Rapid advances in computer software offer may opportunities for increasing efficiency and productivity; however, choosing the right software package and achieving its full potential can be a challenging task. Lubrication engineers faced with the selection and implementation of a computer system will find that they can increase their chance of success when they follow the nine steps outlined in this paper. These steps provide a solid framework for managing the project through its full life-cycle from initial conception until final retirement of the system. Lubrication Departments that already have computer systems in place can also benefit from these steps by picking up at the corresponding point in the system's life and following the remaining steps.

The US Department of Energy (DOE) recently initiated the Industrial Waste Reduction Program, which seeks to develop and commercialize waste reduction technologies and practices that will reduce industrial energy use. The Industrial Waste Reduction Program, like the other programs under DOE's Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT), works with industry to focus research and development resources according to industry needs and market opportunities. The Program consists of five fundamental elements: industrial waste characterization, opportunity assessments, technology research and development, technology and information transfer, and, institutional analysis. This report is a product of efforts initiated under the first of these program elements, Industrial Waste Characterization. Its purpose is to increase understanding of the types and magnitudes of industrial waste streams. In particular, this report presents the key characteristics of selected waste, energy, and economic data sources in an effort to clarify the scope, consistency, and limitations of the data. It is expected that this information will be used in another element of the program, Opportunity Assessments. That effort will identify priority technology needs by evaluating the available data; expert advice from industry, government, and academia; and independent analyses. 33 refs.

Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, and Wyle Laboratory cooperated in a series of single- and two-component calibration tests conducted to obtain sufficient information for calibrating flowmeters, to observe flow patterns, and to estimate void functions. Testing, conducted in large-diameter horizontal pipe, covered total flows of 0.19 to 1.89 m{sup 3}/s (3000 to 30000 gpm) and inlet void fractions up to 40%. A flow regime map, constructed using video images of the flow patterns and void fraction data, was compared with maps from the literature, with generally good agreement for interpretation of flow patterns. 5 refs.

Ground water pumping tests were performed in two wells located in the foothills east of Idaho Falls to determine the aquifer characteristics at these locations. These data were used to differentiate this aquifer from the Snake River Plain aquifer. The wells were pumped at rates of 11 and 14 gallons per minute with 0.03 and 0.04 ft of drawdown measured in the pumping wells. The transmissivity is estimated to be 525,000 gpd/ft and 450,000 gpd/ft, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity is 925 ft/day and 1,070 ft/day, respectively. These hydraulic conductivities are similar to those measured in the Snake River Plain aquifer. Water level data in these wells are consistent with the water table in the Snake River Plain aquifer and indicates ground water movement from the foothills toward the Plain. The high transmissivity suggests water may move rapidly from the foothills area to mix with water in the Snake River Plain aquifer. Elevated water temperatures (76 and 70{degrees}F) and high specific conductivities in these wells indicate the presence of a foothills aquifer with characteristics that can be used to separate the two aquifer systems.

A review of microscopic optical model potentials used in the analysis of neutron scattering and analyzing power data below 100 MeV (5 {le}E{sub n}{le}100 MeV) is presented. The quality of the fits to the data over a wide massd ({sup 6}Li-{sup 239}Pu) and energy range is discussed. It is shown that reasonably good agreement with the data is obtained with only three parameters, {lambda}{sub V}, {lambda}{sub W}, and {lambda}{sub SO}, which show a smooth mass and energy dependence. These parameters are normalizing constants to the real (V), and imaginary (W) central potentials and the real spin-orbit (V{sub SO}) potential. 14 refs., 7 figs.

The Virasoro master equation collects all possible Virasoro constructions which are quadratic in the currents of affine Lie g. The solution space of this system is immense, with generically irrational central charge, and solutions which have so far been observed are generically unitary. Other developments reviewed include the exact C-function, the superconformal master equation and partial classification of solutions by graph theory and generalized graph theories. 37 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

The preliminary results of an ongoing investigation of Fe/Cu(001) are presented here. Energy dependent photoelectron diffraction, including the spin-dependent variant using the multiplet split Fe3s state, is being used to investigate the nanoscale structures formed by near-monolayer deposits of Fe onto Cu(001). Core-level photoemission from the Fe3p and Fe3s states has been generated using synchrotron radiation as the tunable excitation source. Tentatively, a comparison of the experimental Fe3p cross section measurements with multiple scattering calculations indicates that the Fe is in a fourfold hollow site with a spacing of 3.6{Angstrom} between it and the atom directly beneath it, in the third layer. This is consistent with an FCC structure. The possibility of utilizing spin-dependent photoelectron diffraction to investigate magnetic ultrathin films will be demonstrated, using our preliminary spectra of the multiplet-split Fe3s os near-monolayer Fe/Cu(001). 18 refs., 10 figs.

We outline a plan for the development of a comprehensive numerical model of tokamaks. The model would consist of a suite of independent, communicating packages describing the various aspects of tokamak performance (core and edge transport coefficients and profiles, heating, fueling, magnetic configuration, etc.) as well as extensive diagnostics. These codes, which may run on different computers, would be flexibly linked by a user-friendly shell which would allow run-time specification of packages and generation of pre- and post-processing functions, including workstation-based visualization of output. One package in particular, the calculation of core transport coefficients via gyrokinetic particle simulation, will become practical on the scale required for comprehensive modelling only with the advent of teraFLOP computers. Incremental effort at LLNL would be focused on gyrokinetic simulation and development of the shell.

An introduction to the techniques of analysis of hadron collider events is presented in the context of the quark-parton model. Production and decay of W and Z intermediate vector bosons are used as examples. The structure of the Electroweak theory is outlined. Three simple FORTRAN programs are introduced, to illustrate Monte Carlo calculation techniques. 25 refs.

This paper contains information information on: accelerator and detector; QCD studies; studies of the electroweak force; The search for the top quark; {beta} physics at hadron colliders; and the search for exotic objects and prospects for the future.

Enclosed in this report are plots of the wave generating ship tracks and velocities for the West Coast Scotland Experiment (WCSEX) 1991.

The impact of the nuclear equation of state on the properties of rotating neutron stars from two different sources, stable rotation at the general relativistic Kepler period and rotation at the gravitational radiation-reaction driven instability mode, is analyzed. For this purpose models of rotating neutron stars are constructed in the framework of Einstein's theory of general relativity by applying a refined version of Hartle's perturbative stellar structure equations. The investigation is based on a representative collection of a total of seventeen nuclear equations of state, covering both non-relativistic as well as relativistic ones. 41 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.

I develop a variational method for systematic numerical computation of physical quantities -- bound state energies and scattering amplitudes -- in quantum field theory. An infinite-volume, continuum theory is approximated by a theory on a finite spatial lattice, which is amenable to numerical computation. I present an algorithm for computing approximate energy eigenvalues and eigenstates in the lattice theory and for bounding the resulting errors. I also show how to select basis states and choose variational parameters in order to minimize errors. The algorithm is based on the Rayleigh-Ritz principle and Kato's generalizations of Temple's formula. The algorithm could be adapted to systems such as atoms and molecules. I show how to compute Green's functions from energy eigenvalues and eigenstates in the lattice theory, and relate these to physical (renormalized) coupling constants, bound state energies and Green's functions. Thus one can compute approximate physical quantities in a lattice theory that approximates a quantum field theory with specified physical coupling constants. I discuss the errors in both approximations. In principle, the errors can be made arbitrarily small by increasing the size of the lattice, decreasing the lattice spacing and computing sufficiently long. Unfortunately, I do not understand the infinite-volume and continuum …

Plasmas produced by irradiating massive carbon targets with a 1.064 {mu}m, 1.5 ns laser pulse at incident energies of {approximately}100 J have been investigated. UV thermal Thomson scattering was used to obtain the electron and ion temperatures, as well as drift velocities. The electron density was obtained by optical interferometry. The results are compared to hydrodynamic computer modeling. 6 refs., 6 figs.

The Mirrortron accelerator is a plasma-based ion accelerator concept that, when implemented, should permit both higher acceleration gradients and higher peak-current capabilities than is possible with conventional induction-type accelerators. Control over the acceleration and focussing of an accelerated beam should approach that achieved in vacuum-field-based ion accelerators. In the Mirrortron a low density (10{sup 10} to 10{sup 11} cm{sup {minus}3}) hot electron'' plasma is confined by a long solenoidal magnetic field capped by mirrors''. Acceleration of prebunched ions is accomplished by activating a series of fast-pulsed mirror coils spaced along the acceleration tube. The hot electrons, being repelled by mirror action, leave the plasma ions behind to create a localized region of high electrical gradient (up to of order 100 MV/m). At the Laboratory an experiment and analyses to elucidate the concept and its scaling laws as applied to heavy-ion drivers are underway and will be described. 4 refs., 5 figs.

During this period we studied the effects of 350{degrees}C treatment on Argonne-supplied Wyodak coal with n-alkane undecane in place of water in both 30 min. and 5 hr. experiments. Undecane was chosen because it has a critical temperature of 363{degrees}C (calculated), similar to that for water, and is present as a liquid phase at conditions. We anticipated results little different from those from the simple thermal treatment (coal under N{sub 2}) at the same conditions. In that case we had found the production of volatiles, which were subsequently monitored by field ionization mass spectrometry (FIMS). We found the undecane treatment, however, affected the coal differently. The volatiles production was suppressed substantially after 30 min. treatment, and the product coal after 5 hr. showed virtually no volatility. It appears that the alkane encourages regressive chemistry, and our rationale at present involves its suppressing migration of reactive phenolic fragments from the matrix, and their subsequent irreversible reincorporation. The key element in the process we suggest is the net conversion of labile coal O-Ar bonds to strong coal-Ar bonds.

In the period covered by this report (April 1, 1991 to March 31, 1992), work focused on six main areas: (1) Relativistic Theories of Nuclear Structure and Saturation, (2) Relativistic Descriptions of Proton-Nucleus and Electron-Nucleus Scattering, (3) Nonrelativistic Theory of Nucleon-Nucleus Reactions, (4) Relativistic Many-Body Theory at Finite Temperature and Density, (5) Neutrino Interactions in Dense Matter, (6) Quark Models of Nuclear and Quark Matter.

Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, and Wyle Laboratory cooperated in a series of single- and two-component calibration tests conducted to obtain sufficient information for calibrating flowmeters, to observe flow patterns, and to estimate void functions. Testing, conducted in large-diameter horizontal pipe, covered total flows of 0.19 to 1.89 m{sup 3}/s (3000 to 30000 gpm) and inlet void fractions up to 40%. A flow regime map, constructed using video images of the flow patterns and void fraction data, was compared with maps from the literature, with generally good agreement for interpretation of flow patterns. 5 refs.

This engineering note documents the testing of the set pressure of the EC hydraulic drive cylinder relief valve. The purpose of the relief valve is to provide a safety measure in the event that oil becomes trapped in the rod side of the cylinder and pressure is applied to the cap side. The note includes an explanation of the procedure used and a summary of the result of the testing done on February 14, 1991 by Gary Trotter. The result was that the cylinder relief valve relieved at the correct set pressure of 10,500 psig. The basic concern is for the protection of the cylinder. The pump is capable of providing up to 10,500 psi of pressure to either side of the cylinder. The cylinder is rated for 10,500 psi. Under normal operating conditions, the valves would be open, and the pumping pressure would automatically flow oil into one side, and remove oil from the other side. If, however, the valve for the other side was closed, so that oil could not be removed, then the pressure would build in that side. If the rod side is pressurized to the maximum pump pressure of 10,500 psi, the cross sectional area …

I develop a variational method for systematic numerical computation of physical quantities -- bound state energies and scattering amplitudes -- in quantum field theory. An infinite-volume, continuum theory is approximated by a theory on a finite spatial lattice, which is amenable to numerical computation. I present an algorithm for computing approximate energy eigenvalues and eigenstates in the lattice theory and for bounding the resulting errors. I also show how to select basis states and choose variational parameters in order to minimize errors. The algorithm is based on the Rayleigh-Ritz principle and Kato`s generalizations of Temple`s formula. The algorithm could be adapted to systems such as atoms and molecules. I show how to compute Green`s functions from energy eigenvalues and eigenstates in the lattice theory, and relate these to physical (renormalized) coupling constants, bound state energies and Green`s functions. Thus one can compute approximate physical quantities in a lattice theory that approximates a quantum field theory with specified physical coupling constants. I discuss the errors in both approximations. In principle, the errors can be made arbitrarily small by increasing the size of the lattice, decreasing the lattice spacing and computing sufficiently long. Unfortunately, I do not understand the infinite-volume and continuum …

A thin, elastic elliptical ring is subjected to uniform external pressure. The lowest critical pressure is computed and presented for various ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the elliptical ring. It is found that the critical pressure for an elliptical ring is higher than that for the circular ring whose diameter is equal to the major axis of the elliptical ring. It can be shown that under the same external pressure, the axial force developed in the elliptical ring is less than that developed in the corresponding circular ring. Thus, a higher pressure is required to buckle the elliptical rings. Therefore, by changing the shape of the ring from circular to elliptical, the capability of the ring to sustain the external pressure can be increased substantially. The results of this study can be useful in the design of elliptical reinforcing rings and thin-walled tubes subjected to external pressure.

A magnetic beam-separation scheme for an asymmetric-energy B Factory based on the SLAC electron-positron collider PEP is described that has the following properties: the beams collide head-on and are separated magnetically with sufficient clearance at the parasitic crossing points and at the septum, the magnets have large beam-stay-clear apertures, synchrotron radiation produces low detector backgrounds and acceptable heat loads, and the peak {beta}-function values and contributions to the chromaticities in the IR quadrupoles are moderate.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has implemented a computer control system for operation of an FN tandem accelerator. The control software utilized is the Thaumaturgic Automated Control Logic (TACL) written by the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility and co-developed with LLNL. Details of the design philosophy, hardware configuration, control software, and special control algorithms will be presented. 2 refs., 4 figs.

Gasoline reformulation has become a priority throughout the refining industry. In most proposed new gasoline formulations, the addition of oxygenates, such as methyl toruary butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl terfiary butyl other (ETBE), or teruary amyl methyl other (TAME), is being considered to maintain an acceptable octane. The production of the others MTBE and ETBE will ultimately be limited by the availability of isobutylene. Traditional commercial routes for producing isobutylene will be unable to meet the large growth in demand anticipated for fuel ethers. Developing a process in which coal could be converted to oxygenated gasoline blending components would take advantage of the vast coal reserves in the United States. The technology already exists for making methanol from coal-derived syngas. Numerous commercial processes are also available to make MTBE from methanol and isobutylene. A new technology that could be used to make isobutylene from syngas would complement the syngas-to-methanol process, and help to ease the anticipated shortages of isobutylene. The main goal of this contract Is to develop a catalyst and technology that will produce isobutylene directly from coal-derived syngas and that is capable of utilizing a lower (0.5 to 1.0) H[sub 2]:CO ratio. The research will identity and optimize the …