The purpose of scientific visualization is to simplify the analysis of numerical data by rendering the information as an image. Even when the image is familiar, as in the case of terrain data, preconceptions about what the image should look like and deceptive image artifacts can create misconceptions about what information is actually contained in the scene. One way of aiding the development of unambiguous visualizations is to add stereoscopic depth to the image. Despite the recent proliferation of affordable stereoscopic viewing equipment, few researchers are at this time taking advantage of stereo in their visualizations. It is generally perceived that the rendering time will have to be doubled in order to generate the pair, and so stereoscopic viewing is sacrificed in the name of expedient rendering. We show that this perception is often invalid. The second half of a stereoscopic image can be generated from the first half for a fraction of the computational cost of complete rendering, usually no more than 50% of the cost and in many cases as little as 5%. Using the techniques presented here, the benefits of stereoscopy can be added to existing visualization systems for only a small cost over current single-frame rendering …

This document is part of Bonneville Power Administration`s program to protect, mitigate, and enhance fish and wildlife affected by the development and operation of hydroelectric facilities on the Columbia River and its tributaries. The Fiscal Year 1994 (FY 1994) Annual Implementation Work Plan (AIWP) presents Bonneville Power Administration`s (BPA`s) plan for implementation of the Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program (Program). The purpose of the Program is to guide BPA and other federal agencies in carrying out their responsibilities to protect, mitigate, and enhance fish and wildlife in the Columbia River Basin. Phase I began the work of salmon recovery with certain fast-track measures completed in August 1991. Phase II dealt with Snake and Columbia river flow and salmon harvest and was completed in December 1991. Phase III dealt with system-wide habitat and salmon production issues and was completed in September 1992. Phase IV planning, focusing on resident fish and wildlife, began in August 1993, and was finished and adopted in November 1993. This report provides summaries of the ongoing and new projects for FY 1994 within the areas of juvenile migration, adult migration, salmon harvest, production and habitat, coordinated implementation, monitoring and evaluation, resident fish, and wildlife.

In casting, fluidity is the measure of the distance a metal can flow in a channel before being stopped by solidification. During mold filling, the metal loses heat to the surrounding mold, thereby cooling and becoming more viscous until the leading portion solidifies and no further flow is possible. A coupled heat-transfer and fluid-flow modeling of a spiral, involving the use of thermophysical properties to determine material fluidity, has been conducted. Fluidity experiments were performed by Caterpillar; several spiral test castings were poured. Simulations of these experiments utilized the Casting Process Simulator (CaPS) software developed at Argonne National Laboratory. Two types of spiral geometries with different assumptions were considered: (1) a two-dimensional laterally stretched spiral and (2) a three-dimensional lateral spiral.The computed extent of mold filling is in good agreement with the experimental results. Time required by the metal/gas interface to attain specific positions in the spiral arm also compared favorably with the experimental results. The influence of process variables, especially pour time, is discussed. The CaPS software has been used as a computational tool to investigate the validity of the dimensionality assumptions and to evaluate the ability of CaPS to model fluidity adequately.

The measurement of layer-to-layer feature overlay will, in the foreseeable future, continue to be a critical metrological requirement for the semiconductor industry. Meeting the image placement metrology demands of accuracy, precision, and measurement speed favors the use of electrical test structures. In this paper, a two-dimensional, modified voltage-dividing potentiometer is applied to a short-loop VLSI process to measure image placement. The contributions of feature placement on the reticle and overlay on the wafer to the overall measurement are analyzed and separated. Additional sources of uncertainty are identified, and methods developed to monitor and reduce them are described.

A computer program is described tat controls the goniometer employed in the ion scattering chamber of the Triple Ion Implantation Facility (TIF) in the Metals and Ceramics Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Details of goniometer operation and its incorporation into the ion scattering setup specific to the TIF are also discussed.

The Parameter Display Page program (DP) is a Motif/X11-based program to allow easily configured, dynamic device and process variable monitoring and manipulation in the EPICS environment. DP provides a tabular data format for interactive viewing and manipulation of device and process variable statistics, as well as formatted PostScript output to files and printers. DP understands and operates in two (unfortunately disjoint at this time) namespaces in the EPICS environment ``devices`` and ``process variables``. The higher level namespace of devices includes Composite and Atomic Devices registered via the Device Access server; the lower level (flat) namespace is that of normal Process Variables accessible via Channel Access.

This report describes an innovative technology, laser ablation-inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), operated in a mobile laboratory, to rapidly detect thorium 230 activity levels in soil samples. This technology was demonstrated on-site during November 1993 at the Gunnison, Colorado, UMTRA project site in support of their remediation effort. The LA-ICP-MS sampling and analysis technique was chosen because of the capability for rapid analysis, approximately three samples per hour, with minimal sample preparation.

The Regulatory Facility Guide (RFG) has been developed for the DOE and contractor facilities located in the state of Ohio. It provides detailed compilations of international, federal, and state transportation-related regulations applicable to shipments originating at destined to Ohio facilities. This RFG was developed as an additional resource tool for use both by traffic managers who must ensure that transportation operations are in full compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements and by oversight personnel who must verify compliance activities.

This guide provides detailed compilations of international, federal, and state transportation related regulations applicable to shipments originating at or destined to Tennessee facilities. Information on preferred routes is also given.

The Omega West Reactor (OWR) has been operated by the Los Alamos National Laboratory without accident or major operational incident since August, 1956. The OWR is, perhaps, one of the few remaining US reactors that was not built to a set of standards but was designed to the experience base of several reactors that had been operated during the late 1940`s and early 1950`s. In addition, physics parameters were measured during its lifetime in somewhat unusual but innovative ways. The design approach and physics measurements are summarized in this report.

New particle physics experiments are correlated with high luminosity and/or high energy. The new generation of colliding beam machines which will be constructed will make an extrapolation of a factor of 100 in the center of mass energy and of 1000 in luminosity beyond present accelerators. The scientific community hopes that very exciting physics results could be achieved this way, from the solution to the problem of electroweak symmetry breaking to the possible discovery of new, unpredicted phenomena. The particles which compose the radiation field are: electrons, pions, neutrons, protons and photons. It has become evident that the problem of the radiation resistance of detectors in this severe environment is a crucial one. This situation is complicated more by the fact that detectors must work all the run time of the machine, and better all the time of the experiment, without replacement (part or whole). So, studies related to the investigation of the radiation hardness of all detector parts, are developing. The studies are in part material and device characterization after irradiation, and in part technological developments, made in order to find harder, cheaper technologies, for larger surfaces. Semiconductor detectors have proven to be a good choice for vertex and …

Rigid Foam is a chemical delay foam used to completely encapsulate an object or to block access to an area. Prior studies have indicated that the final foam product is essentially non-toxic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and summarize the current chemical and toxicological data available on the components of Rigid Foam and to update the information available on the toxicity of the final Rigid Foam product. Since the possibility exists for a partial deployment of Rigid Foam where only one of the components is released, this study also examined the toxicity of its chemical constituents. Rigid Foam is composed of an {open_quotes}A{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}B{close_quotes} Component. The {open_quotes}A{close_quotes} component is primarily a polymeric isocyanate and the {open_quotes}B{close_quotes} component is a mixture of polyols. In addition to the primary constituents, dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane are present as blowing agents along with catalysts and silicone surfactants necessary for foaming. The pre-deployed {open_quotes}A{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}B{close_quotes} components are stored in separate vessels and are brought together in static mixing nozzles for dispersal. The results of this evaluation indicate that a completely deployed Rigid Foam under normal conditions is essentially non-toxic as determined previously. However, in the event of a partial deployment or …

It has been the authors contention for some time that the Single Impurity Anderson Model (SIAM), as extended by Gunnarsson and Schonhammer (GS), or the non-crossing approximation (NCA), does not correctly describe the 4f photoelectron spectra of heavy fermions. Recently, they have concentrated on Yb heavy fermions since in these materials the Kondo resonance (KR) is fully occupied and thus accessible via photoemission. In particular, they have repeatedly pointed out that the width, position, spectral weight, lineshape, and temperature dependence of the features assumed to be the KR and its sidebands, are nearly independent of the Kondo temperature, T{sub K}, while at the same time bearing a striking resemblance to the simple 4f core level spectra of pure Yb metal, or of Lu in isostructural Lu compounds. It is important to resolve these issues in view of the fundamental nature of the problem. Here, the authors chose to test the bulk vs. surface hypothesis by performing measurements on YbCu{sub 2}Si{sub 2} and YbAl{sub 3} single crystals at hv {approx} 120 eV (UPS) and hv {approx} 1,500 eV(XPS) to see if the n{sub f}, hole occupancy, values increase markedly at XPS energies as the electron escape depth increases by about a …

Pacific Northwest Laboratory has prepared this report under the direction of Westinghouse Hanford Company. The report provides an integrated description of the system planned for managing Hanford`s solid low-level waste, low-level mixed waste, transuranic waste, and transuranic mixed waste. The primary purpose of this document is to illustrate a collective view of the key functions planned at the Hanford Site to handle existing waste inventories, as well as solid wastes that will be generated in the future. By viewing this system as a whole rather than as individual projects, key facility interactions and requirements are identified and a better understanding of the overall system may be gained. The system is described so as to form a basis for modeling the system at various levels of detail. Model results provide insight into issues such as facility capacity requirements, alternative system operating strategies, and impacts of system changes (ie., startup dates). This description of the planned Hanford solid waste processing system: defines a baseline system configuration; identifies the entering waste streams to be managed within the system; identifies basic system functions and waste flows; and highlights system constraints. This system description will evolve and be revised as issues are resolved, planning decisions …

It is shown that some sections of the invariance (or symmetry) principles such as the space reversal symmetry (or parity P) and time reversal symmetry T (of elementary particle and condensed matter physics, etc.) are not really truly Lorentz covariant. Indeed, I find that the Dirac-Wigner sense of Lorentz invariance is not in full compliance with the Einstein-Minkowski reguirements of the Lorentz covariance of all physical laws (i.e., the world space Mach principle).

Billions of dollars are being invested to achieve environmental compliance at the Hanford Site. The 30-yr-plan for the Site calls for remediation and restoration followed by rampdown and closure of the US Department of Energy`s (DOE) mission at the Site. The investment of the Federal government during this restoration period provides a real opportunity to go beyond the cleanup mission and convert the Site`s assets to other uses that benefit the region, nation, and world. The International Environmental Institute (Institute) was created to help realize this opportunity. This is accomplished by utilizing the assets of the Site -- it`s land, equipment, facilities, technologies, and people -- to achieve economic growth and worldwide spinoff benefits from the Hanford investment. The Institute is developing new ways of getting the private sector involved with the Hanford Site. We are working with local and state governments, academia, and the private sector, to jointly develop and commercialize environmental technologies and to redeploy, loan, or lease those assets that are no longer needed by the DOE. The Institute is also interacting with other communities around the world to assess models, issues, and performance measures for successful defense conversion. Through these various worldwide partnerships, the investment in …

In an effort to reduce the cycle time for producing prototypical mechanical and electro-mechanical components, Sandia National Laboratories has integrated rapid prototyping processes into the design and manufacturing process. The processes currently in operation within the Rapid Prototyping Laboratory are Stereolithography (SL), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Direct Shell Production Casting (DSPC). These emerging technologies have proven to be valuable tools for reducing lead times and fabrication costs. Sandia uses the SL and SLS processes to support internal product development efforts. Their primary use is to fabricate patterns for investment casting in support of a Sandia-managed program called FASTCAST that integrates computational technologies and experimental data into the investment casting process. These processes are also used in the design iteration process to produce proof-of-concept models, hands-on models for design reviews, fit-check models, visual aids for manufacturing, and functional parts in assemblies. The DSPC process is currently being developed as a method of fabricating ceramic investment casting molds directly from a CAD solid model. Sandia is an Alpha machine test site for this process. This presentation will provide an overview of the SL and SLS processes and an update of our experience and success in integrating these technologies into the product …

We consider signals of CP violation in semi-leptonic decay of the top quark. We show that the transverse polarization asymmetries of the {tau}-lepton in the decay t {yields} brv is extremely sensitive CP violation. As an illustration we consider CP phases arising from the charged Higgs exchange in the Weinberg three Higgs doublet model. Qualitatively, the polarization asymmetries are enhanced over rate or energy asymmetries by a factor of O(m{sub t}/m{sub r}) {approx} 100 with a corresponding increase in sensitivity to CP violating parameters. We also examine {tau} polarization in b decays via b {yields} cvr and find that may also be very effective in constraining CP violating effects such as those that arise from an extended Higgs sector.

This program has completed its 5th year since cost-share funding provided by DOE. The following tasks are reported on: budget, patents, talks, and publications; design and construction of gas cleaning and tempering loop; construction of pressurized smelter and operation of combined smelter and offgas system; study for ironmaking demonstration plant and for steelmaking processes; and laboratory research programs at universities and companies.

A computational model named WASTE-MGMT has been developed by Argonne National Laboratory in support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (EM) Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) to assist in the analysis of alternative approaches to the management of existing and future radioactive wastes at DOE facilities. Input to the model includes waste inventory and characterization data at each DOE site; unit operations data for the facilities used for treatment, storage and disposal (TSD) of the wastes; and information about the alternative approaches for the TSD of the wastes and for the siting of such TSD facilities. The quantities calculated by the model include the air emissions of radionuclides and hazardous chemicals during operation of the TSD facilities, the quantities and characteristics of the wastes processes annually at these facilities, and the quantities and characteristics of the waste shipped among sites. These quantities are then used as input to calculate the cost and the environmental and socioeconomic impacts resulting from the TSD of the DOE wastes under various alternative management approaches considered in the EM PEIS.

This report is a highlights of some of the research being conducted at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant. The areas of research being Metal Processing, Conduit Fabrication, Materials Science, and Instrumentation and Evaluation Technology.

The Textile Resource Conservation Project (TReC) is a major initiative of the American Textile Partnership (AMTEX) focusing on energy and the environment. The largest proposed project in the TReC is Raw Material Recovery and Reuse. The main task within the Raw Material Recovery and Reuse Project is Textile Chemical Recovery. The initial focus of this task is the separation/removal of colorants from solution. Screening studies were performed at a number of US Department of Energy National Laboratories to identify promising technologies for the treatment and recovery of dyes containing toxic metals. These dyes were chosen because of the environmental concern associated with their disposal. The research group at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) took two approaches to the removal and recovery of the toxic metals in the dyes. One approach was to react or destroy the organic fraction of the dye, releasing the metals for conventional separation such as ion exchange. PNL evaluated the Rapid Thermal Decomposition of precursors in Solution (RTDS) and Corona Discharge processes for metal release. The other approach was to separate and concentrate the dye, metal-complex intact, from the bulk of the spent solution. Membrane separation was evaluated for recovery of the dyes with the metals left …

Impurity scattering in the unitary limit produces low energy quasiparticles with anisotropic spectrum in a two-dimensional d-wave superconductor. The authors describe a new quasi-one-dimensional limit of the quasiparticle scattering, which might occur in a superconductor with short coherence length and with finite impurity potential range. The dc conductivity in a d-wave superconductor is predicted to be proportional to the normal state scattering rate and is impurity-dependent. They show that quasi-one-dimensional regime might occur in high-{Tc} superconductors with Zn impurities at low temperatures T {approx_lt} 10 K.

This report presents the results of a relay test program conducted by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) under the sponsorship of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The program is a continuation of an earlier test program the results of which were published in NUREG/CR-4867. The current program was carried out in two phases: electrical testing and vibration testing. The objective was primarily to focus on the electrical discontinuity or continuity of relays and circuit breaker tripping mechanisms subjected to electrical pulses and vibration loads. The electrical testing was conducted by KEMA-Powertest Company and the vibration testing was performed at Wyle Laboratories, Huntsville, Alabama. This report discusses the test procedures, presents the test data, includes an analysis of the data and provides recommendations regarding reliable relay testing.