Results of multidimensional computations of sprays in a very high pressure constant volume chamber are presented in two parts. Comparisons of computed and measured penetrations of non-vaporizing and vaporizing sprays are presented. A broad range of density ratios (0.005 to 0.243) is covered. It is shown that, provided sufficient numerical resolution is used, the model can adequately reproduce the measurements. Scaling laws for time and distance derived in a previous publication are found to apply also to the sprays over the broad range of density ratios considered. A combustion sub-model that has been used in spark-ignition engines, stratified-charge engines and Diesel engines is included in the model. The combustion sub-model represents low-temperature autoignition and high temperature heat release. Comparisons of computed and measured penetrations of combusting sprays and computed and measured chamber pressures are being made. In this report, only preliminary indicative comparisons of computed and measured chamber pressures for three cases are presented. Agreement of pressures within 5% is shown. The work is ongoing and a detailed report will be presented later.

Corrosive plutonium solutions stored in 10-L containers at the Plutonium Finishing Plant must be treated to convert the plutonium to a safe, solid form for storage and to remove the americium so that radiation exposure can be reduced. Extraction chromatographic resins will be tested for separating plutonium from these solutions in the laboratory. Separation parameters will be developed during the testing for large scale processing of the 10-L solutions and solutions of similar composition. Use of chromatographic resins will allow plutonium separation with minimum of chemical addition to the feed and without the need for plutonium valence adjustment. The separated plutonium will be calcined to plutonium oxide by direct solution calcination.

The Department of Energy`s program for disposing of nuclear High-Level Waste (HLW) and transuranic (TRU) waste has been impeded by overwhelming political opposition fueled by public perceptions of actual risk. Analysis of these perceptions shows them to be deeply rooted in images of fear and dread that have been present since the discovery of radioactivity. The development and use of nuclear weapons linked these images to reality and the mishandling of radioactive waste from the nations military weapons facilities has contributed toward creating a state of distrust that cannot be erased quickly or easily. In addition, the analysis indicates that even the highly educated technical community is not well informed on the latest technology involved with nuclear HLW and TRU waste disposal. It is not surprising then, that the general public feels uncomfortable with DOE`s management plans for with nuclear HLW and TRU waste disposal. Postponing the permanent geologic repository and use of Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) would provide the time necessary for difficult social and political issues to be resolved. It would also allow time for the public to become better educated if DOE chooses to become proactive.

The purpose of the Pollution Prevention Awareness Program (PPAP), which is required by DOE Order 5400.1, is to foster the philosophy that prevention is superior to remediation. The goal of the program is to incorporate pollution prevention into the decision-making process at every level throughout the organization. The objectives are to instill awareness, disseminate information, provide training and rewards for identifying the true source or cause of wastes, and encourage employee participation in solving environmental issues and preventing pollution. PPAP at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant was created several years ago and continues to grow. We believe that we have implemented several unique methods of communicating environmental awareness to promote a more active work force in identifying ways of reducing pollution.

During the quarter ending June 30, 1994, the EADCs in the Western Region performed a total of 109 energy audits and six industrial assessments under the contract continuation beginning October 1, 1993. Energy audit reports were issued to 90 manufacturers during the past quarter. Industrial assessment reports were issued to three clients.

In the United States we generate greater than 500 million tons of toxic waste per year which pose a threat to human health and the environment. Some of the most toxic of these wastes are those that are radioactively contaminated. This thesis explores the need for permanent disposal facilities to isolate radioactive waste materials that are being stored temporarily, and therefore potentially unsafely, at generating facilities. Because of current controversies involving the interstate transfer of toxic waste, more states are restricting the flow of wastes into - their borders with the resultant outcome of requiring the management (storage and disposal) of wastes generated solely within a state`s boundary to remain there. The purpose of this project is to study nuclear waste storage issues and public perceptions of this important matter. Temporary storage at generating facilities is a cause for safety concerns and underscores, the need for the opening of permanent disposal sites. Political controversies and public concern are forcing states to look within their own borders to find solutions to this difficult problem. Permanent disposal or retrievable storage for radioactive waste may become a necessity in the near future in Colorado. Suitable areas that could support - a nuclear storage/disposal …

Since 1987, Westinghouse Hanford Company has been a major contractor to the US Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and has served as co-operator of the 300 Area Process Trenches, the waste management unit addressed in this closure plan. For the purposes of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Westinghouse Hanford Company is identified as ``co-operator.`` The 300 Area Process Trenches Closure Plan (Revision 0) consists of a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Part A Dangerous Waste Permit Application, Form 3 and a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Closure Plan. An explanation of the Part A Permit Application, Form 3 submitted with this document is provided at the beginning of the Part A Section. The closure plan consists of nine chapters and six appendices. The 300 Area Process Trenches received dangerous waste discharges from research and development laboratories in the 300 Area and from fuels fabrication processes. This waste consisted of state-only toxic (WT02), corrosive (D002), chromium (D007), spent halogenated solvents (F001, F002, and F003), and spent nonhalogented solvent (F005). Accurate records are unavailable concerning the amount of dangerous waste discharged to the trenches. The estimated annual quantity of waste (item IV.B) reflects the total quantity of both regulated and …

The authors have completed the initial phase of the diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) experimental program to validate the expected pumping dynamics and extraction cross-sections of Yb{sup 3+}-doped Sr{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F (Yb:S-FAP) crystals. Yb:S-FAP crystals up to 25 x 25 x 175 mm in size have been grown for this purpose which have acceptable loss characteristics (<1 %/cm) and laser damage thresholds ({approximately}20 J/cm{sup 2}). The saturation fluence for pumping has been measured to be 2.2 J/cm{sup 2} using three different methods based on either the spatial, temporal, or energy transmission properties of a Yb:S-FAP rod. The small signal gain under saturated pumping conditions was measured. These measurements imply an emission cross section of 6.0 x 10{sup {minus}20} cm{sup 2} that falls within error bars of the previously reported value of 7.3 x 10{sup {minus}20} cm{sup 2}, obtained from purely spectroscopic techniques. The effects of radiation trapping on the emission lifetime have been quantified. The long lifetime of Yb:S-FAP has beneficial effects for diode-pumped amplifier designs, relative to materials with equivalent cross sections but shorter lifetimes, in that less peak pump intensity is required (thus lower diode costs) and that lower spontaneous emission rates lead to a reduction in amplified …

Thin film formation by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been routinely demonstrated at the laboratory scale for many elements and compounds. In order for processes based on PLD to progress from bench top experiments to commercialization, a number of key issues must be resolved. The principal limitations of current PLD technology are low deposition rate, inclusion of macro particles in the film that are ejected from the target, and difficulty in producing uniform coatings over large areas. Only thin films of very high value are considered economic at present deposition rates, of order 10 {micro}m-cm{sup 2}/h. Recently, a significant increase in PLD rate has been achieved in the laboratory, over 2,000 {micro} {center_dot} cm{sup 2}/h. These rates were accompanied by good surface characteristics by utilizing a copper vapor laser, operating at 100 W to 200 W average power and 4.3 kHz pulse repetition rate. The initial system demonstrations were performed by depositing high quality diamond-like-carbon (DLC) films with a remarkably low level of macro particle inclusions. The experiments and material characterizations performed on the deposited material are reviewed here.

Neutron powder diffraction was used to investigate the tetragonal to monoclinic transformation of ZrO{sub 2} in a A1{sub 2}O{sub 3}-ZrO{sub 2} ceramic composite containing 40 vol % tetragonal ZrO{sub 2}. The neutron diffraction data were analyzed using the Rietveld refinement technique, which allowed to determine the extent of the transformation as a function of temperature. The onset transformation temperature determined for this sample was 130 K. Below this temperature, the fraction of the monoclinic phase continued to increase to about 9 vol % at 80 K and remained constant for temperatures below 80 K. The calculated thermal expansion, using the refined lattice parameters, was found in excellent agreement with dilatometry data, confirming that the sharp increase in the thermal expansion upon cooling resulted from the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation in ZrO{sub 2}.

This note is a reference manual for the B-Factory Event Generator (BEGET V21) software package which generates physics events relevant to B-Factory detector studies. The package provides a standard framework that can easily interface to various external generators and simulation applications. Version 21 of BEGET contains a number of physics and background generators and is interfaced to the JETSET and KORALB generators and the GEANT and ASLUND simulation programs.

None

The Petroleum Marketing Monthly (PMM) provides information and statistical data on a variety of crude oils and refined petroleum products. The publication presents statistics on crude oil costs and refined petroleum products sales for use by industry, government, private sector analysts, educational institutions, and consumers. Data on crude oil include the domestic first purchase price, the f.o.b. and landed cost of imported crude oil, and the refiners` acquisition cost of crude oil. Refined petroleum product Sales data include motor gasoline, distillates, residuals, aviation fuels, kerosene, and propane. The Petroleum Marketing Division, Office of Oil and Gas, Energy Information Administration ensures the accuracy, quality, and confidentiality of the published data in the Petroleum Marketing Monthly.

The report presents national and State-level data on the U.S. solar thermal collector and photovoltaic cell and module manufacturing industry.

This report documents a test transfer of three Air Force technical procurement bid sets to one large and twelve small businesses, using the Department of Defense (DoD) Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support (CALS) and ANSI ASC X12 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards. The main goal of the test was to evaluate the effectiveness of using CALS technical data within the context of the DoD`s EDI-based standard approach to electronic commerce in procurement, with particular emphasis on receipt and use of the data by small contractors. Air Force procurement data was provided by the Sacramento Air Logistics Center at McClellan Air Force Base; the manufacturing participants were selected from among McClellan`s ``Blue Ribbon`` contractors, located throughout the US. The test was sponsored by the Air Force CALS Test Network, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The test successfully demonstrated the technical feasibility of including CALS MIL-R-28002 (Raster) engineering data in an EDI Specification/Technical Information transaction set (ANSI ASC X12 841) when issuing electronic requests for quotation to small businesses. In many cases, the data was complete enough for the contractor participant to feel comfortable generating a quote. Lessons learned from the test are being fed back to the CALS and EDI …