A method for estimating the useful lifetime of a reservoir in porous rock where the injection and production wells intersect a fracture system is presented. Equations were derived for the pore-fluid and fracture-fluid temperatures averaged over large regions of the geothermal field. Problems such as incomplete areal sweep and interfingering of cool and hot fluids are ignored. Approximate equations relating average temperatures to the heat flowing from rock to fluid were developed, and their use is justified by comparing the results with solutions of the exact equations. The equations for the temperature decline can be solved quickly. In the model, fractures are characterized by three parameters: aperture w, permeability k/sub fr/, and spacings between fractures D. For certain values of these parameters, cool reinjected fluid in fractures may reach the production wells long before all the warm pore fluid has been tapped, shortening the useful lifetime of the field. The traditional (and important) problems of reservoir engineering, flow rate determination, drawdown, sweep patterns, etc. were ignored. Thus the results are most useful in providing a correction factor which can be applied to lifetime estimates obtained from a detailed simulation of a field assuming porous rock. That correction factor is plotted …

Research on the use of cements in radioactive waste isolation is reported. Other research is reported on the effects of thermal treatments of clays and shales on their cation exchange capacities and relative sorptive properties for cations. Development of instrumentation for measuring thermal properties of cements at atmospheric pressure was completed. A method was developed for measuring heat flow in shales and cement. Data on thermodynamic properties of cements and shales are included. Studies of shales, siltstones, and evaporites including scanning electron microscopy are in progress. (JRD)

This document provides a summary of the required program specifications and procedures for the ERDA Phase I Brayton Isotope Power System (BIPS) Program. Also included are document definitions, descriptions, and formats, and a listing of commonly used abbreviations. This document is intended to be used as a guide in document preparation and control.

A glass direct contact heat exchange column was operated in the laboratory at atmospheric pressure using hot water and normal hexane. Column internals tested included an empty column, sieve trays, disk-and-doughnut trays, and two types of packing. Operation was very smooth in all cases and the minimum temperature approaches varied from less than 1{sup 0}C for packing to 13{sup 0}C for the empty column. High heat transfer rates were obtained in all cases, however, columns should be sized on the basis of liquid and vapor traffic. The solubilities of hydrocarbons were determined for normal hexane, pentane and butane in water and sodium chloride and calcium chloride brines at various temperatures. The values seem to be internally consistent and salt content was found to depress hydrocabon solubility. Laboratory stripping tests showed that gas stripping can be used to remove hydrocarbon from reject hot water from the direct contact heat exchange column. Although the gas volumes required are small, stripping gas requirements cannot be accurately predicted without testing. A computer program was used to study the effect of operating variables on thermodynamic cycle efficiencies. Optimum efficiencies for the moderate brine conditions studied were obtained with isopentane as working fluid and relatively low …

Section I presents a management overview of the project. Section II presents an introduction, methodology, and summary of data for the five buildings audited in Los Angeles. Additional sections present methodologies and data for operating profiles; load shedding determination; remote data, analysis; feedback; and socio-economic factors for the buildings. Additional detailed data provided in appendices are: financial management, audit, operating profiles, analysis and feedback, and computer programs. (MCW)

To predict the dimensions and characteristics of impact- and explosion-induced craters, one must know the equation of state of the rocks in which the crater is formed. Recent experimental data shed light upon inelastic processes that influence the stress/strain behavior of rocks. We examine these data with a view to developing models that could be used in predicting cratering phenomena. New data is presented on the volume behavior of two dissimilar rocks subjected to tensile stresses.

Two methods of dust-flux measurements are discussed which have been utilized to estimate aerosol plutonium deposition and resuspension. In previous studies the methods were found to be sufficiently detailed to permit parameterization of dust-flux to the erodibility of the soil, and a seventh-power dependency of dust-flux (or plutonium flux) to wind speed was observed in worst case conditions. The eddy-correlation method is technically more difficult, requires high-speed data acquisition, and requires an instrument response time better than one second, but the eddy-correlation method has been shown feasible with new fast-response sensors, and it is more useful in limited areas because it can be used as a probe. The flux-gradient method is limited by critical assumptions and is more bulky, but the method is more commonly used and accepted. The best approach is to use both methods simultaneously. It is suggested that several questions should be investigated by the methods, such as saltation stimulation of dust-flux, simultaneous suspension and deposition, foliar deposition and trapping, erodibility of crusted surfaces, and horizontally heterogeneous erodibility.

The annotated bibliography is divided into sections on chemistry and geochemistry, migration and accumulation, cultural distributions, natural distributions, and bibliographies and annual reviews. (LK)

It is shown that substantial amounts of untransformed austenite may be obtained in low alloy steels by a combination of alloy modification (addition of silicon) and heat treatment. In silicon modified AISI 4330 steel, the amount of untransformed austenite is varied by utilizing isothermal treatments both above and below the M/sub s/. The stability of the untransformed austenite is found to be dependent on the amount of silicon and also on the tempering temperature. A magnetic saturation technique was utilized to monitor the transformation of the austenite under uniaxial tensile loading. An improvement in the plane strain fracture toughness (K/sub Ic/) was observed when the retained austenite transformed with respect to strain. This improvement was optimized with particular combinations of stability and volume fractions of retained austenite. The addition of silicon resulted in an increase of both the strength and the fracture toughness (K/sub Ic/) of the quenched and tempered AISI 4330 steel. Yield strengths in the range of 200-220 ksi and K/sub Ic/ values as high as 107 ksi..sqrt..in were obtained. The microstructure was characterized using both optical and electron microscopy and is correlated with the mechanical properties.

BBC is a two-dimensional, multifluid Eulerian hydro code based on the code KRAKEN and some later development. Either cylindrical or slab problems can be run. The grid is bounded by a rectangular band of empty boundary zones. The interfaces between the regular and boundary zones can be selected to be either rigid or vacuum interfaces. The setup for BBC problems is described in the KEG manual. The present report includes several options not available in the original version of BBC. (RWR)

A comprehensive study of the data collected as part of the environmental Technical Specifications program for Units 1 and 2 of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant was carried out for the Office of Regulatory Research of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The program included an analysis of the hydrothermal and ecological monitoring data collected from 1973 through 1975. The hydrothermal analysis includes a discussion of models used in plume predictions prior to plant operation and an evaluation of the present hydrothermal monitoring program. The two primary methods used for temperature monitoring employ a fixed thermographs network and boat measurements. Review of data indicates that both the application and formulation of the hydrothermal monitoring program are inadequate to fully characterize the operation of the plant and the behavior of the thermal plume. Furthermore, there are no existing data that can be used to adequately verify or disprove the validity of the various Surry plume predictions. The ecological analysis includes validation of impacts predicted in the Final Environmental Statement using the operational monitoring data. Phytoplankton cell concentrations, chlorophyll a, and carbon-14 measurements were used to monitor changes in the primary producers. Densities of consumers (i.e., zooplankton, benthos, and fish) were sed to …

Tritiated Liquid Waste Decontamination (Molecular Excitation): A preliminary economic study of water detritiation by laser isotope separation indicates possible advantages over the catalytic exchange process. The electric power requirements are a factor of 5 lower, resulting in a 50-percent reduction in operating costs. Capital costs for the two methods appear comparable. Additional attempts were made to determine the ir spectrum of HTO around the ..nu../sub 1/ band. However, carbon dioxide impurity obscured the HTO absorption around 2265 cm/sup -1/ making it impossible to obtain a high quality spectrum for use in the LIS experiments. Electrolysis of High Level Tritiated Water: In an experiment using a regenerative cell on water containing approximately 0.3 g tritium, about 21 ml of water was electrolyzed but the solid polymer electrolyte ruptured and cell components were damaged beyond repair. Tritium Monitor Development and Calibration: The calibration system design was modified to allow procurement and fabrication of the major components during FY-1976. Shipping Container Development for Tritiated Liquid Waste: The bourdon tube pressure gage was replaced with a pressure transducer for double containment. A calorimeter was completed for tritium assay of contents. Catalytic Exchange Detritiation Studies: The Englehard hydrophobic, catalyst for HT/H/sub 2/O exchange is being …

The numeric and text processor of the MASTER CONTROL (MCP) data-base-management system permits the user to define fields and arrays that are functionally dependent on the data retained in a data base. This allows the storage of only the essential and unique information and data, and the calculation of derivable quantities as required. The derived quantity can be expressed as an arithmetic expression, that is, a functional relationship. Functions can be multiply subscripted and can be embedded within other functions at up to 58 levels. They can be stored either semi-permanently in a repertoire of functional relations, or they can be defined interactively from a terminal and used immediately for searching on the derived value. The processor also permits the conversion of literal strings into numbers, and vice versa. In addition, the user can define dictionaries that allow the expansion of keyed sentinels associated with records in the data base into fully descriptive expressions. This option can be used for cost-effective searching and data compaction. The functional definitions are reduced to Polish notation and stored in a disk file from which they are either retrieved on demand and evaluated according to the data of records specified or used in any …

Design studies of a fusion mirror reactor, a fusion-fission mirror reactor, and two small mirror reactors are summarized. The fusion reactor uses 150-keV neutral-beam injectors based on the acceleration of negative ions. The injectors provide over 1 GW of continuous power at an efficiency greater than 80 percent. The fusion reactor has three-stage, modularized, Venetian blind, plasma direct converter with a predicted efficiency of 59 percent and a new concept for removal of the lune-shaped blanket: a crane is brought between the two halves of the Yin-Yang magnet, which are separated by a float. The design has desirable features such as steady-state operation, minimal impurity problems, and low first-wall thermal stress. The major disadvantage is low Q resulting in high recirculating power and hence high cost of electrical power. However, the direct capital cost per unit of gross electrical power is reasonable ($1000/kW(e)).

The following samples were irradiated with the LLL rotating target neutron source: 19-core Nb/sub 3/Sn multifilament wires, Nb/sub 3/Sn single core, V/sub 3/Ga single core, NbTi Supercon 402, and NbTi cupronickel jacketed. No test results are given. (MOW)

Development of a high-intensity source for use in time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) soundings would permit investigation of geothermal systems to much greater depth than is now possible with controlled-source methods. The development of such a source is critically dependent upon a powerful, mobile generator. Magnetohydrodynamic pulse generators satisfy the weight and power requirements for such a generator. However, existing MHD generators which are used in geophysical applications are solid fueled, and therefore, very expensive to operate. Moreover, the pulse length from such a generator is limited to about 10 seconds, which may be too short to permit the maximum advantage to be gained from the available power. The shortcomings of the MHD generator will be remedied in a liquid-fueled generator now under development for the U.S. Air Force. A field program designed to compare available conventional and MHD generators would provide the necessary information for final generator selection, as well as an abundance of information on the nature of geothermal systems at depth. Operation and cost studies on MHD generators are given, and model calculations for TDEM soundings of geothermal hot-dry-rock systems are presented.

We subjected the Meteorological Data Acquisition (MEDA) remote station hardware to temperature, vibration, and road tests. The MEDA equipment was designed at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) for the Air Resources Laboratory (ARL). ARL supplied all MEDA sensors. The prototype system passed these tests.

A comprehensive study of the data collected as part of the environmental Technical Specifications program for Units 2 and 3 of the Peach Bottom Nuclear Power Plant was conducted for the Office of Regulatory Research of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The program included an analysis of both the hydrothermal and ecological monitoring data collected from 1967 through 1976. Specific recommendations are made for improving both the present hydrothermal and ecological monitoring programs. Hydrothermal monitoring would be improved by more complete reporting of in-plant operating parameters. In addition, the present boat surveys could be discontinued, and monitoring efforts could be directed toward expanding the present thermograph network. Ecological monitoring programs were judged to be of high quality because standardized collection techniques, consistent reporting formats, and statistical analyses were performed on all of the data and were presented in an annual report. Sampling for all trophic groups was adequate for the purposes of assessing power plant induced perturbations. Considering the extensive period of preoperational data (six years) and operational data (three years) available for analysis, consideration could be given to reducing monitoring effort after data have been collected for a period when both units are operating at full capacity. In this …

None

Hamiltonian methods are used to study the motion of a particle in the field BZ and a single electrostatic wave. The particle motion is studied by numerically integrating the equations of motion. Diagrams of various particle trajectories are given. (MOW)

Dunning's amd Hay's electronic potential curves were used to compute transition moments and to predict emission profiles for comparison with the observed fluorescence spectra. By adjusting the ionic and valence states by 8 nm, many of the observed spectral features can be quantitatively accounted for. The synthetic spectrum of KrF includes the 220-nm D/sub /sup 1///sub 2// ..-->.. X transition, the 249-nm composite feature, and the 276-nm feature which is a superposition of the nearly coincident C/sub /sup 3///sub 2// ..-->.. A/sub /sup 3///sub 2// and B/sub /sup 1///sub 2// ..-->.. /sub /sup 1///sub 2// transitions. The feature observed at 300 nm by Powell and Murray is likely due to a transition from the /sup 2/..sigma../sup +//sub /sup 1///sub 2// Rydberg state to the repulsive A/sub /sup 1///sub 2// state. The 400-nm feature may be due to a triatomic complex. (DLC)

A process is proposed for recycling the spent gases from the iodine laser. Using a simplified form of this process, a preliminary estimate of the energy cost to recycle the perfluoroisopropyliodide-argon gas mixture used as the laser medium in the iodine laser was made. If r is defined as the ratio of the recycling energy to the output energy of the laser, a figure of 70 is arrived at for the most optimistic conditions and 160 for the most probable conditions. A major portion of the energy necessary for recycling is consumed in the synthesis of the perfluoroiodide compound. An estimate of the cost to replace the lost perfluoroiodide, if purchased, is from $2.4 to 10 million per year, based on a continuous operation at the 100-kJ laser power level.

None

A comprehensive study of the data collected as part of the environmental Technical Specifications program for eight nuclear power plants was conducted for the Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory commission. This report includes a summary of the screening phase in which the adequacy of the hydrothermal and ecological monitoring data for each plant were evaluated, and the summary and recommendations resulting from a detailed examination of the three nuclear power plants selected in the initial screening.