Observation of x-ray line emissions are valuable for determining the thermodynamic state of the emitting plasma. For laser produced plasmas, diffraction crystals can be used to isolate x-ray monochromes to obtain high resolution spectral measurements. We will describe a versatile multi-crystal high resolution spectrograph used for photon energies from 0.5 to 6 keV. We will discuss a calculational package that tunes the response and sensitivity of the instrument and estimates the effect of source extent on spectral resolution. A scheme using fine slits to obtain spatial resolution with the basic instrument will also be described. An instrument is being built for Shiva diagnostics that incorporates a diffraction crystal and an x-ray streak camera. The design rationale for the crystal stage will be discussed.

In June 1975 a radiological survey was conducted of the terrestrial environment of Bikini and Eneu islands (Bikini Atoll) to evaluate the potential radiation dose to the returning Bikini population. In this report, we present measurements of the radionuclide concentration in soil profiles and in dominant species of edible and nonedible, indicator plants. The use of these data to derive relationships to predict the plant uptake of radionuclides from soil is described. Approximately 620 soil and vegetation samples from Bikini and Eneu Islands were analyzed by Ge(Li) gamma spectrometry and by wet chemistry. The predominant radionuclides in these samples were /sup 60/Co, /sup 90/Sr, /sup 137/Cs, /sup 239,240/Pu, /sup 241/Pu, and /sup 241/Am.

Selected reduced instrument responses and analyses of the indicated phenomena are presented for Thermal-Hydraulic Test Facility (THTF) test series 100, which is part of the PWR Blowdown Heat Transfer Separate-Effects Program. The objective of the program is to investigate the thermal-hydraulic phenomena that govern the energy transfer and transport processes occurring during a postulated loss-of-coolant accident in a pressurized-water reactor system. Comparisons are made between the trends indicated by the reduced instrument responses and the thermal-hydraulic transient simulator RELAP4/MOD5 (update 2) to aid in understanding the phenomenological sequences. The results of verification studies of RELAP's performance in prediction of the THTF data are presented.

Results of investigations and developmental activities are reported in chemical research, component research, instrumental and statistical systems, pilot plant research, and process chemistry and instrumentation. (JRD)

Using double exposure holographic interferometry, an investigation has been made of the Nd laser produced plasmas surrounding disk targets irradiated at different angles of incidence. Measurements have produced a detailed description of the plasma profile necessary for realistic simulations of resonance absorption. A 2660A 15 psec probe pulse is produced by frequency quadrupling a fraction of the main Nd laser pulse from the Janus laser. F/1 and f/10 lenses were utilized to irradiate the targets with intensities ranging from 10/sup 13/ w/cm/sup 2/ to 10/sup 16/ w/cm/sup 2/. Measurements have produced the shape of the electron density profile near critical, the direction of the plasma blowoff, and revealed transverse rippling of the isodensity surfaces.

Objective is to determine the fracture toughness of A533B-1 steel by computer modeling Charpy V-notch tests. A computer model of ductile fracture was developed that predicts fracture initiation. The model contains a set of material-dependent parameters obtained by computer simulations of small specimen tests. The computer calculations give detailed stress and strain histories up to the time of fracture, which are used to determine the model parameter values. The calibrated fracture model, that correctly predicts fracture initiation (and initiation energy) in the Charpy specimen, may then be used to simulate tests of accepted fracture-toughness specimens and hence obtain fracture toughness. The model parameters were calibrated to predict fracture in four different test specimens: two different notched-tension specimens, a simple tension specimen, and a precracked compact-tension specimen. The model was then used in a computer simulation of the Charpy V-notch specimen to initiate and advance a flat fracture. Results were compared with interrupted Charpy tests. Calibration of the model for two additional heat treatments of A533B-1 steel is in progress.

The Environmental Science Division at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory has in use a system of absolute Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Basically, absolute INAA is dependent upon the absolute measurement of the disintegration rates of the nuclides produced by neutron capture. From such disintegration rate data, the amount of the target element present in the irradiated sample is calculated by dividing the observed disintegration rate for each nuclide by the expected value for the disintegration rate per microgram of the target element that produced the nuclide. In absolute INAA, the expected value for disintegration rate per microgram is calculated from nuclear parameters and from measured values of both thermal and epithermal neutron fluxes which were present during irradiation. Absolute INAA does not depend on the concurrent irradiation of elemental standards but does depend on the values for thermal and epithermal neutron capture cross-sections for the target nuclides. A description of the analytical method is presented.

As part of the effort to extend our x-ray diagnostic capabilities, we have made x-ray spectral measurements of laser-produced plasmas for photon energies down to 100 eV with a time response of 0.5 nsec. Fast, windowless x-ray diodes were used in conjunction with critical angle reflecting mirrors and thin filters for energy definition for two channels, 300 to 600 eV and 800 to 1300 eV. A third channel, using only an x-ray diode and filter, provided spectral information in the 100 to 300 eV region. Results from exploding pusher targets will be presented and compared with those of other diagnostic techniques and Lasnex calculations. Future expansion and modifications of the present system will be discussed.

We discuss the design of filtered detector arrays for single pulsed, 100 keV photon spectral and angular distribution measurements at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Argus laser facility.

Plasma generated in low-density vapor by a negative ion beam has been studied experimentally and computationally. We show that space charge neutralization of the beam occurs at very low vapor density, and that correspondingly the electron density may be much less than the beam and plasma ion densities. When there is a large local gas density, as in a charge changing cell, the resulting high electron density is also localized to the same region. Therefore, very few electrons will reach a negative ion accelerator even if it is placed one or two beam diameters from such a cell.

The laser resonance absorption technique has been used to determine the relaxation rate of electronically excited neodymium vapor during its expansion into vacuum. Significant increases of population into ground and 1128 cm/sup -1/ levels were found. Analysis shows that interaction between excited metastable atoms and electrons are much more important for relaxation than atom-atom collisions. The final population of neodymium appears to be frozen at a temperature lower than the surface temperature of melt.

Kel F-800 fluorocarbon polymer has been selected as the binder for the TATB explosive in the B77 bomb. Kel F-800 is a 3M copolymer derived from the monomers chlorotrifluorethylene (CTFE) and vinylidine fluoride (VF/sub 2/). To understand and define Kel F-800 in relation to its intended use, as well as to generate guidelines for controlling the WR material, a thorough evaluation of its properties and the expected variations from different production lots was made. The research showed that Kel F-800 varies in both mechanical and thermal properties because of its high Tg (glass transition temperature) and because of its crystallinity. However, no evidence that these variabilities are detrimental to any of the end-use properties of Kel F-800 was found.

A D/sup -/ beam with current greater than 100 ma was accelerated to 60 kV. The beam, with pulse length 10 ms, was generated by charge-exchange in cesium vapor. The physics of generation, propagation at low energy, and acceleration is discussed.

The results of a detailed seismic risk analysis of the Babcock and Wilcox Plutonium Fuel Fabrication facility at Leechburg, Pennsylvania are presented. This report focuses on earthquakes; the other natural hazards, being addressed in separate reports, are severe weather (strong winds and tornados) and floods. The calculational method used is based on Cornell's work (1968); it has been previously applied to safety evaluations of major projects. The historical seismic record was established after a review of available literature, consultation with operators of local seismic arrays and examination of appropriate seismic data bases. Because of the aseismicity of the region around the site, an analysis different from the conventional closest approach in a tectonic province was adapted. Earthquakes as far from the site as 1,000 km were included, as were the possibility of earthquakes at the site. In addition, various uncertainties in the input were explicitly considered in the analysis. The results of the risk analysis, which include a Bayesian estimate of the uncertainties, are presented, expressed as return period accelerations. The best estimate curve indicates that the Babcock and Wilcox facility will experience 0.05 g every 220 years and 0.10 g every 1400 years. The bounding curves roughly represent the …

This report presents the results of a detailed seismic risk analysis of the Westinghouse Electric plutonium fuel development facility at Cheswick, Pennsylvania. This report focuses on earthquakes. The historical seismic record was established after a review of available literature, consultation with operators of local seismic arrays and examination of appropriate seismic data bases. Because of the aseismicity of the region around the site, an analysis different from the conventional closest approach in a tectonic province was adapted. Earthquakes as far from the site as 1,000 km were included, as were the possibility of earthquakes at the site. In addition, various uncertainties in the input were explicitly considered in the analysis. For example, allowance was made for both the uncertainty in predicting maximum possible earthquakes in the region and the effect of the dispersion of data about the best fit attenuation relation. The attenuation relationship is derived from two of the most recent, advanced studies relating earthquake intensity reports and acceleration. Results of the risk analysis, which include a Bayesian estimate of the uncertainties, are presented as return period accelerations. The best estimate curve indicates that the Westinghouse facility will experience 0.05 g every 220 years and 0.10 g every 1400 …

The FCHART program has been modified to include several versions and can be used easily in batch mode. Input data as well as output information can be saved from run to run. This manual assumes that the user has a general understanding of FCHART and a limited understanding of SUPERWYLBUR.

In this phase of work the Process Development Unit is to be remodeled by incorporation of appropriate subsystems to permit operation in continuous process mode. The PDU will be operated for a period of time sufficient to demonstrate process viability. The modifications include the installation of ''Alonized'' pipe and equipment. A portion of the equipment to be ''Alonized'' was received from Alon Processing Inc. on June 27, 1977. The remainder of the order is expected about mid-July--some six weeks beyond the most optimistic delivery date. Computer modeling is complete except for instructions which anyone skilled in computer modeling could employ.

A survey to identify numerical control postprocessors available at Department of Energy facilities is reported. The data are presented in the body of the report under the postprocessor identification. Information supplied includes the vendor name and address, the N/C and postprocessor languages, the machine tools and control unit supported, the computers used, and the identification of the DOE installation. The body of the report is followed by five indexes permitting users to refer to the postprocessor data by product number, DOE installation, machine tool, control unit, or computer. (RWR)

The initial phase of the work performed during FY 1977 consisted of performing a ''scoping'' study to define issues, determine an optimal methodology for their resolution, and compile a data base for acceptable risk criteria development. The issues, spanning technical, psychological, and ethical dimensions, were categorized in seven major areas: (1) unplanned or accidental events, (2) present vs future risks, (3) institutional controls and retrievability, (4) dose-response mechanism and uncertainty, (5) spatial distribution of exposed populations, (6) different types of nuclear wastes, and (7) public perception. The optimum methodology for developing ARC was determined to be multi-attribute decision analysis encompassing numerous specific techniques for choosing, from among several alternatives, the optimal course of action when the alternatives are constrained to meet specified attributes. The data base developed during the study comprises existing regulations and guidelines, maximum permissible dose, natural geologic hazards, nonradioactive hazardous waste practices, bioethical perspectives, and data from an opinion survey.

Background information is documented on the mass cultivation of aquatic plants and systems design that is available from the literature and through consultation with active research scientists and engineers. The biology of microalgae, macroalgae, and aquatic angiosperms is discussed in terms of morphology, life history, mode of existence, and ecological significance, as they relate to cultivation. The requirements for growth of these plants, which are outlined in the test, suggest that productivity rates are dependent primarily on the availability of light and nutrients. It is concluded that the systems should be run with an excess of nutrients and with light as the limiting factor. A historical review of the mass cultivation of aquatic plants describes the techniques used in commercial large-scale operations throughout the world and recent small-scale research efforts. This review presents information on the biomass yields that have been attained to date in various geographical locations with different plant species and culture conditions, emphasizing the contrast between high yields in small-scale operations and lower yields in large-scale operations.

The conditions and the reactions that lead to the realization of chemical equilibrium at interfaces and thus to chemical bonding is discussed with specific attention to the platinum/glass and gold/glass systems. Wetting of the solid by the liquid and formation of an interface are part of the problem. Sessile drop experiments and their interpretation are included. 10 figs, 12 refs. (GHT)

EDIT allows the user to edit or create text, either interactively or in the batch mode. The text may be a source program, program data, or documents. Special provisions permit the creation or editing of APT source-language programs. EDIT processes ASCII files from any accessible Data Director library and outputs files to any such library as specified by the user.

A program of making ''global'' fits to the large amount of experimental equation-of-state data on monatomic metals that has become available in recent years is described. The fits are made within the framework of a phenomenological scaling theory for metallic liquids which incorporates recently discovered general theoretical properties of the EOS of liquids. The theory is expected to be applicable to monatomic metals up to high temperatures (approximately 10 to 100 times the melting temperature, T/sub m/) and at all densities, so long as the metallic bonding does not change character. (GHT)

The preliminary results of an unsteady three-dimensional potential flow analysis of a five-liter flask air injection experiment (small-scale model simulation of a nuclear reactor steam condensation system) are presented. The location and velocity of the free water surface in the flask as a function of time are determined during pipe venting and bubble expansion processes. The analyses were performed using an extended version of the NASA-Ames Three-Dimensional Potential Flow Analysis System (POTFAN), which uses the vortex lattice singularity method of potential flow analysis. The pressure boundary condition at the free water surface and the boundary condition along the free jet boundary near the pipe exit were ignored for the purposes of the present study. The results of the analysis indicate that large time steps can be taken without significantly reducing the accuracy of the solutions and that the assumption of inviscid flow should not have an appreciable effect on the geometry and velocity of the free water surface. In addition, the computation time required for the solutions was well within acceptable limits.