoles operating at about 15 kG. The luminosity of this machine is limited to about 10/sup 32/ cm-/sup -2/ sec/sup -1/ by transverse space-charg e effects. An order of magnitude higher luminositics can be obtained by adding a booster of modest cost. A novel vacuum system using distributed Ti-sublimation pumps results in considerable savings. A cost comparison with a high-luminosity superconducting machine is given. (auth)

In 2001, the first measurements of cesium distribution behavior in actual waste samples during the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) process were reported. These measurements showed acceptable behavior across the extraction, scrubbing and stripping stages of the CSSX process. However, extraction performance was not consistent with developed thermodynamic models. Therefore, additional batch tests were performed to measure the distribution coefficients with samples from F- and H-Area high level waste Tanks.

High Harmonic Fast Wave (HHFW) heating has been proposed as a particularly attractive means for plasma heating and current drive in the high-beta plasmas that are achievable in spherical torus (ST) devices. The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) [Ono, M., Kaye, S.M., Neumeyer, S., et al., Proceedings, 18th IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering, Albuquerque, 1999, (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (1999), p. 53.)] is such a device. An radio-frequency (rf) heating system has been installed on NSTX to explore the physics of HHFW heating, current drive via rf waves and for use as a tool to demonstrate the attractiveness of the ST concept as a fusion device. To date, experiments have demonstrated many of the theoretical predictions for HHFW. In particular, strong wave absorption on electrons over a wide range of plasma parameters and wave parallel phase velocities, wave acceleration of energetic ions, and indications of current drive for directed wave spectra have been observed. In addition HHFW heating has been used to explore the energy transport properties of NSTX plasmas, to create H-mode (high-confinement mode) discharges with a large fraction of bootstrap current and to control the plasma current profile during the early stages of the discharge.

As installations of grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have grown, so too has the desire to track the installed cost of these systems over time, by system characteristics, by system location, and by component. This report helps to fill this need by summarizing trends in the installed cost of grid-connected PV systems in the United States from 1998 through 2007. The report is based on an analysis of installed cost data from nearly 37,000 residential and non-residential PV systems, totaling 363 MW of capacity, and representing 76percent of all grid-connected PV capacity installed in the U.S. through 2007.

None

The {delta} to {alpha}' phase transformation in Pu-Ga alloys is intriguing for both scientific and technological reasons. On cooling, the ductile fcc {delta}-phase transforms martensitically to the brittle monoclinic {alpha}'-phase at approximately -120 C (depending on composition). This exothermic transformation involves a 20% volume contraction and a significant increase in resistivity. The reversion of {alpha}' to {delta} involves a large temperature hysteresis beginning just above room temperature. In an attempt to better understand the underlying thermodynamics and kinetics responsible for these unusual features, we have investigated the {delta} {leftrightarrow} {alpha}' phase transformations in a Pu-0.6 wt% Ga alloy using a combination of experimental and modeling techniques.

This paper evaluates portable software packages for the iterative solution of very large sparse linear systems on parallel architectures. While we cannot hope to tell individual users which package will best suit their needs, we do hope that our systematic evaluation provides essential unbiased information about the packages and the evaluation process may serve as an example on how to evaluate these packages. The information contained here include feature comparisons, usability evaluations and performance characterizations. This review is primarily focused on self-contained packages that can be easily integrated into an existing program and are capable of computing solutions to very large sparse linear systems of equations. More specifically, it concentrates on portable parallel linear system solution packages that provide iterative solution schemes and related preconditioning schemes because iterative methods are more frequently used than competing schemes such as direct methods. The eight packages evaluated are: Aztec, BlockSolve,ISIS++, LINSOL, P-SPARSLIB, PARASOL, PETSc, and PINEAPL. Among the eight portable parallel iterative linear system solvers reviewed, we recommend PETSc and Aztec for most application programmers because they have well designed user interface, extensive documentation and very responsive user support. Both PETSc and Aztec are written in the C language and are callable from …

Experiments have been conducted using laser-driven cylindrical hohlraums whose walls are machined from Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} foams of 100 mg/cc and 4 g/cc densities. Measurements of the radiation temperature demonstrate that the lower density walls produce higher radiation temperatures than the high density walls. This is the first experimental demonstration of the prediction that this would occur [M. D. Rosen and J. H. Hammer, Phys. Rev. E 72, 056403 (2005)]. For high density walls, the radiation front propagates subsonically, and part of the absorbed energy is wasted by the flow kinetic energy. For the lower wall density, the front velocity is supersonic and can devote almost all of the absorbed energy to heating the wall.

We report on the subject of temperature and/or pressure induced solid-solid phase transitions of energetic molecular crystals. Over the last three years we have applied experimental techniques that when used simultaneously provide insight into some of the complexities that govern reaction rate processes. After more than 55 years of study a global kinetics model describing the P-T phase space transition kinetics of such materials as HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) is not only missing, but from a formal perspective is perhaps as many years away from completion. The essence of this report describes what material parameters affect first-order reaction rates of the CHNO moiety of molecular crystals and introduces the application of new experimental tools thus permitting quantifiable studies of important rate limiting mechanisms.

The atomic scale structure of the 5-fold symmetric surface of an AlPdMn quasicrystal is investigated quantitatively by comparing x-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) simulations to experiment. The observed 5-fold symmetry of the diffraction patterns indicates that the surface is quasicrystalline with no hint of a reconstruction from the bulk structure. In analyzing the experimental data, many possible bulk terminations have been tested. Those few that fit best to the data have in common that they contain an Al-rich surface layer followed by a dense mixed Al/Pd/Mn layer. These best terminations, while not identical to each other, are suggested to form terraces coexisting on a real surface. Structural relaxations of the quasicrystal surface are also analyzed: mixing several best-fit terminations gives average best-fit interlayer spacing changes of Dd12 = -0.057 Angstrom, Dd24 = +0.159 Angstrom. These results are in good agreement with a prior structure determination by LEED on a sample that was prepared in a different manner.

None

Vertical vibration of linac components (accelerating structures, girders and quadrupoles) in the NLC has been studied experimentally and analytically. Effects such as structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water both in accelerating structures and quadrupoles have been considered. Experimental data has been compared with analytical predictions and simulations using ANSYS. A design, incorporating the proper decoupling of structure vibrations from the linac quadrupoles, is being pursued.

This report is a further step in the efforts of the AEC NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO) for the construction of a nuclear rocket propulsion module test complex at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS) Jackass Flats, Nevada.

Energy efficiency purchasing specifications for federal procurements of commercial air-source heat pumps.

This environmental assessment was prepared to assess potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed action to widen and operate unused Trench 36 in the 218-E-12B Low-Level Burial Ground for disposal of low-level waste. Information contained herein will be used by the Manager, U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office, to determine if the Proposed Action is a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. If the Proposed Action is determined to be major and significant, an environmental impact statement will be prepared. If the Proposed Action is determined not to be major and significant, a Finding of No Significant Impact will be issued and the action may proceed. Criteria used to evaluate significance can be found in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations 1508.27. This environmental assessment was prepared in compliance with the ''National Environmental Policy Act of1969'', as amended, the Council on Environmental Quality Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of ''National Environmental Policy Act'' (Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations 1500-1508), and the U.S. Department of Energy Implementing Procedures for ''National Environmental Polio Act'' (Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations 1021). The following is a description of each section of this environmental assessment. (1) …

This document contains a list of equipment retired from use at Hanford, and available for use in the FFTF and FFTF Supporting Facilities.

High contrast silhouette images of a substantially opaque object are obtained using front illumination techniques. The object is frontally illuminated by light of a first polarization. A frontal surface of the object reflects the incident light to an observation station. The polarization of incident light bypassing the object and incident on a background is changed. The background light is reflected to the observation station, and the intensity of one of the two, differently polarized, reflected images is substantially reduced with respect to the other. Apparatus for carrying out the method includes a first polarizer for polarizing frontally incident illuminating light, a second polarizer behind the object and a reflective surface behind the second polarizer. A polarization analyzer, located in front of the object, is used to extinguish one of the two reflected images. Apparatus for carrying out the invention in instruments having a polarized light source and a polarization analyzer includes a combination of a polarizing material, for contacting a rear surface of the object, and a reflective surface provided adjacent the rear surface of the polarizing material. The combination is applied to the rear surface of the object. Back-surface mirrors of pleochroic substrates, applied to thin film physical vapor-deposited …

Manufacturers of 5 major consumer products submitted energy efficiency and related data to the Federal Trade Commission during late 1979 and early 1980 in response to energy-efficiency labeling and representations requirements. This report documents an analysis of these data as conducted by Vitro Laboratories. Data were submitted on five products: furnaces, water heaters, room air conditioners, refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers, and freezers. The submittals include information on manufacturer model number, estimated annual energy cost or the energy-efficiency rating, the number of tests performed on each basic model, and the capacity of each appliance model. Pattern analyses on these variables are presented, but it is observed that few common patterns for the five products exist. The unique patterns for each product are discussed.

None

None