The objective of this three-year research program is to investigate interwell seismic logging techniques for indirectly interpreting oil and gas reservoir geology and pore fluid permeability. This work involves a balanced study of advanced theoretical and numerical modeling of seismic waves transmitted between pairs of reservoir wells combined with experimental data acquisition and processing of measurements at controlled sites as well as in full-scale reservoirs. This reservoir probing concept is aimed at demonstrating unprecedented high-resolution measurements and detailed interpretation of heterogeneous hydrocarbon-bearing formations. Technical progress for the past quarter is summarized for Task 3, data processing and analysis of geological and petrophysical analysis of the interval from 800 to 1100 feet in five wells at the Gypsy Test Site.

The fluid dynamics inside and outside a High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) torch are analyzed using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques. The thermal spray device analyzed is similar to a Metco Diamond Jet torch with powder injection. The spray nozzle is axisymmetric with powder injected on the centerline, premixed fuel and oxygen fed from an annulus, and air cooling injected along the interior surface of the aircap choked flow conditions occur at the exit of the aircap and a supersonic, under-expanded jet develops externally. The details of the CFD simulation are given in a companion paper. This paper describes the general gas dynamic features of HVOF spraying and then gives a detailed discussion of the computational predictions of the present analysis. The gas velocity, temperature, pressure and Mach number distributions are presented for various locations inside and outside the torch. Characteristics of the metal spray particle velocity, temperature, Mach number, trajectory, and phase state (solid or liquid) are also presented and discussed. Extensive numerical flow visualization is provided to show flow features such as mixing layers, shock waves, and expansion waves.

One of the areas of current interest in the nuclear power industry is the response of containment buildings to internal pressures that may exceed design pressure levels. Evaluating the response of structures under these conditions requires computing beyond design load to the ultimate load of the containment. For concrete containments, this requirement means computing through severe concrete cracking and into the regime of wide-spread plastic rebar and/or tendon response. In this regime of material response, an implicit code can have trouble converging. This paper describes some of the author`s experiences with Version 5.2 of ABAQUS Standard and the ABAQUS concrete model in computing the axisymmetric response of a prestressed concrete containment to ultimate global structural failure under high internal pressures. The effects of varying the tension stiffening parameter in the concrete material model and variations of the parameters for the CONTROLS option are discussed.

Limited possibilities exist for new hydrocarbon exploration regimes in the Pacific Northwest. Extensive geophysical studies have been used to outline a proposed sedimentary basin hidden beneath volcanic rocks of the Cascades region of southwestern Washington (Stanley et. al, 1992, AAPG Bull. 76, 1569--1585). Electrical geophysical imaging using the magnetotelluric (MT) method first detected thick, electrically conductive sequences believed to represent late Cretaceous to Oligocene marine sedimentary rocks. The conductive section occurs at depths from about 1 km to 10 km in the area west of a line between Mt. Rainier and Mt. Adams, extending westward to a line between Mt. St. Helens and just west of Morton, WA. The conductive rocks reaches thicknesses as great as 10 km. The anomalous rocks appear to be very near the surface in the axis of anticanes that bring Eocene marine shales to shallow depths. Careful consideration of physical properties and the correspondence of the morphology of the units to known fold sets suggests that the high conductivities are related to lithologic/stratigraphic units rather than to variations in physical properties. Our preference for the lithology of the anomalous section, based upon a study of regional geology and structure, is one dominated by marine shales …

The principal impediment to the molecular characterization of organic sulfur and nitrogen in coal is the polymeric nature of coal`s molecular structure, rendering coal insoluble and impossible to analyze by the necessary gas chromatographic (GC) methods. In this research, the authors apply chemical and thermal degradation techniques to render coal amenable to standard GC characterization. IBC101 floated coal was oxidized with sodium dichromate in five sequential steps. The SIC ratio in the residues decreases markedly with each successive step. It appears the method is effectively mobilizing the organic sulfur. The NIC ratio shows little change. In the GC/MS analysis of the dichromate oxidation products, alkylmethoxy-thiophene carboxylic acids (ATCA) were found to be major organosulfur compounds. Their relative concentrations also drop markedly with each oxidation step, while the concentration of benzene derivatives progressively increases. It is hypothesized the thiophenic moieties are located on the exterior surfaces of the coal structure, while the core is more aromatic. Using analytical micropyrolysis-gas chromatography with a sulfur-selective flame photometric detector (py-GC-FPD), it is possible to easily see a full distribution of organic sulfur forms in a one-step analysis. The predominance of alkylthiophenes in the pyrolyzates lends support to the recognition of thiophenic compounds in the …

Recent experimental results, namely, the remeasurement of the {rho} value by UA4/2 at {radical}s = 546 GeV, together with a new analysis by the E710 group of {sigma}{sub tot}, {rho} and B at {radical}s = 1800 GeV, as well as their measurement of {sigma}{sub tot} and B at {radical}s = 1020 GeV, have provided important anchor points for the high energy behavior of {anti p}p scattering. The authors analyze high energy {anti p}p and pp data, using two distinct (and dissimilar) analysis techniques: (1) asymptotic amplitude analysis, under the assumption that they have reached {open_quotes}asymptopia{close_quotes}, and (2) an eikonal model whose amplitudes are designed to mimic real QCD amplitudes. The former gives strong evidence for a log (s/s{sub 0}) dependence at current energies and not log{sup 2}(s/s{sub 0}), and demonstrates that odderons are not necessary to explain the experimental data. The latter gives a unitary model for extrapolation into true {open_quote}asymptopia{close_quote} from current energies, allowing them to predict the values of the total cross section at future supercolliders. Using their QCD-model, the authors obtain {sigma}{sub tot}(16 TeV)= 106 {+-} 4 mb and {sigma}{sub tot}(40 TeV) = 120 {+-} 5 mb.

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Summaries are given of the progress on each of the following research projects: (1) vortex dynamics, vortical states and turbulence; (2) vortical states for plane Couette flow; (3) homotopy methods for nonsymmetrical eigenproblems; (4) the Recursive Projection Method (RPM); (5) axisymmetric flow with swirl; and (6) pattern selection in solidifying systems.

Alteration phases, found on the leached surfaces and present as colloids in the leachates of 200-based frit (fully active and simulated) nuclear waste glass, reacted under static test conditions, at a surface area to leachate volume ratio of 20,000 m{sup {minus}1} for 15 days to 728 days, have been examined by analytical electron microscopy. The compositions of the secondary phases were determined using x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, and structural analysis was accomplished by electron diffraction. Long-term samples of simulated glass, which had undergone an acceleration of reaction after 182 days, possessed a number of silicate secondary phases, including; smectite (iron silicate and potassium iron alumina-silicate, weeksite (uranium silicate), zeolite (calcium potassium alumino-silicate), tobermorite (calcium silicate), and a pure silica phase. However, uranium silicates and smectite have also been observed in tests, which have not undergone the acceleration of reaction, in both the leachate and leached layer, suggesting that these phases are not responsible for the acceleration of reaction.

Three compounds, trifluoromethane (CHF{sub 3}), 1,1,1,2- tetrafluoroethane (TFA), and octafluoropropane (C{sub 3}H{sub 8}), were compared to SF{sub 6} for use as vapor phase tracers. Dichlorodifluoromethane was also used once for comparison. Experiments were done to test sorption/degradation in a medium colored tuff with (saturated) and without water. A gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector was used. Detection limits were determined.

To address the acid rain problem effort has been expended on finding methods for the removal of sulfur from coal. Despite these efforts organic sulfur has proven very difficult to remove. Perhaps the single most important reason for this is the fact that the organic sulfur in coal remains very poorly characterized. Thus, objective of this study is to combine advanced nondestructive and advanced destructive methods of sulfur analysis for characterization of the organic sulfur in Illinois Basin coals and mild gasification chars derived from them. Thus, the study combines selective oxidation strategies, analytical pyrolysis, and sulfur X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy (XANES) analysis. In, addition identical samples are to be provided for W-Band EPR spectroscopy. During the previous quarter ten coal derived samples have been prepared with the sulfur content varing from 0.77 to 4.4%. Each sample has been submitted for XANES analysis, W-Band EPR analysis, and analytical pyrolysis. A mild gasification reactor has been designed and is undergoing final assembly.

Hydrogenolysis of C-N bond on transition metals is a crucial step in hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactions. Despite the overall complexity of HDN processes, the details of important surface reactions can be characterized using model reactions of organonitrogen compounds on single crystal model catalysts. The structure and reactivity of well characterized aniline monolayers on the Pt(111) surface both in vacuum and in the presence of hydrogen is discussed here. Adsorption and reactions of aniline were studied by Gland and Somorjai on the Pt(111) and Pt(100) surfaces, and more recently by Benziger`s group on the Ni(111) and Ni(100) surfaces. On both Pt and Ni surfaces, aniline {pi} bonds through the aromatic ring with its ring parallel to the substrate surface.

We report preliminary results for the radiation hardness of (polystryrene) plastic scintillator stacks using a spectrum of energy hardened neutrons from a MARK-III TRIGA reactor. The total dose ranged from 100 KRad to 3MRad. The corresponding fluence was 3.8 {times} 10{sup 13} to 3.8 {times} 10{sup 14} (n/cm/cm) with the gamma contribution on the order 2--3% (of fluence). The measurements used Li-6, Li-7 Thermo-luminescence dosimeters. Radiochromic/GaF- Chromic film, and activated foils simultaneously allowing an inter-comparison of these various methods of dosimetry.

The Western Area Power Administration (Western) has established a formal environmental protection, auditing, monitoring, and planning program that has been in effect since 1978. The significant environmental projects and issues Western was involved with in 1993 are discussed in this annual site environmental report. It is written to show the nature and effectiveness of the environmental protection program. The Department of Energy Order 5400.1, Chapter 2.4, requires the preparation of an annual site environmental report. Because Western has facilities located in 15 States, this report addresses the environmental activities in all the facilities as one ``site``. In 1993, Western provided power to more than 600 wholesale power customers consisting of cooperatives, municipalities, public utility districts, investor-owned utilities, federal and state agencies, irrigation districts, and project use customers. The wholesale power customers, in turn, provide service to millions of retail consumers in the States of California, Nevada, Montana, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Colorado, Wyoming, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kansas.

Al-Li-Cu alloys have been observed to fail in less than 24 hours after removal from a one week immersion in aerated 3.5 w/o NaCl solution. Anodic dissolution-based mechanisms proposed previously for this phenomenon have been amended based on further experiment and characterization of the rapid cracking process. Amendments are based on studies of the relative electrochemical behavior of the microstructural elements in the subgrain boundary region, time to failure SCC testing in a simulated crack solution, evolution of crack potential and pH with time, fractographic examination of failed samples, and X-ray diffraction of films passivating crack walls. Results suggest that an active path exists along subgrain boundaries that is comprised of the highly reactive T{sub 1} (Al{sub 2}CuLi) precipitate phase and a solute depleted zone that does not readily passivate when exposed to the crack environment. The matrix phase does appear to passivate in the crack environment thereby confining the crack to the subgrain boundary region. This active path is enabled when cracks are isolated from a bulk environment, but is disabled otherwise. Potential and pH conditions required for cracking are discussed as is the formation of a hydrotalcite Li{sub 2}[Al{sub 2}(OH){sub 6}]{sub 2}{center_dot}CO{sub 3}{center_dot}3H{sub 2}O film that appears to …

In high energy p-p and {alpha} {minus} {alpha} collisions, baryons are observed predominantly at rapidities near those of target and projectile; the mean rapidity shift of projectile and target nucleons is approximately one unit. In the central rapidity region, the number of baryons is quite small. In fact, the number of baryons and antibaryons is rather similar, indicating that most of these baryons are CREATED particles rather than projectile and target fragments. Antibaryon production is of interest in heavy ion collisions as enhanced antiquark production has been predicted as a potential signature of quark-gluon plasma formation. Antibaryons also provide a sensitive probe of the hadronic environment, via annihilation and/or mean field effects upon their final distributions. However, the collision dynamics also affect the baryon and antibaryon distributions. Baryons are more shifted toward midrapidity in nucleus-nucleus and p-p nucleus collisions than in p-p collisions, increasing the probability of annihilating the antibaryons. The interpretation of antibaryon yields is further complicated by collective processes which may take place in the dense hadronic medium formed in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Jahns and coworkers have shown that multistep processes can increase antibaryon production near threshold. Antiproton production is clearly very interesting, but is sensitive to a combination …

This invention is comprised of an apparatus and method of extracting power from energetic ions produced by nuclear fusion in a toroidal plasma to enhance respectively the toroidal plasma current and fusion reactivity. By injecting waves of predetermined frequency and phase traveling substantially in a selected poloidal direction within the plasma, the energetic ions become diffused in energy and space such that the energetic ions lose energy and amplify the waves. The amplified waves are further adapted to travel substantially in a selected toroidal direction to increase preferentially the energy of electrons traveling in one toroidal direction which, in turn, enhances or generates a toroidal plasma current. In an further adaptation, the amplified waves can be made to preferentially increase the energy of fuel ions within the plasma to enhance the fusion reactivity of the fuel ions. The described direct, or in situ, conversion of the energetic ion energy provides an efficient and economical means of delivering power to a fusion reactor.

Disclosed are method and apparatus for depositing durable coatings onto the surface of a substrate without heating the entire substrate to high temperatures by using lasers to heat the substrate and dissociate a deposition gas. The apparatus comprises a deposition chamber for enclosing the substrate upon which a coating is to be deposited, gas delivery means for directing a flow of deposition gas on the substrate, a first laser for heating the substrate, and a second laser for irradiating the deposition gas to dissociate the gas. The method includes placing a substrate within a vacuum deposition chamber and directing a flow of deposition gas on the substrate. Then the substrate is heated with a first laser while the deposition gas is irradiated with a second laser to dissociate the deposition gas.

The very high intensity x-ray beams that will be present at the Advanced Photon Source and other third generation synchrotron sources will require that the first optical element in the beamline and, possibly, the second optical element as well, be cooled to remove the heat deposited by the x-ray beam. In many of the beamlines this heat will be in the 1 to 5 kW range, and any failure of the cooling system will require a quick response from safety control circuits to shut off the beam before damage is done to the optical element. In many cases, this first optical element will be a silicon diffraction crystal. Viewing the surface of objects subjected to high heat fluxes with an infrared camera or infrared sensor has proved to be a very effective method for monitoring the magnitude and distribution of surface temperatures on the object. This approach has been quite useful in studies of cooling silicon crystals in monochromators subject to high heat loads. The main drawback to this method is that single crystals of silicon are partially transparent to the infrared radiation monitored in most infrared cameras. This means that the infrared radiation emitted from the surface contains a …

The Accident Analysis in the Safety Analysis Report (SAR) for the Savannah River Site (SRS) Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) has recently undergone an upgrade. Non-reactor SARs at SRS (and other Department of Energy (DOE) sites) use probabilistic techniques to assess the frequency of accidents at their facilities. This paper describes the application of an extension of the Accident Progression Event Tree (APET) approach to accidents at the SRS DWPF. The APET technique allows an integrated model of the facility risk to be developed, where previous probabilistic accident analyses have been limited to the quantification of the frequency and consequences of individual accident scenarios treated independently. Use of an APET allows a more structured approach, incorporating both the treatment of initiators that are common to more than one accident, and of accident progression at the facility.

This basis of this research is to apply novel techniques from Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in capturing, integrating and articulating key knowledge from geology, geostatistics, and petroleum engineering to develop accurate descriptions of petroleum reservoirs. The ultimate goal is to design and implement a single powerful expert system for use by small producers and independents to efficiently exploit reservoirs. The first task under each of the concurrent phases of developing large-scale and small-scale reservoir descriptions is to identify the main knowledge sources. This task involves the identification of the critical variables that have an impact on large-scale heterogeneities. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of the project, we have had to develop a common vocabulary among the researchers to accomplish this identification task of Phases I and II. It was necessary for the computer science faculty and students to familiarize themselves with the information processed in geology geostatistics, and petroleum engineering. In addition, the geology and petroleum engineering researchers required instruction in the process of building expert systems. As part of the simulation task of Phase I and II, we have decomposed the design of the expert system into smaller component parts to get a clearer picture of what expert …

Electrodialysis has been investigated as a method to extend the lifetime of industrial electroplating solutions via the selective removal of inert electrolyte salts that build up during electroplating operations. The electrodialysis measurements were made using a commercially available plate-and frame-type cell and various combinations of Nafion cation ``change and either Tosflex or Neosepta anion exchange membranes. Two commercial plating solutions were studied: a zinc-tin bath in which there is a buildup of excess potassium hydroxide and a nickel-tungsten bath characterized by a buildup of excess sodium sulfate. Potassium hydroxide was effectively removed from the zinc-tin bath with very little loss of the heavy metals. Two configurations were investigated: a three compartment configuration with potassium hydroxide in the anolyte strip and sulfuric acid in the catholyte strip, and a two compartment configuration with sulfuric acid in the catholyte strip and the anode placed directly in the plating solution. In both cases potassium hydroxide was stripped from the plating solution at greater than 94% current efficiency, but at a slightly greater voltage in the three compartment cell due to increased resistance caused by the extra membrane. A three compartment configuration was used to remove sodium sulfate from the nickel-tungsten bath, with acid …

A probe, consisting of two excitation coils and a detection coil wrapped around a core with a Hall probe between the pole pieces, has been used to measure indirectly the influence of biaxial stress on the magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic specimen, in this case annealed SAE-4130 steel. Properties measured indirectly included remanence, coercivity, and first, third and fifth harmonic amplitudes. The properties were extracted from the voltage measured across the detection coil and incorporate the magnetic influence of the soft iron core, but with the effect of air gap variation between pole piece and sample kept to a controlled range. Results were compared to a micromagnetic model for the effect of biaxial stress on hysteresis and on magnetic properties. The micromagnetic model is a modified version of a model previously employed by Schneider et al. The experimental remanence variation due to biaxial stress compared very well to the predictions of the model. Furthermore, the model predict,s and experiment bears out, that the remanence with the field along one stress axis minus the remanence with the field along the other stress axis falls in a straight-line band of values when plotted against the difference of the two stresses. This suggests …

The objective of to evaluate the potential of rotating gas-liquid contactors for natural gas processing by expanding the currently available database. This expansion is leading to commercial demonstration of this technology to environments representative of those typically encountered in the natural gas processing industry. Operational and reliability concerns will be addressed while generating pertinent engineering data relating to the mass-transfer process.