The radiation from the 5 cm period undulator at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) has been characterized using a transmission grating spectrometer. Spectral and angular distributions of radiation were measured for deflection parameter K values between 0.45 and 2.12 at low storage ring current (0.1--0.5 mA). From the calibration of the spectrometer, the absolute flux density of the undulator harmonics has been determined together with the spectral linewidth. The electron the beam emittance was determined by analyzing the angular distribution of the red-shifted fundamental. Comparison has been made with radiation calculations based upon the measured magnetic field data of the undulator. Including field errors, electron beam emittance and energy spread, good agreement is found between theoretically and experimentally determined harmonic widths and peak brightness.

This document compiles technical data on irradiated fuel stored at the Hanford Site in support of the Hanford SNF Management Environmental Impact Statement. Fuel included is from the Defense Production Reactors (N Reactor and the single-pass reactors; B, C, D, DR, F, H, KE and KW), the Hanford Fast Flux Test Facility Reactor, the Shipping port Pressurized Water Reactor, and small amounts of miscellaneous fuel from several commercial, research, and experimental reactors.

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This report describes a hybrid vehicle simulation model, which can be applied to many of the vehicles currently being considered for low pollution and high fuel economy. The code operates interactively, with all the vehicle information stored in data files. The code calculates fuel economy for three driving schedules, time for 0-96 km/h at maximum acceleration, hill climbing performance, power train dimensions, and pollution generation rates. This report also documents the application of the code to a hybrid vehicle that operates with a hydrogen internal combustion engine. The simulation model is used for parametric studies of the vehicle. The results show the fuel economy of the vehicle as a function of vehicle mass, aerodynamic drag, engine-generator efficiency, flywheel efficiency, and flywheel energy and power capacities.

We designed and built an intensity interferometer to characterize the spatial coherence of a soft x-ray undulator beam. The beam source size and shape can be determined from the measured coherence function. The instrument is 400 mm long and is mounted on a standard 204-mm diameter flange. This compact design is readily adaptable to other beamlines with sources of sufficient spectral brightness. Details of the interferometer design and performance are presented. We anticipate that when this technique is mature, it will provide a useful diagnostic for high brightness x-ray beams.

The NEMS Macroeconomic Activity Module (MAM) tested here was used to generate the Annual Energy Outlook 1994 (AEO94). MAM is a response surface model, not a structural model, composed of three submodules: the National Submodule, the Interindustry Submodule, and the Regional Submodule. Contents of this report are as follows: properties of the mathematical solution; NEMS MAM empirical basis; and scenario analysis. Scenario analysis covers: expectations for scenario analysis; historical world oil price scenario; AEO94 high world oil price scenario; AEO94 low world oil price scenario; and immediate increase world oil price scenario.

The performance of ALS beamline 7.0 is described. This is an integrated system for delivering radiation from a 5cm period undulator to spectroscopy and microscopy experiments across the range of photon energies from 60eV to 1200eV. The beamline is engineered to deliver the highest possible flux, with negligible deformation of the optic surfaces due to heating. Two experiment stations are served with rapid interchangeability. We report on the measured operational parameters, the resolution and flux delivered, and the refocus of the light into a small spot at the experiment.

Position monitors are implemented in three undulator beamlines at the ALS. Their performance has been studied carefully on one of these lines and is reviewed. The monitors work as expected and show the ALS to be an exceptionally stable source of synchrotron radiation.

The effect of transition metal (TM) substitution for Pd in Ti{sub 5O}Pd{sub (50-x}TM{sub x} alloys with x between 5 and 37.5 at.% and TM = V, Cr, Mn and Fe are being characterized by transmission electron microscopy and First-Principles Alloy Theory modeling. The goal is to obtain detailed structural information related to the ternary phase relations and transformations that are necessary for effective shape-memory alloy development. Thus far, the authors have found that the tend to have pseudobinary eutectoid-like configurations with a terminal TiPd and a non-close-packed long period ordered structure type crystal structure) based on the stoichiometry Ti{sub 2}PdTM. The systems exhibit a conventional martensitic transformation, as well as a new type of displacive transformation that shear-modulates B2 to produce a periodically distorted, but non-close-packed metastable product phase.

This chapter provides a snapshot of the existing PJM system and identifies the environmental constraints that form the parameters for the regional approaches analyzed in this study. The chapter begins with a description of the PJM system and the costs and emissions levels of the pollutants under study associated with the reference case (the PJM system configured to meet only Clean Air Act Amendment Phase I SO{sub 2} requirements and the March 1994 NO{sub x} requirements affecting Phase I units){sup 3}. Next, the pollution-reduction scenario assumed for the purpose of the study, which covers the period 1995--2010, is described. Finally, the impacts of this pollution reduction scenario -- emissions that would need to be avoided on the reference case PJM system -- are identified. Modeling methods are described alongside the study`s results. Other chapters discuss: environmental constraints, alternate plans to achieve environmental goals, and comparison of alternate plans.

Production from the Port Neches CO{sub 2} continue to improve. five wells responded to CO{sub 2} injection and currently are flowing with the exception of well No. 6, which has been placed on gas lift to draw the CO{sub 2} to the vicinity. Current production is about 400 BOPD from the five producing wells. Total CO{sub 2} injection is averaging 10 MMCFD, including 4 MMCFD purchased from Cardox and 6 MMCFD of recycled gas. Reservoir pressure increased from 2697 psi in May, to 2890 psi in June due to over-injection. An additional water injection pump was installed to handle the increasing volume of produced water. Also a workover was performed on Well No. 33 to take out the gas lift valves and eliminate communication. Two papers were presented at the SPE/DOE symposium that was held in Tulsa this April. The screening model has been released to the DOE and was made public during the month of May.

This task involves developing a preliminary national energy and environmental risk analysis system (EERAS). An analytical methodology for nationwise estimation of potential for USDW contamination from underground injection and the current and future resource potential associated with these areas of concern will be developed.

Many scientific computer codes involve linear systems of equations which are coupled only between nearest neighbors in a single dimension. The most common situation can be formulated as a tridiagonal matrix relating source terms and unknowns. This system of equations is commonly solved using simple forward and back substitution. The usual algorithm is spectacularly ill suited for parallel processing with distributed data, since information must be sequentially communicated across all domains. Two new tridiagonal algorithms have been implemented in FORTRAN 77. The two algorithms differ only in the form of the unknown which is to be found. The first and simplest algorithm solves for a scalar quantity evaluated at each point along the single dimension being considered. The second algorithm solves for a vector quantity evaluated at each point. The solution method is related to other recently published approaches, such as that of Bondeli. An alternative parallel tridiagonal solver, used as part of an Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) scheme, has recently been developed at LLNL by Lambert. For a discussion of useful parallel tridiagonal solvers, see the work of Mattor, et al. Previous work appears to be concerned only with scalar unknowns. This paper presents a new technique which treats …

This meeting of the Environmental Management Advisory Board was held to discuss environmental concerns that everybody has and to provide a strategy for dealing with the problems. Plans for the Environmental Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement are presented. A report is included of the subcommittee on institutional barriers to advanced technology use. The subcommittee on environmental restoration cost effectiveness also presents a report. The status of public involvement activities is evaluated. A presentation on the status of spent fuel management is included.

On January 15, 1993, the Department of Energy (DOE) approved the Justification for Mission Need (JMN) for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This action (Key Decision Zero, or KD0) commenced the conceptual design for the facility, which has resulted in a recently completed Conceptual Design Report (CDR). The JMN document defined the NIF mission elements to include laboratory fusion ignition and energy gain, weapons physics, and nuclear weapons effects testing research (NWET). NIF has a dual benefit by contributing to inertial fusion energy (IFE), industrial technology development, new basic science areas applying high power lasers, and training young scientists for future stewardship activities. For consideration of the next DOE action, Key Decision One (KD1), all mission elements of the NIF as stated in the JMN are consistent with and important to the US stockpile stewardship program, and are expected to continue to be in the vital interest of the United States for the long term. This document provides further information on the utility of NIF for stockpile stewardship, including support for a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), and specific findings of four national workshops on the NIF utility for weapons physics, NWET, IFE and basic science research. The role of …

Atomic transport of oxygen in nonstoichiometric oxides is an extremely important topic which overlaps science and technology. In many cases the diffusion of oxygen controls sintering, grain growth, and creep. High oxygen diffusivity is critical for efficient operation of many fuel cells. Additionally, oxygen diffusivities are an essential ingredient in any point defect model. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is the most accurate modern technique to measure oxygen tracer diffusion. This paper briefly reviews the principles and applications of SIMS for the measurement of oxygen transport. Case studies are taken from recent work on ZnO and some high-temperature superconductors.

This report discusses the following topics; establishment and growth of the laboratories and the struggle for Livermore; technology and weapons development; and challenges to unbridled technological development--the laboratories and arms control.

Electroweak baryogenesis is addressed within the context of the standard model of particle physics. Although the minimal standard model has the means of fulfilling the three Sakharov`s conditions, it falls short to explaining the making of the baryon asymmetry of the universe. In particular, it is demonstrated that the phase of the CKM mixing matrix is an, insufficient source of CP violation. The shortcomings of the standard model could be bypassed by enlarging the symmetry breaking sector and adding a new source of CP violation.

The front end beamline section contains photon shutters and fixed masks. These components are made of OFHC copper and GlidCOP AL-15. Stainless steels (304 or 316) are also used for connecting photon shutters and fixed masks to other components that operate in the ultrahigh vacuum system. All these dissimilar materials need to be joined together. However, bonding these dissimilar materials is very difficult because of their different mechanical and thermal properties and incompatible metallurgical properties. Explosion bonding is a bonding method in which the controlled energy of a detonating explosive is used to create a metallurgical bond between two or more similar or dissimilar materials. No intermediate filler metal, for example, a brazing compound or soldering alloy, is needed to promote bonding, and no external heat need be applied. A study of the metallurgical and mechanical properties and YGV applications of GlidCop AL-15, OFHC copper, and 304 stainless steel explosion-bonded joints has been done. This report contains five parts: an ultrasonic examination of explosion-bonded joints and a standard setup; mechanical-property and thermal-cycle tests of GlidCop AL-15/304 stainless steel explosion-bonded joints; leak tests of a GlidCop AL-15/304 stainless steel explosion-bonded interfaces for UHV application; metallurgical examination of explosion-bonded interfaces and failure …

Liquids derived from coal contain relatively high amounts of oxygenated organic compounds, mainly in the form of phenols and furans that are deleterious to the stability and quality of these liquids as fuels. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) using Mo/W sulfide catalysts is a promising method to accomplish this removal, but our understanding of the reactions occurring on the catalyst surface during HDO is very limited. Rather than attempting to examine the complexities of real liquids and catalysts we have adopted an approach here using model systems amenable to surface-sensitive techniques that enable us to probe in detail the fundamental processes occurring during HDO at the surfaces of well-defined model catalysts. The results of this work may lead to the development of more efficient, selective and stable catalysts. Above a S/Mo ratio of about 0.5 ML, furan does not adsorb on sulfided Mo surfaces; as the sulfur coverage is lowered increasing amounts of furan can be adsorbed. Temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) reveals that C-H, C-C and C-O bond scission occurs on these surfaces. Auger spectra show characteristic changes in the nature and amount of surface carbon. Comparisons with experiments carried out with CO, H{sub 2} and alkenes show that reaction pathways include -- …

This report contains brief papers on the research being conducted at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics in 1993 in Geosciences, High-Pressure sciences, and Astrophysics.

A comparison study was made between a quartz tube non-porous packed bed reactor and a 40 Angstrom pore size porous VYCOR membrane reactor using two different methane coupling catalysts. Comparisons of reactor performance of the two reactors were made on the basis of amount of methane converted, C{sub 2} selectivities and the total C{sub 2} yields. Identical flow and temperature conditions were maintained for the two reactor systems for this study. These studies appear to indicate that improved performance can be obtained in VYCOR membrane reactors. The product stream from the tube side effluent of the porous VYCOR membrane reactor was superior to that from the quartz tube non-porous reactor in terms of improved C{sub 2} selectivity. At the present stage of research, the total effluent from the membrane reactor compared slightly less favorably to the effluent from a non-porous reactor, but studies are continuing on devising a reactor configuration which increases methane throughput in the tube side of the membrane reactor which is expected to demonstrate the overall superiority of the membrane reactor. Simulation results obtained by doing a parameter study for different reactor systems showed that, for the methane coupling reaction, where the desired product formation had a …

In researching the theory of RBE, attention is focused on several topics of importance. They include: improving knowledge of the radial distribution of dose about the path of an energetic heavy ion in different media; calculations which have demonstrated that three Escherichia coli mutants behave as 1-hit detectors; lethal mutations in a nematode induced by gamma radiation and heavy ion beams; prevalence in cancer induction in the Harderian gland by HZE particles; subtleties in the analysis of radiobiological data; low-dose irradiation effects; high LET effects; cellular radiosensitivity parameters; and radial dose calculations for mammalian cells.

Our ability to interpret ecosystem response to elevated atmospheric CO{sub 2} is contingent on understanding and integrating a complex of physiological and ecological processes. However, we have a limited understanding of the combined effects of changes in plant carbon (C) allocation, microbial activity, and nitrogen (N) dynamics on the long-term response of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated CO{sub 2}. Individually, these factors are potent modifiers of C and N dynamics, and an in depth understanding of their interactions should provide insight into ecosystem-level responses to global climate change. Our research is aimed at quantifying the physiological mechanisms leading to increased fine root production, microbial biomass and rates of N cycling at elevated atmospheric CO{sub 2}. More specifically, we will experimentally manipulate soil nitrogen availability and atmospheric CO{sub 2} to understand how changes in plant resource availability influence the cycling of carbon between plants and soil microorganisms.