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Young physicists' forum
The Young Physicists' Forum was an opportunity for the younger members of the particle-physics community to gather at Snowmass 2001 and to study and debate major issues that face the field over the next twenty years. Discussions were organized around three major topics: outreach and education, the impact of globalization, and building a robust and balanced field. We report on the results of these discussions, as presented on July 17, 2001.
Date:
November 2, 2001
Creator:
al., T. Adams et
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
YOUR DESIGN PROBABLY NEEDS MORE VDUs
The most frequent complaint of operators in modern computer-based control rooms is that there just are not enough video display units (VDUs). In this paper we examine the basis for this concern and try to understand the technical and historical reasons for this complaint, and its implications for the design of complex human-machine systems, including the number of VDUs in the control room. The overall aim of our work is to develop human factors guidance for the review of computer-based and modernized control rooms in nuclear power plants. As part of these efforts we have conducted literature reviews and studies using both simulators and actual systems in a broad range of industries, including process control, aerospace, medical, and others. Our findings reflect the general complaint of operators across all these industries: there just are not enough VDUs in the control room. We conclude that there are three primary reasons for this complaint. First, as part of a workload management strategy, operators frequently avoid interface management tasks and do not access all the information available, preferring instead to use a fixed set of familiar displays that provide much (but not all) of the information needed. Performance thereby becomes data limited and …
Date:
October 8, 2001
Creator:
O'Hara, John; Brown, William; Lewis, Paul & Persensky, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
YUCCA MOUNTAIN FACTS AT A GLANCE
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has been studying Yucca Mountain, Nevada, for more than 20 years to determine its suitability as a geologic repository for the nation's commercial and defense spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. A semi-arid climate, limited surface water, and deep water tables characterize the area. The DOE believes Yucca Mountain is a promising site for a geologic repository.
Date:
June 6, 2001
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Yucca Mountain Site Charecteization Project Summary of Socioeconomic Data Analysis Conducted in Support of the Radiological Monitoring Program, During FY 2001
This report is a summary of socioeconomic data analyses conducted in support of the Radiological Monitoring Program during fiscal year 2001. Socioeconomic data contained in this report include estimates for the years 2000 and 2001 of the resident population in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain. The estimates presented in this report are based on selected Census 2000 statistics, and housing and population data that were acquired and developed in accordance with LP-RS-00 1 Q-M&0, Scientific Investigation of Economic, Demographic, and Agricultural Characteristics in the Vicinity of Yucca Mountain. The study area from which data were collected is delineated by a radial grid, consisting of 160 grid cells, that is suitable for evaluating the pathways and potential impacts of a release of radioactive materials to the environment within a distance of 84 kilometers from Yucca Mountain. Data are presented in a tabular format by the county, state, area, and grid cell in which housing units, households, and resident population are located. Also included is a visual representation of the distribution of the 2000 residential populations within the study area, showing Census 2000 geography, county boundaries, and taxing district boundaries for selected communities.
Date:
December 11, 2001
Creator:
Roe, L.K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zero emission coal: a future source of clean electric power and hydrogen
The pairing of two novel technologies may permit coal energy to satisfy a dramatically increasing world energy demand for the next few hundred years. This can be done while virtually eliminating not only airborne SO{sub x}, NO{sub x}, mercury and particulate emissions, but also the main greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}). The Zero Emission Coal Alliance, a collaboration of approximately 20 international industrial and government entities is investigating these concepts with the objective of completing the first pilot plant within 5 years. Paradoxically, climate change was not the overriding consideration that drove the development of these inventions. The more important consideration was that, if world carbon use continues to accelerate at rates even close to those in the last century, carbon from fossil fuels will overwhelm the natural CO{sub 2} sinks. In this view, the 'Kyoto' objectives are almost meaningless and misdirect enormous resources - both human and financial. If a world population of 10 billion reaches a standard of living comaprable, on the average, to that of the US in 2000 (with similar carbon use), then world yearly CO{sub 2} emissions will be ten times their current level. Carbon (in the form of coal) is our most important …
Date:
January 1, 2001
Creator:
Ziock, Hans-Joachim
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ZERO EMISSION COAL, A NEW APPROACH AND WHY IT IS NEEDED
None
Date:
October 1, 2001
Creator:
ZIOCK, H.; GUTHRIE, G. D. & AL, ET
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ZERO EMISSION COAL POWER, A NEW CONCEPT
The Zero Emission Coal Alliance (ZECA) is developing an integrated zero emission process that generates clean energy carriers (electricity or hydrogen) from coal. The process exothermically gasifies coal using hydrogen to produce a methane rich intermediate state. The methane is subsequently reformed using water and a CaO based sorbent. The sorbent supplies the energy needed to drive the reforming reaction and simultaneously removes the generated CO{sub 2} by producing CaCO{sub 3}. The resulting hydrogen product stream is split, approximately 1/2 going to gasify the next unit of coal, and the other half being the product. This product stream could then be split a second time, part being cleaned up with a high temperature hydrogen separation membrane to produce pure hydrogen, and the remainder used to generate electricity via a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The inevitable high temperature waste heat produced by the SOFC would in turn be used to regenerate the CaO by calcining the CaCO{sub 3} product of the reforming stage thereby generating a pure stream of CO{sub 2}. The CO{sub 2} will be dealt with a mineral sequestration process discussed in other papers presented at this conference. The SOFC has the added advantage of doubling as an …
Date:
April 1, 2001
Creator:
ZIOCK, H. -J.; LACKNER, K. S. & HARRISON, D. P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zero Emission Power Plants Using Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Oxygen Transport Membranes
Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp. (SWPC) is engaged in the development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell stationary power systems. SWPC has combined DOE Developmental funds with commercial customer funding to establish a record of successful SOFC field demonstration power systems of increasing size. SWPC will soon deploy the first unit of a newly developed 250 kWe Combined Heat Power System. It will generate electrical power at greater than 45% electrical efficiency. The SWPC SOFC power systems are equipped to operate on lower number hydrocarbon fuels such as pipeline natural gas, which is desulfurized within the SOFC power system. Because the system operates with a relatively high electrical efficiency, the CO2 emissions, {approx}1.0 lb CO2/ kW-hr, are low. Within the SOFC module the desulfurized fuel is utilized electrochemically and oxidized below the temperature for NOx generation. Therefore the NOx and SOx emissions for the SOFC power generation system are near negligible. The byproducts of the power generation from hydrocarbon fuels that are released into the environment are CO2 and water vapor. This forward looking DOE sponsored Vision 21 program is supporting the development of methods to capture and sequester the CO2, resulting in a Zero Emission power generation system. To accomplish this, …
Date:
November 6, 2001
Creator:
Shockling, Larry A.; Huang, Keqin; Gilboy, Thomas E. (Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation); Christie, G. Maxwell & Raybold, Troy M. (Praxair, Inc.)
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zero Emission Steam Technology: Clean Electric Power from Fossil Fuels
As demand for electricity grows, the United States needs practical technologies for generating electricity without causing environmental harm--such as the Zero Emission Steam Technology (ZEST) developed by Clean Energy Systems, Inc. However, further research is required to reduce the scientific and economic risks before the U.S. electric power industry will embrace ZEST. Therefore, Clean Energy Systems, Inc., along with energy-generation stakeholders and in partnership with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, proposes to build a ZEST research facility for performing research.
Date:
July 31, 2001
Creator:
Smith, J. Ray
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
D-Zero General Support: Description of the D-Zero High Sensitivity Smoke Detector System (HSSD)
There are nine separate zones of high sensitivity smoke detection (HSSD) at Dzero. These zones, their coverage, their condition thresholds, and their response to conditions are described in the table in the 'Zones & Responses' section of this document. This is an 'air-sampling' smoke detection system. Each zone is formed of a network of pipes which contain strategically sized and located air sampling holes. Each zone has a fanbox/detector head that continuously draws air into the holes and through the pipes to the detector head where it is evaluated for combustion products. The fanbox/detector heads are located on the Dzero detector platform and in the trusses. Each fanbox/detector head has a remotely located display control card (DCC) for monitoring the level of obscuration of the air sample. This remote equipment is located on the roof of the moving counting house. The DCC for each zone is networked to a single intelligent interface module (11M), also on the roof of the MCH, that collects the information from all nine zones and delivers it to the Dzero control room via an isolated RS-485 link to an operators console. This console is replicated via a 'remote video, keyboard, mouse system' in the DAB …
Date:
January 25, 2001
Creator:
Hance, Rick
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
D-Zero prospects for Run II physics
Run II at the Tevatron will begin in the spring of 2001. With p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 2.0 TeV and an expected instantaneous luminosity of 2 x 10{sup 32} cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}, D0 is expected to collect an integrated luminosity of 2 fb{sup -1} in the first two years of running. The ongoing upgrade of the detector will allow the experiment not only to take full advantage of the high luminosity but will also allow for a rich B physics program at D0. In this paper the prospects for some important B physics measurements will be reviewed. These measurements include CP violation, B{sub s} mixing, rare B decays, and lifetimes and mass measurements of bottom particles such as the {Lambda}{sub b} and B{sub c}.
Date:
August 24, 2001
Creator:
Gutierrez, Gaston R
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
D-Zero silicon microstrip tracker for Run IIA
We describe the production, installation and commissioning of the new 792,576 channel D0 Silicon Microstrip Tracker to be used for the 2 fb{sup -1} of the Run IIa at the Tevatron.
Date:
December 28, 2001
Creator:
Kajfasz, Eric
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zero-Valent Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers: A Review of Performance
This report briefly reviews issues regarding the implementation of the zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology at sites managed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Initially, the PRB technology, using zero-valent iron for the reactive media, was received with great enthusiasm, and DOE invested millions of dollars testing and implementing PRBs. Recently, a negative perception of the technology has been building. This perception is based on the failure of some deployments to satisfy goals for treatment and operating expenses. The purpose of this report, therefore, is to suggest reasons for the problems that have been encountered and to recommend whether DOE should invest in additional research and deployments. The principal conclusion of this review is that the most significant problems have been the result of insufficient characterization, which resulted in poor engineering implementation. Although there are legitimate concerns regarding the longevity of the reactive media, the ability of zero-valent iron to reduce certain chlorinated hydrocarbons and to immobilize certain metals and radionuclides is well documented. The primary problem encountered at some DOE full-scale deployments has been an inadequate assessment of site hydrology, which resulted in misapplication of the technology. The result is PRBs with higher than expected flow …
Date:
June 11, 2001
Creator:
Korte, NE
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zeste maintains repression of Ubx transgenes: Support for a new model of polycomb repression
During late embryogenesis, the expression domains of homeotic genes are maintained by two groups of ubiquitously expressed regulators: the Polycomb repressors and the Trithorax activators. It is not known how the activities of the two maintenance systems are initially targeted to the correct genes. Zeste and GAGA are sequence specific DNA binding proteins previously shown to be Trithorax group activators of the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx). Here we demonstrate that Zeste and GAGA DNA binding sites at the proximal promoter are also required to maintain, but not to initiate, repression of Ubx. Further, the repression mediated by Zeste DNA binding site is abolished in zeste null embryos. These data imply that Zeste and probably GAGA mediate Polycomb repression. We present a model in which the dual transcriptional activities of Zeste and GAGA are an essential component of the mechanism that chooses which maintenance system is to be targeted to a given promoter.
Date:
September 1, 2001
Creator:
Hur, Man-Wook; Laney, Jeffrey D.; Jeon, Sang-Hack; Ali, Janann & Biggin, Mark D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zimbabwe Backgrounder
None
Date:
December 27, 2001
Creator:
Copson, Raymond W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zimbabwe: Current Issues
U.S. policy-makers once saw Zimbabwe as a source of political and economic stability in southern Africa, but with the failure of Zimbabwe’s economic reform program and mounting unrest in the 1990s, U.S. assistance levels fell sharply. Aid now focuses on programs to strengthen democracy, raise living standards among the poor, and fight the AIDS epidemic. In 2000, the United States strongly criticized pre-election violence and intimidation in Zimbabwe. In June 2001, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs warned that the United States and Zimbabwe could not have normal relations until the violence and intimidation end and the rule of law is restored.
Date:
October 17, 2001
Creator:
Copson, Raymond W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zinc Treatment Effects on Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel in High Temperature, Hydrogenated Water
Trace levels of soluble zinc(II) ions (30 ppb) maintained in mildly alkaline, hydrogenated water at 260 C were found to lower the corrosion rate of austenitic stainless steel (UNS S30400) by about a factor of five, relative to a non-zinc baseline test after 10,000 hr. Characterizations of the corrosion oxide layer via grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with argon ion milling and target factor analysis, confirmed the presence of two spinel oxide phases and minor amounts of recrystallized nickel. Based on the distribution of the three oxidized alloying constituents (Fe, Cr, Ni) with respect to depth and oxidation state, it was concluded that: (a) corrosion occurs in a non-selective manner, but approximately 30% of the oxidized iron is released to the water, and (b) the two spinel oxides exist as a ferrite-based outer layer (Ni{sub 0.1}Zn{sub 0.6}Fe{sub 0.3})(Fe{sub 0.95}Cr{sub 0.05}){sub 2}O{sub 4} on top of a chromite-based inner layer (Ni{sub 0.1}Zn{sub 0.2}Fe{sub 0.7})(Fe{sub 0.4}Cr{sub 0.6}){sub 2}O{sub 4}. These results suggest that immiscibility in the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}-ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} binary may play a role in controlling the zinc content of the outer layer. On the other hand, the lower corrosion rate caused by zinc additions …
Date:
March 20, 2001
Creator:
Ziemniak, S. E. & Hanson, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zirconium deformation behavior: insights from EBSD measurements.
The deformation of crystal-bar zirconium was investigated as a function of strain and strain rate through electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) characterization. The resultant data provided spatially resolved information on microstructure and texture evolution, individual twin system activity, and subsequent strain partitioning between twinned volume and parent grains. A range of deformation conditions was represented through quasi-static compression, 4-point beam bend tests at room and cryogenic temperature, and Taylor cylinder impact experiments. Effects from the interplay between slip and twinning deformation modes on anisotropic plasticity are considered in order to address the apparent trend toward isotropy at high rates. The role of various length scales on deformation behavior will be considered, along with the implications of these length scales on the assumptions typically invoked for plasticity modeling.
Date:
2001
Creator:
Bingert, John F.; Mason, Thomas A.; Kaschner, George C.; Maudlin, Paul J. & Gray, George T., III
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zone of Interaction Between Hanford Site Groundwater and Adjacent Columbia River
This report describes the FY 2000 results of a Science and Technology investigation of the groundwater/river interface at the Hanford Site. The investigation focused on (1) a 2-D simulation of water flowpaths beneath the shoreline region under the influence of a transient river stage, and (2) mixing between groundwater and river water.
Date:
October 23, 2001
Creator:
Peterson, Robert E. & Connelly, Michael P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Zone of Interaction Between Hanford Site Groundwater and Adjacent Columbia River
This report describes the FY 2000 results of a Science and Technology investigation of the groundwater/river interface at the Hanford Site. The investigation focused on (1) a 2-D simulation of water flowpaths beneath the shoreline region under the influence of a transient river stage, and (2) mixing between groundwater and river water.
Date:
October 23, 2001
Creator:
Peterson, Robert E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library