The overall objective of this project is to develop a fuller understanding of the interactions of mixtures of anionic co-contaminants with oxide-mineral surfaces. Our specific focus is on the competitive interactions of chromate and oxalic acid on ferric oxyhydroxide and on natural aquifer materials. Chromate and oxalate are of practical interest as widespread contaminants at many DOE facilities. However, these anions also are excellent model adsorbates for elucidating fundamental aspects of ionic adsorption processes, particularly with respect to organic acids.

The overall objective of this project is to develop a fuller understanding of the interactions of mixtures of anionic co-contaminants with oxide-mineral surfaces. Our specific focus is on the competitive interactions of chromate and oxalic acid on ferric oxyhydroxide and on natural aquifer materials. Chromate and oxalate are of practical interest as widespread contaminants at many DOE facilities. However, these anions also are excellent model adsorbates for elucidating fundamental aspects of ionic adsorption processes, particularly with respect to organic acids.

An asymptotic analysis if performed on a family of discontinuous finite element methods (DFEMs) for spherical geometry transport. It is found that transport methods of this type transition into discrete versions of the spherical geometry diffusion equation in the thick diffusion limit with boundary conditions that may, in general, be inaccurate. A linear DFEM method has been designed such that its asymptotic diffusion boundary conditions are accurate. In a related development, the asymptotic diffusion equation is used to accelerate the transport calculation and the iterative scheme is fully described. The results of the analysis are confirmed by numerical testing of the specific case of linear elements. 5 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

An apparatus for the measurement of the critical current of a superconductive sample, e.g., a clad superconductive sample, the apparatus including a conductive coil, a means for maintaining the coil in proximity to a superconductive sample, an electrical connection means for passing a low amplitude alternating current through the coil, a cooling means for maintaining the superconductive sample at a preselected temperature, a means for passing a current through the superconductive sample, and, a means for monitoring reactance of the coil. The alternating current capable of generating a magnetic field sufficient to penetrate, e.g., any cladding, and to induce eddy currents in the superconductive material, passing a steadily increasing current through the superconductive material, the current characterized as having a different frequency than the alternating current, and, monitoring the reactance of the coil with a phase sensitive detector as the current passed through the superconductive material is steadily increased whereby critical current of the superconductive material can be observed as the point whereat a component of impedance deviates.

A collective Thomson scattering (CTS) diagnostic system for localized measurement of energetic ions is being developed for TFTR. This system will use a 200KW, 56GHz gyrotron and a sensitive heterodyne receiver. In addition, a key element of this system will be beam and viewing dumps which are needed to minimize detection of stray gyrotron and ECE background radiation by the receiver system. It is the purpose of this study to determine the size and location of these dumps inside TFTR taking into account beam refraction and launch and receiver antenna optics scanning. The beam dump must cover all the area in the vacuum chamber where the beam is expected to impinge, and the viewing dump must cover all the areas within the direct line of sight of the receiver antenna. The beam launch system and the receiver antenna are to be placed nearly symmetrically above and below the midplane of the tokamak vacuum vessel, respectively. The beam dump is to be placed at the bottom inside of the vacuum vessel to absorb the gyrotron beam which will be launched from a top port. The viewing dump is expected to be placed symmetrically at the top inside of the vacuum vessel, …

Several molecular and cellular markers of genotoxicity were adapted for measurement in the Medaka (Oryzias latipes), and were used to describe the effects of treatment of the organism with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). NO{sup 6}-ethyl guanine adducts were detected, and a slight statistically significant, increase in DNA strand breaks was observed. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to high levels of DEN induced alkyltransferase activity which enzymatically removes any O{sup 6}-ethyl guanine adducts but does not result in strand breaks or hypomethylation of the DNA such as might be expected from excision repair of chemically modified DNA. Following a five week continuous DEN exposure with 100 percent renewal of DEN-water every third day, the F values (DNA double strandedness) increased considerably and to similar extent in fish exposed to 25, 50, and 100 ppM DEN. This has been observed also in medaka exposed to BaP.

Several molecular and cellular markers of genotoxicity were adapted for measurement in the Medaka (Oryzias latipes), and were used to describe the effects of treatment of the organism with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). NO{sup 6}-ethyl guanine adducts were detected, and a slight statistically significant, increase in DNA strand breaks was observed. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to high levels of DEN induced alkyltransferase activity which enzymatically removes any O{sup 6}-ethyl guanine adducts but does not result in strand breaks or hypomethylation of the DNA such as might be expected from excision repair of chemically modified DNA. Following a five week continuous DEN exposure with 100 percent renewal of DEN-water every third day, the F values (DNA double strandedness) increased considerably and to similar extent in fish exposed to 25, 50, and 100 ppM DEN. This has been observed also in medaka exposed to BaP.

Catalysts for converting methane to higher hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene in the presence of oxygen at temperatures in the range of about 700 to 900{degrees}C are described. These catalysts comprise calcium oxide or gadolinium oxide respectively promoted with about 0.025--0.4 mole and about 0.1--0.7 mole sodium pyrophosphate. A preferred reaction temperature in a range of about 800 to 850{degrees}C with a preferred oxygen-to-methane ratio of about 2:1 provides an essentially constant C{sub 2} hydrocarbon yield in the range of about 12 to 19 percent over a period of time greater than about 20 hours.

An earlier note discussed the preliminary design of the 1-1/2 cell RF cavity for the APS RF gun. This note describes the final design, including cavity properties and simulation results from the program rf gun. The basic idea for the new design was that the successful SSRL design could be improved upon by reducing fields that had nonlinear dependence on radius. As discussed previously, this would reduce the emittance and produce tighter momentum and time distributions. In addition, it was desirable to increase the fields in the first half-cell relative to the fields in the second half-cell, in order to allow more rapid initial acceleration, which would reduce the effects of space charge. Both of these goals were accomplished in the new design.

An improved ultra-high bandwidth helical coil deflection structure for a cathode ray tube is described comprising a first metal member having a bore therein, the metal walls of which form a first ground plane; a second metal member coaxially mounted in the bore of the first metal member and forming a second ground plane; a helical deflection coil coaxially mounted within the bore between the two ground planes; and a resistive load disposed in one end of the bore and electrically connected to the first and second ground planes, the resistive load having an impedance substantially equal to the characteristic impedance of the coaxial line formed by the two coaxial ground planes to inhibit cavity resonance in the structure within the ultra-high bandwidth of operation. Preferably, the resistive load comprises a carbon film on a surface of an end plug in one end of the bore.

This issue presents information for January through September 1990. Coal distribution data are shown by coal-producing state of origin, consumer use, method of transportation, and state of destination. All data in this report for 1990 are preliminary. Data for previous years are final. 6 figs., 34 tabs.

Under the Phase II, Alternative Energy Resources Development (AERD) project of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Government of India (GOI), five collaborative coal projects have been initiated in the areas of: (1) NO{sub x}/SO{sub x} control from coal-fired power plants, (2) slagging combustor development for high-ash Indian coals, (3) characterization of Indian coals for combustion and gasification, (4) diagnostic studies for prediction of power plant life expectancy, and (5) environmental and natural resource analysis of coal cycle. The Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) has the implementation responsibility for these projects. The Indian collaborative institutions identified for these projects are the Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), Trichy, (Projects 1--4), and the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) for Project 5. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is providing cross-cut technical coordination and support for these five projects.

This deep drilling activity is one element of the Pen Branch Fault Program at Savannah River Site (SRS). The effort will consist of three tasks: the extension of wells PBF-7 and PBF-8 into crystalline basement, geologic and drilling oversight during drilling operations, and the lithologic description and analysis of the recovered core. The drilling program addresses the association of the Pen Branch fault with order fault systems such as the fault that formed the Bunbarton basin in the Triassic.

The objective of this project is to demonstrate on a commercial scale several innovative applications of cost-reducing technology to the Chiyoda Thoroughbred-121 (CT-121) process. CT-121 is a second generation flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process which is considered by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and Southern Company Services (SCS) to be one of the most reliable and lowest cost FGD options for high-sulfur coal-fired utility boiler applications. Demonstrations of the innovative design approaches will further reduce the cost and provide a clear advantage to CT121 relative to competing technology.

The objective of this project is to demonstrate on a commercial scale several innovative applications of cost-reducing technology to the Chiyoda Thoroughbred-121 (CT-121) process. CT-121 is a second generation flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process which is considered by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and Southern Company Services (SCS) to be one of the most reliable and lowest cost FGD options for high-sulfur coal-fired utility boiler applications. Demonstrations of the innovative design approaches will further reduce the cost and provide a clear advantage to CT121 relative to competing technology.

The objective of this project is to demonstrate on a commercial scale several innovative applications of cost-reducing technology to the Chiyoda Thoroughbred-121 (CT-121) process. CT-121 is a second generation flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process which is considered by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and Southern Company Services (SCS) to be one of the most reliable and lowest cost FGD options for high-sulfur coal-fired utility boiler applications. Demonstrations of the innovative design approaches will further reduce the cost and provide a clear advantage to CT121 relative to competing technology.

The objective of this project is to demonstrate on a commercial scale several innovative applications of cost-reducing technology to the Chiyoda Thoroughbred-121 (CT-121) process. CT-121 is a second generation flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process which is considered by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and Southern Company Services (SCS) to be one of the most reliable and lowest cost FGD options for high-sulfur coal-fired utility boiler applications. Demonstrations of the innovative design approaches will further reduce the cost and provide a clear advantage to CT121 relative to competing technology.

The objective of this work was to demonstrate that solid solutions of cerium oxide (CeO{sub 2}) and other altervalent oxides (doped CeO{sub 2}) were capable of removing more H{sub 2}S from fuel gases than Ceo{sub 2} without any dopant. The ability of undoped CeO{sub 2} to remove H{sub 2}S from fuel gases had been determined with a previous DOE/SBIR grant. To make the results obtained under the two grants comparable, the procedures for all phases of this work duplicated that used previously as closely as possible. The sorbents GDC proposed to investigate were: (1) undoped CeO{sub 2}, (2) CeO{sub 2} doped with 5 mole % (5 m/o) magnesium oxide (MgO), and (3) CeO{sub 2} doped with 5 m/o lanthanum oxide (La{sub 2}O{sub 3}). Three additional sorbents: (1) CeO{sub 2} doped with 5 m/o strontium oxide (SrO), (2) CeO{sub 2} doped with 10 m/o SrO, and (2) CeO{sub 2} doped with 10 m/o La{sub 2}O{sub 3} were also investigated. All of these sorbents were prepared using the Marcilly technique.

The objective of this work was to demonstrate that solid solutions of cerium oxide (CeO{sub 2}) and other altervalent oxides (doped CeO{sub 2}) were capable of removing more H{sub 2}S from fuel gases than Ceo{sub 2} without any dopant. The ability of undoped CeO{sub 2} to remove H{sub 2}S from fuel gases had been determined with a previous DOE/SBIR grant. To make the results obtained under the two grants comparable, the procedures for all phases of this work duplicated that used previously as closely as possible. The sorbents GDC proposed to investigate were: (1) undoped CeO{sub 2}, (2) CeO{sub 2} doped with 5 mole % (5 m/o) magnesium oxide (MgO), and (3) CeO{sub 2} doped with 5 m/o lanthanum oxide (La{sub 2}O{sub 3}). Three additional sorbents: (1) CeO{sub 2} doped with 5 m/o strontium oxide (SrO), (2) CeO{sub 2} doped with 10 m/o SrO, and (2) CeO{sub 2} doped with 10 m/o La{sub 2}O{sub 3} were also investigated. All of these sorbents were prepared using the Marcilly technique.

The DWPF melter off-gas systems have High Efficiency Mist Eliminators (HEME) upstream of the High Efficiency Particulates Air filters (HEPA) to remove fine mist and particulates from the off-gas. To have an acceptable filter life and an efficient HEME operation, air atomized water is sprayed into the melter off-gas and onto the HEME surface. The water spray keeps the HEME wet, which dissolves the soluble particulates and enhances the HEME efficiency. DWPF Technical requested SRL to determine the conditions for the DWPF nozzle which will give complete atomization of water so that the HEME will operate efficiently. Since the air pressure and flow rate to generate the desired spray are not known before hand, an experiment was performed in two stages. The first stage involved preliminary tests which mapped out a general operating region for producing the desired spray pattern. Afterward, all the gages and meters were changed to suitable ranges for the conditions which generated an acceptable spray. This report summarizes the results and the conclusions of the second stage experiment.

To find desorption pre-exponential factors from temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectra, we develop procedures using both the TPD spectra and their derivatives. First, an approximate method is derived using peak temperatures. This method is formally identical with one used for determining pre-exponential factors and desorption activation energies when desorptions are energetically uniform. The method can be used when the pre-exponential factor is constant. We next develop an iterative process that also uses peak temperatures, and again is usable when the pre-exponential factor is constant. This iterative approach should give more exact values of pre-exponential factors than the approximate approach. Using the first derivatives of TPD spectra over the entire range of temperatures leads to a second iterative process. This last procedure allows determination of energy-dependent pre-exponential factors. 8 refs., 13 figs.

The Institute of Paper Science and Technology (IPST) has received a project grant from the US DOE to develop and demonstrate the use of realtime process simulation modeling as a means of process analysis and optimization. The Project, to be conducted under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA), will target a Thermo-Mechanical Pulping (TMP) operation as the site for the commercial implementation of the technology. IPST and a sub-contractor, SACDA Inc. (SACDA), will cooperate in a two-to-three year effort to produce an on-line simulation program having both steady-state and dynamic modeling capabilities. The Project will take advantage of a current IPST and SACDA joint development effort to merge the IPST's MAPPS (Modular Analysis of Pulp and Paper Systems) program with SACD's MASSBAL program. Using the combined proprietary programs, realtime'' steady-state and dynamic TMP models will be developed and installed as part of a millwide'' information/analysis system. By utilizing the Performance Attribute (PAT) Modeling concept developed at IPST, the models will have the capability of optimizing energy usage and other process operating variables as a function of pulp quality. The primary goal of the Project is to demonstrate that on-line simulation models can provide assistance to operators and managers …

A knowledge of the position, size, and stability of the source and the angle of emission of synchrotron radiation (SR) from the storage ring are essential for optimizing the operation of storage ring, insertion device and monochromators. Berkeley's Advanced Light Source (ALS) has a natural emittance of 3.4 {times} 10{sup {minus}9} m-rad, and has beam sizes {sigma}{sub h} and {sigma}{sub v} (assuming a 10% emittance ratio into the vertical direction) in bending magnet 1 (BM1) of 44 {mu}m and 83 {mu}m respectively. Simple diffractive optical calculations show that imaging this beam using visible light optics is not feasible and imaging must be performed using photon energies greater than 50 eV. This will be the same for all third generation low emittance storage rings. The synchrotron radiation diagnostics at ALS will consist of an imaging system for 200 eV photons and a white beam'' port with a streak camera to obtain the timing information. The imaging system will employ two crossed spherical mirrors in a Kirkpatrick-Baez configuration, to eliminate astigmatism. Use of 1:1 imaging will eliminate coma, resulting in an image of the source which is only limited by the residual aberrations of the optics. Real time imaging of the beam …

A knowledge of the position, size, and stability of the source and the angle of emission of synchrotron radiation (SR) from the storage ring are essential for optimizing the operation of storage ring, insertion device and monochromators. Berkeley`s Advanced Light Source (ALS) has a natural emittance of 3.4 {times} 10{sup {minus}9} m-rad, and has beam sizes {sigma}{sub h} and {sigma}{sub v} (assuming a 10% emittance ratio into the vertical direction) in bending magnet 1 (BM1) of 44 {mu}m and 83 {mu}m respectively. Simple diffractive optical calculations show that imaging this beam using visible light optics is not feasible and imaging must be performed using photon energies greater than 50 eV. This will be the same for all third generation low emittance storage rings. The synchrotron radiation diagnostics at ALS will consist of an imaging system for 200 eV photons and a ``white beam`` port with a streak camera to obtain the timing information. The imaging system will employ two crossed spherical mirrors in a Kirkpatrick-Baez configuration, to eliminate astigmatism. Use of 1:1 imaging will eliminate coma, resulting in an image of the source which is only limited by the residual aberrations of the optics. Real time imaging of the beam …