The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) and Ogden Martin Systems, Inc. (OMS) are conducting joint engineering and economic evaluation of IGT`s METHANE de-NOX{sup SM} technology for its application to new, as well as retrofit, municipal waste combustors (MWCs). It is anticipated that this new technology offers a technically and economically attractive alternative to existing selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) systems for new facilities, as well as in retrofit applications. Consequently, IGT and OMS are considering pursuing a long-term demonstration of this technology on an OMS MWC. The METHANE de-NOX approach was developed based on extensive full-scale MWC infurnace characterization and pilot-scale testing using simulated combustion products. The approach involves injection of natural gas, together with recirculated flue gases (for mixing), above the grate to provide oxygen-deficient combustion conditions that promote the destruction of NO{sub x} precursors, as well as NO{sub x}. Extensive pilot-scale testing, using both simulated combustion products and actual municipal waste (MW), showed that significant NO{sub x} reduction could be achieved. The results were used to define the key operating parameters for a field evaluation of the process. A full-scale METHANE de-NOX system was designed and retrofitted to a 100-ton/day Riley/Takuma mass burn system at the Olmsted County Waste-to-Energy …

The objective of this investigation was to determine the rates of reactions involving partially sulfided dolomite and oxygen, which is needed for the design of the reactor system for the stabilization of sulfide-containing solid wastes from gasification of high sulfur coals. To achieve this objective, samples of partially sulfided dolomite were reacted with oxygen at a variety of operating conditions in a fluidized-bed reactor. The effect of external diffusion was eliminated by using small quantities of the sorbent and maintaining a high flow rate of the reactant gas. The reacted sorbents were analyzed to determine the extent of conversion as a function of operating variables including sorbent particle size, reaction temperature and pressure, and oxygen concentration. The results of sulfation tests indicate that the rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature, increasing oxygen partial pressure, and decreasing sorbent particle size. The rate of the sulfation reaction can be described by a diffuse interface model where both chemical reaction and intraparticle diffusion control the reaction rate. The kinetic model of the sulfation reaction was used to determine the requirements for the reactor system, i.e., reactor size and operating conditions, for successful stabilization of sulfide-containing solid wastes from gasification of high sulfur …

This report responds to the Department of Energy`s request that Sandia National Laboratories compare existing technologies against several advanced technologies as they apply to DOE needs to monitor the movement of material, weapons, or personnel for safety and security programs. The authors describe several material control systems, discuss their technologies, suggest possible applications, discuss assets and limitations, and project costs for each system. The following systems are described: WATCH system (Wireless Alarm Transmission of Container Handling); Tag system (an electrostatic proximity sensor); PANTRAK system (Personnel And Material Tracking); VRIS (Vault Remote Inventory System); VSIS (Vault Safety and Inventory System); AIMS (Authenticated Item Monitoring System); EIVS (Experimental Inventory Verification System); Metrox system (canister monitoring system); TCATS (Target Cueing And Tracking System); LGVSS (Light Grid Vault Surveillance System); CSS (Container Safeguards System); SAMMS (Security Alarm and Material Monitoring System); FOIDS (Fiber Optic Intelligence & Detection System); GRADS (Graded Radiation Detection System); and PINPAL (Physical Inventory Pallet).

This project investigates the roles of various aqueous soluble catalyst precursor anions, specifically acetate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, and carbonate anions on the surface electrical properties of coal and seeks to understand the effects of these anions on the adsorption, dispersion and activities of calcium and potassium. The effects of the various anions on coal char gasification is currently under investigation. The influence of acetate, chloride and nitrate ions, when using the corresponding potassium compounds, are discussed in this report. The thermograms for the char preparation in nitrogen show that rapid devolatilization of moisture and other volatile materials occurs in the first 30 min. The rate of weight loss decreases significantly thereafter up to about 70 min. when char preparation was complete. Introduction of carbon dioxide after this time resulted in only a small amount of carbon gasification of the unloaded, demineralized coal. However, the chars containing the acetate, chloride or nitrate of potassium gave reactivities of 24.8, 30.4 or 24.3 %wt., respectively. The catalysts were ion-exchanged with the salt solutions and the corresponding potassium content were 2.9, 2.6 and 2.3 %wt. The higher reactivities of the catalyzed chars compared to the unloaded char correlates the high degree of demineralization and …

Precipitated iron catalysts are expected to be used in next generation slurry reactors for large-scale production of transportation fuels from synthesis gas. These reactors are expected to operate at higher temperatures and lower H{sub 2}:CO ratios relative to the Sasol Arge reactor (Table 1A). The feasibility of using iron catalysts has been demonstrated under relatively mild Arge-type conditions but not under more severe slurry conditions. Possibly, an improvement in catalytic stability will be needed to make iron catalysts suitable for slurry operation. This program was aimed at identifying the chemical principles governing the deactivation of precipitated iron catalysts during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and use of these chemical principles in the design of more stable catalysts. A new precipitated Fe catalyst was developed in this program for slurry reactor operation. The new Fe catalyst is predicted to perform slightly below the performance targets for slurry bubble column operation. Stability targets appear to be achievable. This catalyst did not noticeably deactivate during 1,740 hours on-stream. Compared to the selectivity target, an excess of 2% C{sub 1} + C{sub 2} was formed at 265{degrees}C. Based on the initial catalyst inventory in the autoclave, the catalyst seems to be short of the activity target by …

A Silicon Microvertex Detector (SMD) has been commissioned for the L3 experiment at the Large Electron-Positron colliding-beam accelerator (LEP) at the European Center for Nuclear Physics, (CERN). The SMD is a 72,672 channel, two layer barrel tracker that is comprised of 96 ac-coupled, double-sided silicon detectors. Details of the design and construction are presented.

As part of the component development process for the particle bed reactor (PBR), it is necessary to develop coatings for fuel particles which will be time and temperature stable. These coatings must not only protect the particle from attack by the hydrogen coolant, but must also help to maintain the bed in a coolable geometry and mitigate against fission product release. In order to develop these advanced coatings, a process to produce chemical vapor reaction (CVR) coatings on fuel for PBRs has been developed. The initial screening tests for these coatings consisted of testing in flowing hot hydrogen at one atmosphere. Surrogate fuel particles consisting of pyrolytic graphite coated graphite particles have been heated in flowing hydrogen at constant temperature. The carbon loss from these particles was measured as a function of time. Exposure temperatures ranging from 2,500 to 3,000 K were used and samples were exposed for up to 14 minutes in a cyclical fashion, cooling to room temperature between exposures. The rate of weight loss measured as a function of time is compared to that from other tests of coated materials under similar conditions. Microscopic examination of the coatings before and after exposure was also conducted and these …

As a part of its compliance with the Department of Energy requirements for safety of nuclear facilities at the Savannah River Site (SRS), Westinghouse Savannah River Company (WSRC) assigns functional classifications to structures, systems and components (SSCs). As a result, changes in design, operations, maintenance, testing, and inspections of SSCs are performed and backfit requirements are established. This paper describes the Critical Protection Item (CPI) Classification for waste processing facility (WPF) at SRS. The descriptions of the WPF and the processes considered are provided elsewhere. The proposed CPI classification methodology includes the evaluation of the onsite radiological consequences, and the onsite and offsite non-radiological consequences from postulated accidents at the WPF, and comparison of these consequences with allowable frequency-dependent limits. When allowable limits are exceeded, CPIs are identified for accident mitigation.

In order to demonstrate to the EPA that brines from both stripper oil and marginal gas wells in the Appalachian Basin are capable of being treated and disposed of by discharge to streams in an environmentally safe manner, the existing research effort on stripper oil well brines will be continued and expanded to examine the range of brines produced from marginal gas wells. The specific object of the research is to demonstrate that the characteristics of wastewater from stripper oil wells and marginal gas wells are sufficiently similar to be treated under a standardized treatment methodology, that the environmental impacts of the discharge of treated brines from both stripper oil and marginal gas wells can be adequately regulated, and that the inclusion of marginal gas wells in the same category as stripper oil wells is appropriate, especially for wells operating in the Appalachian Basin.

Project objectives are to identify and map gas hydrate accumulations on the US eastern continental margin using remote sensing (seismic profiling) techniques and to relate these concentrations to the geological factors that-control them. In order to test the remote sensing methods, gas hydrate-cemented sediments will be tested in the laboratory and an effort will be made to perform similar physical tests on natural hydrate-cemented sediments from the study area. Gas hydrate potentially may represent a future major resource of energy. Furthermore, it may influence climate change because it forms a large reservoir for methane, which is a very effective greenhouse gas; its breakdown probably is a controlling factor for sea-floor landslides; and its presence has significant effect on the acoustic velocity of sea-floor sediments.

This is second of the two invited lectures presented at the ``XVII International School of Theoretical Physics: Standard Model and Beyond` 93.`` The text is essentially based on a recent publication by the present authors. Here, after briefly reviewing the (j, 0) {circle_plus} (0, j) Dirac-like construct in the front form, we present a detailed construction of the (j, 0) {circle_plus} (0, j) Majorana-like fields.

This is first of the two invited lectures presented at the ``XVII International School of Theoretical Physics: Standard Model and Beyond 1993.`` The text is essentially based on a recent publication by the present authors. Here we show that the Dirac-like construct in the (j,0){circle_plus}(0,j) representation space support a Bargmann-Wightman-Wigner type quantum field theory.

We begin with a few remarks on an explicit construction of a Bargmann-Wightman-Wigner-type quantum field theory in which bosons and antibosons have opposite relative intrinsic parities. We then construct (1,0) {circle_plus} (0,1) Majorana (CP self conjugate) and Majorana-like (CT{sup 5} self conjugate, {Gamma}{sup 5} = chirality operator) fields. We point out that this new structure in the space time symmetries may be relevant to P and CP violation.

The objective of this project is to develop an accurate model describing turbulent flows of coal slurries, rapid flows of granular coal-air mixtures, and turbulent coal combustion processes. The other main objective is to develop a computer code incorporating the new model. Experimental verification of the foundation of the model is also included in the study. In this report the thermodynamically consistent, rate dependent model for turbulent two-phase flows analysis was used and the phasic fluctuation energy dissipation rates are evaluated. Further progress on the application of the kinetic model for rapid flows of granular materials including the frictional energy losses were made. The velocity, the fluctuation energy and the solid volume fraction profiles for granular flows down a vertical channel were obtained. The results were compared with the molecular dynamic simulations of Savage and good agreement was obtained. The computational model was used and the rapid granular flows around a rectangular block in a channel were analyzed. The effect of bumpy wall on flow of granular materials was analyzed. The special case of Couette flow was studied. The preliminary results obtained is quite encouraging. Further progress was made in the experimental study of mono-layer simple shear flow device. Preliminary …

In the period of September 1, 1993 to November 30, 1993, further progress was made of the theoretical and computational modeling of turbulent two-phase flows, as well as granular flows. The effect of bumpy wall on flow of granular materials was also analyzed. The special case of Couette flow was studied. Further progress was made in the experimental study of mono-layer simple shear flow device. Preliminary data concerning the sharing of 12 mm multi-color glass particles are obtained. The preliminary experimental data show the expected variation. A detailed progress report for project review was also prepared which includes the recent development. The description of this report is given.

This study examines the influence of microstructural defects on irradiation damage accumulation in the oxide spinel. Single crystals of the compound MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} with surface normal [111] were irradiated under cryogenic temperature (100K) either with 50 keV Ne ions (fluence 5.0 {times} 10{sup 12}/cm{sup 2}), 400 keV Ne ions (fluence 6.7 {times} 10{sup 13}/cm{sup 2}) or successively with 400 keV Ne ions followed by 50 keV Ne ions. The projected range of 50 keV Ne ions in spinel is {approximately}50 mn (``shallow``) while the projected range of 400 keV Ne ions is {approximately}500 mn (``deep``). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine dislocation loops/defect clusters formed by the implantation process. Measurements of the dislocation loop size were made using weak-beam imaging technique on cross-sectional TEM ion-implanted specimens. Defect clusters were observed in both deep and shallow implanted specimens, while dislocation loops were observed in the shallow implanted sample that was previously irradiated by 400 keV Ne ions. Cluster size was seen to increase for shallow implants in crystals irradiated with a deep implant (size {approximately}8.5 nm) as compared to crystals treated only to a shallow implant (size {approximately}3.1 nm).

A primary goal of noninvasive studies of human vision is to identify and characterize multiple visual areas in the human brain analogous to those identified in studies of nonhuman primates. By combining functional MEG measurements with images of individual anatomy derived from MRI, the authors hope to determine the location and arrangement of multiple visual areas in human cortex and to probe their functional significance. The authors have identified several different visual areas thus far which appear to be topographically organized. This paper focuses on the retinotopic characterization of the primary visual area (V1) in humans.

This project represents a unique research effort to address the commercial sector end-use energy forecasting data needs of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) and the California Energy Commission (CEC). The object of the project was to develop an updated set of commercial sector end-use energy use intensity (EUI) data that has been fully reconciled with measured data. The research was conducted in two stages. First, we developed reconciled electricity end-use EUIs and load shapes for each of the 11 building types in the inland and coastal regions of the PG&E service territory using information collected in 1986. Second, we developed procedures to translate these results into a consistent set of commercial sector forecasting model inputs recognizing the separate modeling conventions used by PG&E and CEC. EUIs have been developed for: II commercial building types; up to 10 end uses; up to 3 fuel types; 2 and 5 subservice territory forecasting regions (as specified by the PG&E and CEC forecasting models, respectively); and up to 2 distinct vintages corresponding to the period prior to and immediately following the adoption of the first generation of California building and equipment standards. For the electricity end uses, 36 sets of daily load …

The requirements of a gamma-ray burst optical counterpart detector are reviewed. By taking advantage of real-time notification of bursts, new instruments can make sensitive searches while the gamma-ray transient is still in progress. A wide field of view camera at Livermore National Laboratories has recently been adapted for detecting GRB optical counterparts to a limiting magnitude of 8. A more sensitive camera, capable of reaching m{sub upsilon} = 14, is under development.

Characteristics and damage associated with exploded luggage aboard aircraft are presented in this paper. Plastic-sided suitcases filled with typical travel possessions were exploded inside the fuselage of decomissioned B-52 aircraft. Multilayered shield panels, mounted to one side of the fuselage, served to protect the aircraft body and flight system components from both the blast wave and exploded fragments. The resulting damage produced by the explosions was characterized and the absorbing characteristics of the shielding were evaluated. In addition, the energy of the luggage fragments was estimated.

During this quarter we have tested and calibrated six thermocouples of the temperature probe assembly. We obtained additional information on potential supercritical fluids from several vendors. We found out that all three potential supercritical solvents (propane, butane, and hexane) have less than 1 ppM sulfur impurities, whereas the maximum amount of sulfur in the feed should be less than 0.05 ppM. This remains to be a potential problem, since high levels of sulfur in the feed will result in catalyst poisoning. However, this would be the case with all three potential solvents, and thus we have decided to use propane as the supercritical fluid in our reaction studies based on its cost and favorable supercritical properties. In our shake down tests we will not use a catalyst guard bed for sulfur removal. If we experience problems with catalyst deactivation due to sulfur in feed, the guard bed will be installed in the propane feed line. We have ordered 1-tetradecene and will begin measuring diffusion coefficients of this compound in subcritical propane.

Objectives for the first quarter for Task A, Diffusion Coefficients of F-T Products in Supercritical Fluids, were to measure diffusion coefficients of 1-tetradecene in subcritical propane and the diffusion coefficients of 1-octene and 1-tetradecene in subcritical propane and the diffusion coefficients of 1-octene and 1-tetradecene in subcritical and supercritical ethane. We planned to use ethane as a solvent because its lower critical temperature enabled measurements without modification of the existing unit. Our objective was to investigate the behavior of the diffusion coefficients in crossing from subcritical to supercritical conditions. Objectives for Task B, Fischer Tropsch reaction related studies, were: (1) to install and test the temperature probe and the flammable gas detector: (2) to conduct Fischer-Tropsch experiments at baseline conditions and at a high pressure in order to test the newly constructed fixed bed reactor assembly. Accomplishments and problems, are presented.

Preliminary estimates of national benefits from electric utility applications of battery energy storage through the year 2010 are presented along with a discussion of the particular applications studied. The estimates in this report were based on planning information reported to DOE by electric utilities across the United States. Future studies are planned to refine these estimates as more application-specific information becomes available.

The objective of this research program is to determine the feasibility of the alga Botryococcus braunii as a biocatalyst for the photosynthetic conversion of flue gas CO{sub 2} to hydrocarbons. Free and immobilized cells of Botryococcus braunii were grown in aqueous medium supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral nutrients. Air and CO{sub 2} enriched air [10% to 15% (V/V) CO{sub 2}] in the gas phase and 0.2% to 2% NaHCO{sub 3} in the liquid medium served as the carbon source. Growth and hydrocarbon formation characteristics of free and immobilized cultures of Botryococcus braunii were determined in bench-scale photobioreactors. Technical and economic feasibility of the conversion of flue gas CO{sub 2} to hydrocarbons by Botryococcus braunii culture systems was evaluated. In free cell systems, the hexane extractable oil productivity was about 15 to 37 grams of oil per 100 grams of cell dry weight. In immobilized cell systems, the oil production ranged between 5% and 47% at different immobilization systems and immobilized surface locations, with an average of 19% of cell biomass dry weight. The feasibility and economic evaluation estimated the cost of oil produced from flue gas CO{sub 2} by algae to range between $45 and $75 per barrel assuming …