This document reports results from the initial effort to establish baseline economic performance comparators for a program whose intent is to define, develop, and demonstrate advanced systems suitable for coal resource extraction beyond the year 2000. Systems used in this study were selected from contemporary coal mining technology and from conservative conjectures of year 2000 technology. The analysis was also based on a seam thickness of 6 ft. Therefore, the results are specific to the study systems and the selected seam thickness. To be more beneficial to the program, the effort should be extended to other seam thicknesses. This document is one of a series which describe systems level requirements for advanced underground coal mining equipment. Five areas of performance are discussed: production cost, miner safety, miner health, environmental impact, and recovery efficiency. The projections for cost and production capability comprise a so-called moving baseline which will be used to assess compliance with the systems requirement for production cost. Separate projections were prepared for room and pillar, longwall, and shortwall technology all operating under comparable sets of mining conditions. This work is part of an effort to define and develop innovative coal extraction systems suitable for the significant resources remaining …

Salient features of technical progress for the first quarter are the following: (I) computer-assisted literature searches have been completed for several strategies designed to cover different aspects of the model development and evaluation program. Some strategy refinement and additional searches are required. Ultimately a comprehensive bibliography will have been compiled and evaluated; (II) basic mathematical components that are sufficient for the development of a first numerical model for water and methane flows to coal mines have been identified. This initial set of components is a basis for the collection and analysis of refinements to provide more realistic accounts of the complex factors affecting coal-bed methane during mining and degasification; (III) a set of basic partial differential equations for flow of water and gas in a horizontal, homogeneous coal seam has been formulated in terms of pressure, pore saturation, and adsorbed gas variables and presented in normalized form for numerical solution. Equation sets corresponding to alternative choices of dependent variables will be formulated and compared with this initial set and (IV) computer subroutines have been modified and assembled to implement one-dimensional, nonsteady, two-phase flow models. These programs implement numerical, finite-difference, method-of-lines algorithms in a format that facilitates substitution of mathematical components …

The goal of the SOLCAN Program Planning Task is to assist in the development, at the state and local levels, of consumer assurance approaches that will support the accelerated adoption and effective use of new products promoted by government incentives to consumers to meet our nation's energy needs. The task includes state-conducted evaluations and state SOLCAN meetings to identify consumer assurance mechanisms, assess their effectiveness, and identify and describe alternative means for strengthening consumer and industry assurance in each state. Results of the SOLCAN process are presented, including: a Solar Consumer Protection State Assessment Guide; State Solar Consumer Assurance Resources for Selected States; State Solar Consumer Protection Assessment Interviews for Florida; and state SOLCAN meeting summaries and participants. (LEW)

A new electric gun system was constructed for use in high-pressure EOS studies. The system is powered by a 100 kV, 15.6 ..mu..F capacitor bank. At 100 kV charging voltage the system inductance is 23 nH. This system has driven 0.3 mm-thick Kapton projectiles to > 20 km/s and 0.3 mm Kapton/30 ..mu..m Ta projectiles to approx. 10 km/s. Projectile velocity is modeled phenomenlogically by an electrical Gurney model.

Run ZBF was conducted to determine the amount of sulfur and nitrogen removal from SRC-I/process solvent mixture in the absence of a hydrotreating catalyst. Negligible nitrogen and sulfur removal resulted from this experiment. The hydrogen content of the coal liquid increased slightly over that of the feedstock. In similar studies using other coal liquids some sulfur removal (10 to 40%) was noted under non-catalyzed conditions. Several commercial NiMo supported catalysts were analyzed for silica contents using atomic absorption. These results revealed that catalysts with large micropore size structures also contain high silica content (up to 22.5 weight percent). Several short duration runs (12 to 110 hours) were conducted in the CLTU to gather data on catalyst coking mechanisms. Using the SRC material mixed with a process solvent or creosote oil (30 weight percent SRC), solid materials were observed to form and precipitate in the latter portions of the reactor bed. The reactor system was modified to prevent the accumulation of these incompatible solids which would result in premature termination of the experimental runs. In the catalyst regeneration study (HDN-30, NiMo), a spent catalyst was regenerated and then used to hydrotreat a coal liquid consisting of 10% Synthoil II liquid mixed …

The objective of the Spent Fuel Stabilizer Materials Program is to identify, test, select, and qualify stabilizer materials for use in the design of spent fuel waste packages. Emphasis is placed on the selection of stabilizer materials that exhibit minimal interaction with the other waste package components. The spent fuel stabilizer fill process screening test was completed. This test measured the interaction of candidate metal stabilizers with LWR fuel cladding during stabilizer emplacement at elevated temperatures. While the test focused on screening of stabilizer materials, interaction information with a candidate canister material (1018 carbon steel) was also generated and will be useful in future considerations.

The objective of the Spent Fuel Stabilizer Materials Program is to identify, test, select, and qualify stabilizer materials for use in the design of spent fuel waste packages. Emphasis is placed on the selection of stabilizer materials with minimal interactions. The preliminary screening of candidate spent fuel stabilizer materials was completed and reported to the Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation in November 1980. Based on criteria set for thermally induced stresses, material cost, and material availability, an initial list of potential stabilizers was reduced to 34 that are recommended for additional screening tests. The spent fuel stabilizer temperature limit test was completed during this report period. Tests were conducted to establish a conservative temperature limit for spent light water reactor (LWR) fuel during the stabilizer emplacement process. Melting of metals and metal alloys, fusing of glass stabilizers,or other possible emplacement processes may require elevation of the spent fuel temperature above levels desirable for maintaining fuel rod integrity (intact cladding) or reasonable inter-rod spacing for stabilizer flow. This test was conducted to establish the temperature below which these concerns would not exist. Stabilizers that require emplacement process temperatures above the limit will be eliminated from the screening program.

The US Department of Energy has set a 20-year lifetime goal for terrestrial photovoltaic modules. In its capacity as a Residential Photovoltaic Field Test and Applications Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory has established and is monitoring experimental residential test sites in various locations of the United States. These sites contain either real or simulated residences coupled with photovoltaic modules from several manufacturers as well as the necessary balance-of-system components. Tests reported include visual and electrical inspection of modules, flash testing, and determination of module I-V curves.

Fragility functions are cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) of strengths at failure. They are needed for reliability analyses of systems such as power generation and transmission systems. Subjective opinions supplement sparse test data for estimating fragility functions. Often the opinions are opinions on the percentiles of the fragility function. Subjective percentiles are likely to be less biased than opinions on parameters of cdfs. Solutions to several problems in the estimation of fragility functions are found for subjective percentiles and test data. How subjective percentiles should be used to estimate subjective fragility functions, how subjective percentiles should be combined with test data, how fragility functions for several failure modes should be combined into a composite fragility function, and how inherent randomness and uncertainty due to lack of knowledge should be represented are considered. Subjective percentiles are treated as independent estimates of percentiles. The following are derived: least-squares parameter estimators for normal and lognormal cdfs, based on subjective percentiles (the method is applicable to any invertible cdf); a composite fragility function for combining several failure modes; estimators of variation within and between groups of experts for nonidentically distributed subjective percentiles; weighted least-squares estimators when subjective percentiles have higher variation at higher percents; and …

This contract study of basic combustion and pollutant formation processes for pulverized solid fossil fuels includes coal-water mixtures and chars derived from coal pyrolysis, liquefaction or gasification processes. The factors that affect the physical properties of coal-water mixtures (CWM) have been identified and characterization tests initiated to determine how these variables (e.g., solids loading, particle size, particle size distribution, additives) affect the coal slurries. A bench-scale apparatus consisting of a pressure vessel and an atomizing nozzle was designed and is being fabricated. This apparatus will assist in the development of handling and atomization techniques for the combustion tests. It will also aid in comparing viscosities of slurries of different solids loadings and coal types. Chars were obtained for characterization tests. A series of potential tests to characterize the chars was identified. Grading and sizing of the chars was begun as well as elemental analysis. Samples of the chars were sent to Phillips for CO/sub 2/ reactivity tests to be performed. Coding for incorporation of swirling flows into the two-dimensional coal combustion model (PCGC-2) was completed. Debugging was initiated and sample computations are performed for a gaseous, isothermal system for low swirl numbers. Convergence problems were encountered when attempts were made …

A study of basic combustion and pollutant formation processes for pulverized solid fossil fuels has been initiated. The solid fossil fuels under consideration for this research include such solid fuels as non-bituminous coal types, solvent refined coal, combustion char, petroleum coke, oil shale and tar sand. The potential industrial application of pulverized fuels other than coal provides some promise for relief from present and future conventional fuel shortages. Utilization problems with these fuels such as flame stability, fuel handling, pollutant emission and ash and slag formation in large-scale furnaces may be fundamentally addressed in laboratory reactors using properly scaled operating variables. An extensive literature search was begun to assess current knowledge relative to utilization of these fuels. This review will provide a basis for selection of three solid fuels for testing. Pertinent information from industrial contacts will also be used in the fuel selection. The criteria to be used in the selection of these fuels include availability for economic industrial use, adaptability, grindability, flame stability, entrainability, uniformity, applicability to direct firing with air, solidity with heating, availability to the BYU Combustion Laboratory, cost, other physical characteristics affecting their use, industrial input and recommendations, and DOE approval. The existing laboratory coal …

This project, Energy Recovery Through Termites, was based on the proposed development of an energy recovery system to produce low cost animal protein for use in animal feeds. The result of my study shows that to date we are unable to establish viable colonies of termites. This is based on several key factors as follows: (a) inability to capture reproductives to establish new colonies in a confined area needed to offer recovery or harvest of protein; (b) confinement of colonies (even without queen or reproductives) has proven to be far too complex to establish in low cost and modest facilities; (c) the proposal is not cost effective. The resources of skill and materials could not be repaid from the protein recovered.

Installation of the cell preparation station into its new enclosure is now complete and operation verification tests have been performed. The detailed layout drawings of the Automated Lamination Station have been produced and construction has begun. All major and most minor components have been delivered by vendors. The station framework has been built and assembly of components is underway. The final drawings for the Automated Vacuum Chamber are being completed and the first in-house components are being fabricated.

The Automated Lamination Station is mechanically complete and is currently undergoing final wiring. The high current driver and isolator boards have been completed and installed, and the main interface board is under construction. The automated vacuum chamber has had a minor redesign to increase stiffness and improve the cover open/close mechanism. Design of the Final Assembly Station has been completed and construction is underway.

The total photodetachment cross section of the metastable, (1s2s2p) /sup 4/P/sup 0/ state of He/sup -/ has been recently measured at several wavelengths between 10 ..mu.. and 308 nm. As part of these calculations, the even parity, quartet, autodetaching states of He/sup -/ which are optically connected to the metastable /sup 4/P/sup 0/ state and which are associated with the n = 2 and n = 3 states of He were studied. In both the photodetachment and electron scattering calculations, extensive configuration interaction (CI) wavefunctions were used to describe the He target states, the He/sup -/ resonance states and the photodetachment continua. The Stieltjes moment-theory technique was used to extract the partial photodetachment cross sections from the discrete representations of the electron scattering continua. The use of the Stieltjes technique allowed the inclusion of both channel-channel coupling and fully correlated He /sup 3/S and /sup 3/P/sup 0/ wavefunctions in the calculations. Results are presented and discussed. (WHK)

This report is a compilation of abstracts of papers, reports, and talks presented during 1980 at national and international meetings by members of the Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The arrangement is alphabetical (by author). For a given report, a bibliographic reference appears under the name of each coauthor, but the abstract itself is given only under the name of the first author (indicated in capital letters) or the first Earth Sciences Division author.

Two sets of parameters have been developed to study stochastic accumulation. The question arises of the size of the transverse emittance required to achieve an antiproton yield of 1.2 x 10{sup 8} {bar p}'s/MR cyc1e for 4.5 GeV and 8 GeV {bar p} kinetic energies, given a full momentum acceptance of 4%. The results quoted in the paper are obtained with a Monte Carlo program which uses a fit to the {bar p} production invariant cross section that has been presented previously. An article describing the program is in preparation.

A secondary optical element may be added to a parabolic dish solar concentrator to increase the geometric concentration ratio attainable at a given intercept factor. This secondary may be a Fresnel lens or a mirror, such as a compound elliptic concentrator or a hyperbolic trumpet. At a fixed intercept factor, higher overall geometric concentration may be obtainable with a long focal length primary and a suitable secondary matched to it. Use of a secondary to increase the geometric concentration ratio is more likely to be worthwhile if the receiver temperature is high and if errors in the primary are large. Folding the optical path with a secondary may reduce cost by locating the receiver and power conversion equipment closer to the ground and by eliminating the heavy structure needed to support this equipment at the primary focus. Promising folded-path configurations include the Ritchey-Chretien and perhaps some three-element geometries. Folding the optical path may be most useful in systems that provide process heat.

Enthalpy measurements were initiated on the model compound quinoline. Preliminary results are presented for the temperature region 186 to 732/sup 0/F along isobars of 75, 100, and 200 psia.

The objectives of this research involve the design, development, and testing of a new type of photon detection system which can provide, simultaneously, magnitude and positional data regarding a radioactive source, without utilizing a high-Z collimator. This system employs the principle of active collimation, i.e., the geometric configuration of crystal elements results in certain members being shielded from oblique-angle rays, thereby providing spatial resolution characteristics. Inasmuch as events occurring in the promontory shielding crystals can be used to determine activity levels of the emitter, a greater counting efficiency is attainable than that with other currently available systems. Owing to optical and scintillation characteristics, and amplifier parameters, along with masking of the common PM tube, each of the five scintillation crystals in the detector configuration produces a separate, delineable spectral peak.

The focus is on electric power production using geothermal resources greater than 150/sup 0/C because this form of geothermal energy utilization has the most serious health-related consequences. Based on measurements and experience at existing geothermal power plants, atmospheric emissions of noncondensing gases such as hydrogen sulfide and benzene pose the greatest hazards to public health. Surface and ground waters contaminated by discharges of spent geothermal fluids constitute another health hazard. It is shown that hydrogen sulfide emissions from most geothermal power plants are apt to cause odor annoyances among members of the exposed public - some of whom can detect this gas at concentrations as low as 0.002 parts per million by volume. A risk assessment model is used to estimate the lifetime risk of incurring leukemia from atmospheric benzene caused by 2000 MW(e) of geothermal development in California's Imperial Valley. The risk of skin cancer due to the ingestion of river water in New Zealand that is contaminated by waste geothermal fluids containing arsenic is also assessed. Finally, data on the occurrence of occupational disease in the geothermal industry are summarized briefly.

Systems that reduce energy usage and are economically viable in the citrus fruit processing industry are identified. The preliminary results of Phase I are presented. Alternative systems to be considered are classified and denoted as central, modular, integrated, and combined. Progress is reported on the central and modular systems. (MCW)

A multiple-reflection optical cell for Raman or fluorescence gas analysis consists of two spherical mirrors positioned transverse to a multiple-pass laser cell in a confronting plane-parallel alignment. The two mirrors are of equal diameter but possess different radii of curvature. The spacing between the mirrors is uniform and less than half of the radius of curvature of either mirror. The mirror of greater curvature possesses a small circular portal in its center which is the effective point source for conventional Fl double lens collection optics of a monochromator-detection system. Gas to be analyzed is flowed into the cell and irradiated by a multiply-reflected composite laser beam centered between the mirrors of the cell. Raman or fluorescence radiation originating from a large volume within the cell is: (1) collected via multiple reflections with the cell mirrors; (2) partially collimated; and (3) directed through the cell portal in a geometric array compatible with Fl collection optics.

This report describes the basic parameters which directly influence the behavior of a coal slurry pipeline transportation system and determine the limitations of the system performance. The purpose of this technology assessment is to provide an identification and understanding of the critical factors which must be given consideration in the design and evaluation of such a slurry haulage system intended for use in an underground coal mine. The slurry haulage system will be utilized to satisfy the transportation requirements of conveying, in a pipeline, the coal mined by a continuous mining machine to a storage location near the mine entrance or to a coal preparation plant located on the surface. Coal-water slurries, particularly those consisting of homogeneous suspensions of small particles, frequently behave as non-Newtonian, Bingham-plastic fluids. For successful operation, slurry transport systems should be designed to operate in the turbulent flow regime and at a flow rate at least 30% greater than the deposition velocity. The deposition velocity is defined as the slurry flow rate at which the solid particles tend to settle in the pipe. Due to the importance of accurately determining the deposition velocity and the uncertainties of current methods for predicting the deposition velocity of coarse …