Experiments were performed to study the long-term reactions of radioactive materials that would be produced in the nuclear chemical mining of chalcopyrite copper ore. These reactions were carried out in autoclaves for up to eight months at 2.76 MPa of oxygen and 363 K. Dissolving rates of radioactive glass in copper-leaching product solutions were determined by the gamma-counting of solution aliquots. The glass decomposition rate was linear at approximately 1 x 10/sup -10/ kg/s.m/sup 2/. A radioactive tracer technique was used to study the extent of sorption of seven fission product nuclides on ore and decomposition products during leaching as functions of ore particle size, solution composition, pH, and liquid/solid ratio. The distribution of radionuclides between solid and liquid phases was determined. In general, the solids continue to concentrate the radioactivity from the liquid for long periods of time, as the ore and gangue surfaces change in the complex chemical and physical processes of leaching. Solid phases in a nuclear chemical mine would therefore effectively decontaminate the leach liquor. Leaching time and pH are variables that could be used to control the level of activity in solution. (auth)

Coal-water slurries have the potential of a near term replacement for fuel oil. In order to gain the fundamental understanding of the preparation and handling of coal-water slurries, experiments were performed to identify the relationship between the coal content of a given coal-water slurry and its physical and chemical properties. The objectives of this program were: Investigate the relationship between the chemical and physical properties of coal and the rheology of coal-water slurry Define procedures for evaluating and preparing coal water slurries for a particular coal candidate, based on the characteristic coal properties Develop improved methods of screening surfactants used in coal-water slurry preparation Perform experiments designed to investigate the effect of characteristic coal properties on slurry quality, by examining the effect of the individual coal properties on slurry quality Develop a statistical formulation to predict the coal content of a given coal water slurry content based on the coal characteristic properties.

Checklist for Technical Peer Review for PNNL-13782 Rev. 1 as requested to ensure that software used to support the DSA is compliant with software QA requirements. Radioactive waste is scheduled to be retrieved from Hanford double-shell tanks AN-103, AN-104, AN-105 and AW-101 and transferred to the vitrification plant beginning in about 2009. Retrieval may involve decanting the supernatant liquid and/or mixing the waste with jet pumps. In these four tanks, which contain relatively large volumes of retained gas, both operations are expected to induce buoyant displacement gas releases that can potentially raise the tank headspace hydrogen concentration to a level very near the lower flammability limit. This report describes the theory and detailed physical models for both the supernatant decant and jet mixing processes and presents the results from applying the models to these operations in the four tanks. The technical bases for input parameter distributions are elucidated.

The goal of this project is to develop experimental and computational protocols to use SIMS to image the chemical composition of biological samples, focusing on optimizing sample preparation protocols and developing multivariate data analysis methods. Our results on sample preparation, molecular imaging, and multivariate analysis have been presented at several meeting abstracts (UCRL151797ABS, UCRL151797ABSREV1, UCRL151426ABS, UCRL201277, UCRL154757). A refereed paper describing our results for sample preparation and molecular imaging of various endogenous biomolecules as well as the mutagen PhIP has been accepted for publication (UCRL-JC-151797). We are also preparing two additional papers describing our multivariate analysis methods to analyze spectral data. As these papers have not been submitted, their content is included in this final report.

This work focuses on developing a scientific understanding of the processes associated with NO{sub x} trap operation. NO{sub x} traps are the most advanced technology for achieving future emissions standards with diesel engines. Successful development of NO{sub x} traps will allow widespread use of diesel engines in light-duty vehicles, reducing oil imports by as much as 60%. Diesel engines have a high efficiency and low maintenance that makes them the ideal choice for transportation applications. Use of diesel engines in all light-duty vehicles would reduce oil consumption in the USA by 30% and oil imports by 60%, considerably improving our energy security. For heavy trucks, there is no viable alternative to diesel engines. Only diesel engines can provide the necessary high efficiency and long life. These benefits are offset by high emission of pollutants. Diesel engines have high emissions of NO{sub x} and particulate matter. Over the last 20 years, EPA has been reducing allowable emissions from diesel engines, and NO{sub x} emissions are scheduled to be cut by a factor of 10 over the next 7 years. The target NO{sub x} emissions for year 2010 is 0.20 g/hp-hr. This value is well below 1 g/hp-hr, which has been identified …

This project studied the feasibility of a Low-Voltage actuator technology that promises to reduce the switched voltage requirements and linearize the response of spatial light modulators. We created computer models that demonstrate substantial advantages offered by this technology, and fabricated and tested those devices. SLMs are electro-optic devices for modulating the phase, amplitude or angle of light beams, laser or other. Applications for arrays of SLMs include turbulence correction for high-speed optical communications, imaging through distorting media, input devices for holographic memories, optical manipulation of DNA molecules, and optical computers. Devices based on micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology have recently become of special interest because of their potential for greatly improved performance at a much lower cost than piezoelectric or liquid crystal based devices. The new MEMS-based SLM devices could have important applications in high-speed optical communication and remote optical sensing, in support of DoD and DOE missions. Virtually all previously demonstrated MEMS SLMs are based on parallel-plate capacitors where an applied voltage causes a mirror attached to a suspended electrode to move towards a fixed electrode. They require relatively high voltages, typically on the order of 100 V, resulting in (1) large transistor sizes, available only from specialized foundries …

Dynamically loaded gas gun experiments were performed to validate the predictive capabilities of 3-D dislocation dynamics (DD) code simulations at very high strain rates and dislocation velocities where the phonon drag mechanism will be dominant. Experiments were performed in the weak-shock regime on high-purity Mo single crystals with [001] compression axes. We have also performed shock-recovery experiments and are in the process of analyzing the dislocation structure generated by the weak-shock using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which will also be used to validate the dislocation structure predicted by the DD simulations. The DD simulations being performed at Washington State University by Prof. H. Zbib and co-workers will be compared to the experimentally measured wave profiles, thereby validating mechanisms of dislocation generation and motion. Some DD simulation results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of using a combined experimental/simulation effort for the validation of dislocation generation and mobility physics issues in the phonon drag regime.

Numerical simulations of compressible flows are commonly based on the Euler equations when effects of viscosity are thought to be negligible. These equations admit singular solutions, even in cases where the initial and boundary conditions are smooth. So-called ''Euler solvers'' rely on numerical dissipation, explicitly or implicitly present in the scheme, to regularize the problem, such that physical solutions are selected.

The Savannah River Site (SRS) is a Department of Energy (DOE) facility located near Aiken, South Carolina which is currently operated and managed by Westinghouse Savannah River Company (WSRC). The Sanitary Landfill (Sanitary Landfill) at the SRS is located approximately 2,000 feet Northwest of Upper Three Runs Creek (UTRC) on an approximately 70 acre site located south of Road C between the SRS B-Area and UTRC. The Sanitary Landfill has been receiving wastes since 1974 and operates as an unlined trench and fill operation. The original landfill site was 32 acres. This area reached its capacity around 1987 and a Northern Expansion of 16 acres and a Southern Expansion of 22 acres were added in 1987. The Northern Expansion has not been used for waste disposal to date and the Southern Expansion is expected to reach capacity in 1992 or 1993. The waste received at the Sanitary Landfill is predominantly paper, plastics, rubber, wood, metal, cardboard, rags saturated with degreasing solvents, pesticide bags, empty cans, and asbestos in bags. The landfill is not supposed to receive any radioactive wastes. However, tritium has been detected in the groundwater at the site. Gross alpha and gross beta are also evaluated at the …

The objective of this report is to determine the poisoning effectiveness and uniformity of a batch of approximately thirty myrnalloy slugs prior to charging into the B pile. The report is dated February 19, 1946. (JL)

This document details activities of the irradiation processing department during the month of January 1960. A general summary is included at the start of the report, after which the report is divided into the following sections: Research and Engineering Operations; Production and Reactor Operations; Facilities Engineering Operation; Employee Relations Operation; and Financial Operation.

The increasing incidence of leaking process tubes, and the approaching end of the useful life of process tubes in the C and K Reactors, have focused attention upon the various sources of aluminum process tube leaks. Further, the replacement of large numbers of process tubes with new ones, also of aluminum, will require continued attention to these sources to make efficient use of the new tubes. One of the sources of process tube leaks is the corrosion that attacks the interior surface of the process tube. The factors influencing the extent of this corrosion attack are varied and complex, and in recent years, the corrosion service conditions have become increasingly more severe. Each of the factors involved in determining the rate of corrosion attack has thus become individually more important, and the need to understand the inter-relationships among them has increased. It is the purpose of this report to discuss the technical factors contributing to the internal corrosion of the process tubes, to review the way some of these factors have varied in the past, to examine the means available for evaluating the extent to which corrosion has damaged the tube walls, to comment upon the ways in which knowledge …

Coal-water slurries have the potential of a near term replacement for fuel oil. In order to gain the fundamental understanding of the preparation and handling of coal-water slurries, experiments were performed to identify the relationship between the coal content of a given coal-water slurry and its physical and chemical properties. The objectives of this program were: Investigate the relationship between the chemical and physical properties of coal and the rheology of coal-water slurry Define procedures for evaluating and preparing coal water slurries for a particular coal candidate, based on the characteristic coal properties Develop improved methods of screening surfactants used in coal-water slurry preparation Perform experiments designed to investigate the effect of characteristic coal properties on slurry quality, by examining the effect of the individual coal properties on slurry quality Develop a statistical formulation to predict the coal content of a given coal water slurry content based on the coal characteristic properties.

The objective of this contract is to extend and optimize UOP`s single-stage, slurry-catalyzed co-processing scheme. The particular emphasis is one evaluating alternative and disposable slurry-catalyst systems. During the current quarter, Lloydminster vacuum resid was processed without the presence of coal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the manner in which the resid is upgraded at high-severity conditions to help understand the function of the resid during co-processing. This report coves Bench-Scale Runs 30 to 34. In Runs 30 to 34, Lloydminster vacuum resid was processed without the presence of coal using a 0.05 wt % molybdenum-based catalyst at 465{degrees}C.

The fourteenth meeting of the Graphite Expansion Committee was held on February 7, 1947. Laboratory studies indicate that either the graphite thermocouples are reading low or that annealing effects at elevated temperatures within the pile are much greater than those encountered In the laboratory. Current difficulties with operation of some of the horizontal and vertical control rods seem to be attributable to graphite expansion, though no complete understanding of the phenomena has been obtained and one is unable to predict the time required for similar difficulties to develop in other rods. Changes in clearance between process tubes and pile graphite in the D Pile have been erratic in nature but have averaged much less than had been anticipated. The negligible decrease in clearance for central tubes indicates that the expanding cross-wise graphite layers are slipping with respect to the graphite layers which contain process tubes.

The objective of this contract is to extend and optimize UOP`s single-stage, slurry-catalyzed co-processing scheme. The current task is to complete a long-term operability run using a 0.05 wt-% Mo-based catalyst at approximately 460{degrees}C. The objectives of this run are to demonstrate that high-severity conditions can be run for an extended period of time (at least one month) and to collect enough product sample to do a complete Hempel fractionation and detailed characterization of the individual naphtha, distillate, and VGO cuts. This information will be used to reevaluate the engineering design and product upgrading scheme that was developed under the first co-processing contract (DE-AC22-84PC70002). During the current two quarters, the long-term operability study was unsuccessfully attempted several times. This report discusses these attempts.

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This current project is pilot-scale testing of NO{sub x} recycle. The objective is to provide further fundamental understanding and useful information for its implementation at the Niles station. A Babcock & Wilcox`s 6 million Btu/hr Small Boiler Simulator (SBS) has been chosen to perform the tests. The SBS is the same type of cyclone furnace as that at Niles and simulates a large cyclone unit very well. The project involves conducting a series of tests which include injecting NO, NO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O, and simulated NO{sub x} recycle stream respectively. The work performed during this reporting period focused on the site preparation, shakedown tests, and baseline tests. The shakedown testing of NO injection into the primary air stream alone and the secondary air stream alone showed promising results. A large amount of NO injected into furnace was destroyed, especially when the NO was injected into the primary air duct. However, the measuring instrumentation needs to be improved to give accurate data.

This document summaries the amounts of radioactive contamination discharged to ground from separation facilities through December 1956. Detailed data for individual disposal sites is presented on a month basis for the period of July through December 1956. Previous publications of this series may be referred to for specific information on measurements and radioactivity totals prior to July 1956. Tables I and II list the major disposal sites in separation facilities, total volume of waste discharged to each location, and the gross amounts of plutonium and beta particle emitters discharged to ground since startup. Tables III through XXXVI present this same data on a month to month basis and also include information on the source of the waste stream and the settling facility used. Isotopic data are included for all disposal sites from which the waste was analyzed for specific contaminants. Estimates of contamination and volumes discharged to the swamps are also included.

In December 1957, the proposal for Project CG-772, ``E-Metal Dissolvers -- Redox`` was returned for reconsideration in order that the units might be designed to accommodate higher enrichment fuels, if practical. Alternate design approaches have been under consideration since that time. It is the purpose of this document to summarize the parameters involved and to present the recommendation developed from the joint thinking of Hanford Laboratories, Research and Engineering, Facilities Engineering, and Redox Operation.

The central research problem of this project is the effective representation, computation, and display of surfaces interpolating to information in three or more dimensions. If the given information is located on another surface, then the problem is to construct a ``surface defined on a surface``. Sometimes properties of an already defined surface are desired, which is ``geometry processing``. Visualization of multivariate surfaces is possible by means of contouring higher dimensional surfaces. These problems and more are discussed below. The broad sweep from constructive mathematics through computational algorithms to computer graphics illustrations is utilized in this research. The breadth and depth of this research activity makes this research project unique.

A digitally based deflection generator for an electron-beam welder is presented. Up to seven patterns of any shape are stored in programmable read-only memory (PROM). The pattern resolution is 39% at frequencies from 10 Hz to 1 kHz and can be x-t, y-t, or x-y formed. Frequency and pattern selections may be chosen by the welder computer or manually selected on the front panel. The ability to repeatedly synchronize two waveforms of any shape and frequency enables an unlimited variety of welds.

The procedures and status of the absolute measurement of the neutron capture cross sections for /sup 115/In and /sup 232/Th are described. Work on the /sup 239/Pu fission fragment anisotropy and absolute measurement of the fast neutron fission cross section for /sup 233/U are briefly described. Progress in establishing the 14 MeV neutron measurements at the facility are discussed. (WHK)

The overall objective of this program is to develop the engine and lubricant system design approach that has the highest probability for commercial acceptance. Several specific objectives can also be identified. These objectives include: definition of the dominant wear mechanisms prevailing in coal-fueled diesel engines; definition of the specific effect of each coal-related lube oil contaminant; determination of the potential of traditional engine lubrication design approaches to either solve or mitigate the effects of the coal related lube oil contaminants; evaluation of several different design approaches aimed specifically at preventing lube oil contamination or preventing damage due to lube oil contamination; and presentation of the engine/lubricant system design determined to have the most potential. 2 figs., 3 tabs.