The MACK computer program calculates energy pointwise and multigroup nuclear response functions from basic nuclear data in ENDF/B format. The new version of the program MACK-IV, incorporates major developments and improvements aimed at maximizing the utilization of available nuclear data and ensuring energy conservation in nuclear heating calculations. A new library, MACKLIB-IV, of nuclear response functions was generated in the CTR energy group structure of 171 neutron groups and 36 gamma groups. The library was prepared using MACK-IV and ENDF/B-IV and is suitable for fusion, fusion-fission hydrids, and fission applications.

This report reviews the physical basis for the theory of enhanced transport in non-axisymmetric tandem mirror systems recently published by Ryutov, et al. For TMX and thermal ions in a reactor, the radial loss is estimated to be somewhat less than the axial loss; energetic alphas in reactors are susceptible to rapid loss. A number of variations of current magnetic field designs are suggested for reducing this transport.

Results of preliminary study are presented which was performed under subtask 2.7 of the NTS Terminal Waste Storage Program Plan for 1978. Subtask 2.7 examines the feasibility of locating a nuclear waste repository in a granitic stock or pluton in southern Nevada near the Nevada Test Site (NTS). It is assumed for the purposes of this study that such a repository cannot be located at NTS. This assumption may or may not be correct. This preliminary report does not identify a particular site as being a suitable location for a repository. Nor does it absolutely eliminate a particular site from further consideration. It does, however, answer the basic question of probable suitability of some of the sites and present a systematic method for site evaluation. Since the findings of this initial study have been favorable, it will be followed by more exhaustive and detailed studies of the original 30 sites and perhaps others. In future studies some of the evaluation criteria used in the preliminary study may be modified or eliminated, and new criteria may be introduced.

Present techniques for measuring sound velocity in liquid metals have been limited by the use of transducers which cannot survive in extreme temperature conditions. These methods also require relatively long measurement times. An optical noncontacting method has been developed which may be used for extremely short experimental times and very high temperatures and pressures. This technique is being incorporated into an isobaric expansion apparatus in which a 1 mm diam wire sample in a high pressure argon gas environment is resistively heated to melt within a time period of only a few microseconds. Before instability of the liquid column occurs, thermal expansion, enthalpy, and temperature are measured. The addition of the sound velocity measurement permits a more complete determination of the thermophysical properties of the liquid metal.

An analytic method is presented for determining the dilation of fast reactor fuel assembly ducts. For temperatures where creep is linearly dependent on stress, the method is rigorous in satisfying equilibrium, compatibility and stress-strain equations. Solutions are presented for two cases: (1) a duct with constant pressure differential, (2) a duct with varying pressure differential. Results are in close agreement with finite element results of the MARC-CDC program. The method is used to predict the dilation of the Fast Test Reactor (FTR) ducts under different operating conditions. Presented are the stress, strain and dilation predictions along the duct wall, and the duct dilation variations with its geometric and loading parameters.

An off-resonance transformer for charging a 250-kV Blumlein system provides a viable alternative to other charging schemes by permitting the use of conventional thyratrons. Such a transformer must have reliability, a reasonable voltage step-up, and a non-reversing primary current. The analysis, design, and performance data for such a transformer are presented. The strong interrelationship between transformer design and Blumlein requirements necessitates that Blumlein description and design criterion be briefly presented prior to transformer design such that transformer load requirements be defined.

Results are reported in a program to design, synthesize, and evaluate polycyclic host organic compounds for their abilities to complex and lipophilize guest metal ions. Work during the reporting period was devoted to synthesis and study of cyclohexametaphenylenes and cyclic phosphine oxides. (JRD)

Approximately 80 x 10/sup 12/ Btu/y of thermal energy are contained in molten slags produced by the elemental phosphorus industry, the iron and steel industry, the copper industry, and wet-bottom coal-fired boilers. This study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of recovering this wasted energy; the impact of slag waste-heat recovery on the industries in question; and the steps necessary to commercialize applicable heat recovery technology. The study considered two approaches to recovering thermal energy from phosphorus slag: the float chamber and the contact tower. Based on these approaches, nine energy recovery options for converting the energy in slag into other usable forms of energy were conceptualized and economically evaluated. All nine options are considered tecnically feasible and environmentally sound. The economics of the nine options are based on 33.9 kg/s (269,000 lb/h) of slag throughput and vary with both the energy from produced and the realizable total credits for different energy forms. Slag by-product credit is generally needed to make heat recovery economically attractive. Slag waste-heat recovery offers considerable potential for energy savings in the elemental phosphorus, iron and steel, and copper industries. Additional studies are recommended to determine if sufficient by-product credits can be obtained to justify …

Results are presented on the design and testing of a pressurized gas blown spark gap switch capable of high repetition rates in a burst mode of operation. The switch parameters which have been achieved are as follows: 220-kV, 42-kA, a five pulse burst at 1-kHz, 12-ns risetime, 2-ns jitter at a pulse width of 50-ns.

The prototype surface examination station for the Fuels and Materials Examination Facility (FMEF) will use closed circuit television (CCTV) for routine modes of operation along with a nuclear periscope for special examination needs. The CCTV and the nuclear periscope were evaluated against prescribed station requirements and compared in a side-by-side demonstration. A quantitative evaluation of their outputs showed that both systems were capable of meeting surface anomaly detection requirements. The CCTV system was superior in its ability to collect, suppress and present data into a more useful form for the experimenters.

The report described a system built around the Computing Gamma Spectrometer (PSA) LEA 74-008. The software primarily supports high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy using either a high-purity intrinsic germanium detector (HPGe) or a lithium-drifted germanium detector (Ge(Li)).

Advanced technologies applicable to solar thermal electric power systems in the 1990--2000 time-frame are delineated for power applications that fulfill a wide spectrum of small power needs with primary emphasis on power ratings <10 MWe. Techno-economic projections of power system characteristics (energy and capital costs as a function of capacity factor) are made based on development of identified promising technologies. The key characteristic of advanced technology systems is an efficient low-cost solar energy collection while achieving high temperatures for efficient energy conversion. Two-axis tracking systems such as the central receiver or power tower concept and distributed parabolic dish receivers possess this characteristic. For these two basic concepts, advanced technologies including, e.g., conversion systems such as Stirling engines, Brayton/Rankine combined cycles and storage/transport concepts encompassing liquid metals, and reversible-reaction chemical systems are considered. In addition to techno-economic aspects, technologies are also judged in terms of factors such as developmental risk, relative reliability, and probability of success. Improvements accruing to projected advanced technology systems are measured with respect to current (or pre-1985) steam-Rankine systems, as represented by the central receiver pilot plant being constructed near Barstow, California. These improvements, for both central receivers and parabolic dish systems, indicate that pursuit of advanced …

On November 18, 1977, after four years of experimentation, innovation, and construction, the Shiva High Energy Laser facility produced 10.2 kJ of focusable laser energy delivered in a 0.95 ns pulse. The Shiva laser, with its computer control system and delta amplifiers, demonstrated its versatility on May 18, 1978, when the first 20-beam target shot with delta amplifiers focused 26 TW on a target and produced a yield of 7.5 x 10/sup 9/ neutrons.

The MHD and high-temperature fuel cell literature was surveyed for data pertaining to materials properties in order to identify materials used in MHD power generation which also might be suitable for component use in high-temperature fuel cells. Classes of MHD-electrode materials evaluated include carbides, nitrides, silicides, borides, composites, and oxides. Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-stabilized ZrO/sub 2/ used as a reference point to evaluate materials for use in the solid-oxide fuel cell. Physical and chemical properties such as electrical resistivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and thermodynamic stability toward oxidation were used to screen candidate materials. A number of the non-oxide ceramic MHD-electrode materials appear promising for use in the solid-electrolyte and molten-carbonate fuel cell as anodes or anode constituents. The MHD-insulator materials appear suitable candidates for electrolyte-support tiles in the molten-carbonate fuel cells. The merits and possible problem areas for these applications are discussed and additional needed areas of research are delineated.

A study of a series of copper(I) compounds which contain a strongly absorbing chromophore (e.g., CuBr(PPh/sub 3/)-(2,2'-bipyridine)) for use as sensitizers in photochemical energy storage systems is described. The generally low sensitization efficiencies of these compounds preclude their use as sensitizers in a practical photochemical energy storage system. Nevertheless, some interesting mechanistic information has emerged from this study, the full details of which are being written for publication. Also, the related compound, Ru(bipy)/sub 2/(NBD)/sup +2/, which features a norbornadiene molecule coordinated directly to a strongly absorbing metal containing fragment was examined. The original rationale for studying this compound was the expectation that the absorption of visible light would result in the population of an electronically excited state in which the electron density of the NBD is considerably perturbed. Relaxation of this state could then occur by a pathway which leads to the rearranged product, quadricyclene. It was found, however, that the sensitization efficiency of this compound is quite low. A comprehensive study of the factors which affect the sensitization efficiencies of Ir(bipy)/sub 2/(bipy')OH/sub 2//sup +3/ is unerway. In order to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which organic sensitizers affect the conversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclene, a study to measure the actual …

Research was conducted on photosensitizers for the norbornadiene to quadricyclene conversion.

Significant progress has been made in several areas over the past year. Quantitative measurements evaluating organic sensitizers and ctalysts have been carried out. An exciting new transition metal senitizer has been discovered. A comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of polystyrene based heterogeneous sensitizers and catalysts has been made. Recently we have successfully synthesized the first glass functionalized photosensitizers. This new class of heterogeneous supports offers several attractive features.

Clearing of electrons in the vicinity of the axis of a proton beam in the dipoles of a separated function AG-focusing structure is accomplished by transverse crossed-field drift due to the magnetic dipole field and a weak longitudinal electric field. This electric field is generated by potential differences caused by cross section variations of the beam due to variations of the ..beta..-functions and dispersion. The resulting radial drift brings the electrons into the off-axis region where they are driven out of the magnets by the usual longitudinal cross-field drift caused by the radial space charge field. The neutralization in ISABELLE is then a factor 20 below former estimates, and transverse stability can be obtained by chromaticity adjustments well within the design strengths of the sextupole correction windings.

The feasibility of implementing bias-humidity development testing to determine if field-like failure modes would result is demonstrated. Variables resulting in degradation were separated so causative variables could be identified. The studies were done on silicon solar cell modules from different manufacturers. Following each of the ten-day bias-humidity tests, the modules were examined, photographed, and tested. Limited bias-related changes were observed. (LEW)

Data were acquired on the behavior of the polyethylene upwelling pipe for the GRI/DOE Marine Biomass Biological Test Farm during several phases of pipe assembly and ocean towing and deployment. The pipe is nominally 28 in O.D., 1400 feet long with wall thicknesses of 0.9 and 1.75 inches. The entire effort was conducted over a period of six weeks and was implemented on a strictly non-interference basis with the main Biomass Program. Three types of data were acquired during shore and ocean based operations conducted in the southern California area during the period from 15 September-27 September 1978. Axial strain data were obtained from two rows of 15 transducers each, separated circumferentially by 90/sup 0/ and distributed along the entire length of the pipe. Photographic data were also acquired from helicopter, boat and shore stationed cameras. The third type of data acquired were lowering line tension measurements made during the second successful deployment operation.

Measurements of daily concentrations of /sup 7/Be, /sup 32/P, and ozone at Whiteface Mountain, New York are reported for June, July, and August of 1977 and 1978. Episodes of high daily ozone are observed to coincide with peak /sup 7/Be and /sup 32/P concentrations. Since these radionuclides and ozone are produced in the stratosphere, their simultaneous increase is taken to indicate the arrival of stratospheric air. However, ozone is also produced at ground level by photochemical reactions. Therefore, only when the ground level production of ozone is small can a comparison of cosmogenic nuclides and ozone quantitatively yield stratospheric ozone component. On June 15, 1977 at least 80% of the 50 ppBv (daily average) ozone observed originated in the stratosphere. Our data indicate substantial stratospheric contributions on numerous other occasions. The /sup 7/Be and /sup 32/P concentration measurements can be used to directly determine the accompanying stratospheric ozone if (1) the /sup 7/Be (and/or /sup 32/P)O/sub 3/ mixing ratios in the upper atmosphere, and (2) mean residence time of O/sub 3/ are known. Since October 1977, the /sup 7/Be concentrations in aerosol samples collected at 10 to 12 km varied from less than or equal to 0.1 to 5.8 pCi/kg …

The JPL life testing program for solar cell arrays is described. The testing sites include one at JPL, one at Table Mountain in the San Bernardino Mountains, one in the desert at Goldstone near Barstow, California, and one at the Coast Guard Facility at Point Vicente on the Palos Verdes Peninsula. The test stands and data acquisition systems are described, and test results are presented and discussed. (WHK)

Research efforts during the past quarter have centered on increasing yeast protein production using ozonated spent sulfite liquor (SSL) and improving the biodegradability of SSL by ultrasonic treatments. Continuous-flow fermentation experiments demonstrated the suitability of ozonated SSL as a substrate for Torula yeast growth. Yeast yields averaging between 2.0--2.2 g/l of SSL were obtained at the optimum retention time of 1.8 days. This contrasts to yeast production rates of 4.8--5.0 g/l of SSL in two day batch cultures. Lower yields were expected under continuous-flow conditions as compared to batch conditions, but production rates were sufficient to warrant further investigation. In contrast, effluent from anaerobic digestors used for methane production supported very little yeast growth even though it contains appreciable amounts of acetate. A toxic product or products apparently are synthesized during fermentation which are inhibitory to the Torula yeast. Experiments were also run to determine if sonic treatments would increase the content of fermentable substrates in SSL. Results indicated striking increases in BOD levels of SSL after sonication, especially when used in conjunction with ozonation. Such gains in available carbon would likely result in increased methane and yeast production.

Studies on desugared spent sulfite liquor, DSSL, subjected to ozonation indicate that this complex organic substrate in water solution reacts readily with ozone to produce lower molecular weight organic fragments which can be metabolized by a variety of microorganisms. Ozone uptake is complete up to approximately 15 g/l and results in an increase of 35% BOD and a reduction of 16% COD. The production of BOD is pH dependent with a maximum occurring at aroung pH 3. The production of methane via fermentation of DSSL is greatly enhanced by the ozonation reaction. Methane production on raw DSSL is only 45.3 standard cc/1 of DSSL. After ozonation of the DSSL during which 15 g/l of ozone are reacted, the resulting product yields 1239 standard cc/1. The hypothesis that methane is produced from acetic acid, held by several prior workers, could not be corroborated in this study. Liquor remaining in the fermenter after gas production has essentially ceased in much richer in acetic acid than ozonated DSSL. Continuous fermentation studies operated to optimize gas production produced a fermentate containing 3.96 g/l of acetic acid. The production of protein accomplished through the growth of Torula yeast on DSSL is also enhanced by the …