In support of tank waste safety programs, visualization tests were performed in the 1/12-scale tank facility, using a low-viscosity simulant. The primary objective of the tests was to obtain video records of the transient jet-sludge interaction. The intent is that these videos will provide useful qualitative data for comparison with model predictions. Two tests were initially planned: mixing interface visualization (MIV) and buoyant particle release (BPR). Completion of the buoyant particle release test was set aside in order to complete additional MIV tests. Rheological measurements were made on simulant samples before testing, and the simulant was found to exhibit thixotropic behavior. Shear vane measurements were also made on an in-situ analog of the 1/12-scale tank simulant. Simulant shear strength has been observed to be time dependent. The primary objective of obtaining video records of jet-sludge interaction was satisfied, and the records yielded jet location information which may be of use in completing model comparisons. The modeling effort is not part of this task, but this report also discusses test specific instrumentation, visualization techniques, and shear vane instrumentation which would enable improved characterization of jet-sludge interaction and simulant characteristics.

The DIII-D fast wave current drive (FWCD) system is being upgraded by an additional 4 MW in the 30 to 120 MHz frequency range. This capability adds to the existing 2 MW 30 to 60 MHz system. Two new ABB transmitters of the type that are in use on the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak in Garching will be used to drive two new water-cooled four-strap antennas to be installed in DIII-D in early 1994. The transmission and tuning system for each antenna will be similar to that now in use for the first 2 MW system on DIII-D, but with some significant improvements. One improvement consists of adding a decoupler element to counter the mutual coupling between the antenna straps which results in large imbalances in the power to a strap for the usual current drive intrastrap phasing of 90{degrees}. Another improvement is to utilize pressurized, ceramic-insulated transmission lines. The intrastrap phasing will again be controlled in pairs, with a pair of straps coupled in a resonant loop configuration, locking their phase difference at either 0 or 180{degrees}, depending upon the length of line installed. These resonant loops will incorporate a phase shifter so that they will be able to be tuned …

A 140-element position-sensitive Ge detector has been fabricated as the prototype detector for the development of a monochromatic computed tomography system using synchrotron radiation. The detector was made in very few processing steps that included the use of amorphous Ge blocking contacts. The fabrication process and the results of testing the detector are described.

The 308 Building (Fast Flux Test Facility [FFTF] fuel supply) at the Hanford Site, located in Richland, Washington, is currently in transition to shutdown status. After shutdown, the facility will be maintained/surveilled and turned over to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Facility Transition and Management (EM-60) for utilization, remedial action, or decontamination and decommissioning (D&D). This may require that the facility be maintained in the shutdown mode for up to 30 years. To date, all of the special nuclear material (SNM) has been removed from the facility, potential fuel supply equipment has been preserved, surplus materials and equipment have been excessed, and enclosure cleanup and stabilization has begun. Shutdown planning has been completed, which outlines the major tasks, scope, methodology, and timing for the shutdown activities. A major activity in support of the 308 Building shutdown is the cleanup and stabilization of the enclosures and surface contamination areas. This document identifies the specific designs, processes, and methods to stabilize and confine the radiological material within the enclosures and exhaust ducts to allow shutdown of the active support systems. The designs and steps planned will be effective, are simple, and make maximum use of current technologies and commercial …

This study provides an environmental compliance evaluation of the RLWS and the RPS systems of the 340 Facility. The emphasis of the evaluation centers on compliance with WAC requirements for hazardous and mixed waste facilities, federal regulations, and Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC) requirements pertinent to the operation of the 340 Facility. The 340 Facility is not covered under either an interim status Part A permit or a RCRA Part B permit. The detailed discussion of compliance deficiencies are summarized in Section 2.0. This includes items of significance that require action to ensure facility compliance with WAC, federal regulations, and WHC requirements. Outstanding issues exist for radioactive airborne effluent sampling and monitoring, radioactive liquid effluent sampling and monitoring, non-radioactive liquid effluent sampling and monitoring, less than 90 day waste storage tanks, and requirements for a permitted facility.

Field mapping and stratigraphic studies were completed of the Black Tank volcanic center, which represents the southwestern most eruptive center in the Cima volcanic field of California. The results of this mapping are presented. Contacts between volcanic units and geomorphic features were field checked, incorporating data from eight field trenches as well as several exposures along Black Tank Wash. Within each of the eight trenches, logs were measured and stratigraphic sections were described. These data indicate that three, temporally separate volcanic eruptions occurred at the Black Tank center. The field evidence for significant time breaks between each stratigraphic unit is the presence of soil and pavement-bounded unconformities.

After a series of antenna modifications and a program of optimizing our Boronization procedures, we have succeeded in coupling 300 kill of rf power to the plasma. Thomson Scattering shows a 20--60% increase in core T{sub e}, and constitutes experimental evidence that the waves are interacting with the electron population. Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES) data show that the power is deposited in the core and at the edge as predicted by theoretical modeling. Ninety degree phasing of the antenna caused loop voltage drops of 15--25%, which can be interpreted as an increase 5 kA of toroidal plasma current for co-injection phasing versus counter injection phasing. Biased H-modes have been created with a biased electrode. These plasmas have a steeper edge density gradient and reduced edge fluctuations than our normal limiter plasmas and a D{sub alpha} emission drop at the limiter. Radial profiles of soft x-ray line emission have been measured by the Johns Hopkins group and significantly aided in our understanding of impurity generation with rf and in the biased H-mode. Initial reflectometry data shows the presence of rf density fluctuations in the plasma. Different boronization techniques have been tried leading to a higher boron content in the deposited layer …

Bonneville Power Administration 1993 Wholesale Power Rate Schedules and General Rate Schedule Provisions and 1993 Transmission Rate Schedules and General Transmission Rate Schedule Provisions, contained herein, were approved on an interim basis effective October 1, 1993. These rate schedules and provisions were approved by the Federal Energy Commission, United States Department of Energy, in September, 1993. These rate schedules and provisions supersede the Administration`s Wholesale Power Rate Schedules and General Rate Schedule Provisions and Transmission Rate Schedules and General Transmission Rate Schedule Provisions effective October 1, 1991.

Although much research has been conducted concerning the losses of high-{Tc} superconductors, very little has concentrated on the self-field losses in an actual magnet arrangement. The coils studied in this work were designed for use as actual magnets in an industrial application. Self field loss measurements were made upon tape-wound 2223 superconducting helix coils. The self-field losses were produced by an AC transport current with a DC transport current offset. Losses were taken for single, double and triple tape windings, giving essentially monofilament, dual, and three filament cases. The losses measured here were varied over a range of AC current values for several different DC values, and over a range of frequencies. The currents were all AC sinusoids with a DC offset. All measurements were made at T = 77K.

Initial research focused on conductivity measurements to perform in heated situ degradation measurements of CFC-12/mineral oil and HCFC-22/mineral oil mixtures at 175C in sealed glass tubes. Tungsten rods were sealed into round bottoms of the sealed tubes to provide electrical connections for in situ conductivity measurements. Steel, Cu and W were used as catalysts as well as conductivity probes. Conductivity measurements have been made with both ac and dc voltage inputs. Preliminary results indicate that in situ conductivity measurements correlate with refrigerant/lubricant degradation as determined by other analytical techniques (color, gas chromatography). Some of the continuous conductivity measurement tests appear to accelerate as well as monitor the refrigerant/lubricant degradation. W posts with a valve steel catalyst appear optimum combination for conductivity measurements. Ferric fluoride catalysts and differential thermal analysis were also investigated. Initial tests indicate that the ferric fluoride catalyst has potential for testing lubricant stability at temperatures lower than 175C . Differential thermal analysis have minimal potential for in situ measurements of long-term refrigerant/lubricant degradation processes.

This paper attempts to summarize the neutrino oscillation section of the Workshop on Future Directions in Particle and Nuclear Physics at Multi-GeV Hadron Beam Facilities. There were very lively discussions about the merits of the different oscillation channels, experiments, and facilities, but we believe a substantial consensus emerged. First, the next decade is one of great potential for discovery in neutrino physics, but it is also one of great peril. The possibility that neutrino oscillations explain the solar neutrino and atmospheric neutrino experiments, and the indirect evidence that Hot Dark Matter (HDM) in the form of light neutrinos might make up 30% of the mass of the universe, point to areas where accelerator-based experiments could play a crucial role in piecing together the puzzle. At the same time, the field faces a very uncertain future. The LSND experiment at LAMPF is the only funded neutrino oscillation experiment in the United States and it is threatened by the abrupt shutdown of LAMPF proposed for fiscal 1994. The future of neutrino physics at the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS depends the continuation of High Energy Physics (HEP) funding after the RHIC startup. Most proposed neutrino oscillation searches at Fermilab depend on the completion …

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The General Atomics DIII-D tokamak fusion experiment is now collecting over 80 MB of data per discharge once every 10 min, and that quantity is expected to double within the next year. The size of the data files, even in compressed format, is becoming increasingly difficult to handle. Data is also being acquired now on a variety of UNIX systems as well as MicroVAX and MODCOMP computer systems. The existing computers collect all the data into a single shot file, and this data collection is taking an ever increasing amount of time as the total quantity of data increases. Data is not available to experimenters until it has been collected into the shot file, which is in conflict with the substantial need for data examination on a timely basis between shots. The experimenters are also spread over many different types of computer systems (possibly located at other sites). To improve data availability and handling, software has been developed to allow individual computer systems to create their own shot files locally. The data interface routine PTDATA that is used to access DIII-D data has been modified so that a user`s code on any computer can access data from any computer where …

The Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) is an objective, scientific methodology to assess and prioritize hazardous chemical and radionuclide waste disposal sites based on a limited amount of site information. The vadose zone/groundwater transport module (RADCON) of MEPAS was enhanced to simulate scenarios where water-infiltration barriers (caps) have been emplaced over contaminated sites. The computer code was modified to accommodate three periods of constant water flux through the vadose zone (i.e., flux with no cap, fully functioning cap, and partially failed cap). The simulation results from test problems where the cap should have no effect essentially duplicated the simulation results from the same test problems evaluated with the earlier (baseline) version of RADCON (which requires a single constant value of water flux). Therefore, MEPAS assessments of baseline (no-cap) scenarios should be the same as they were when the baseline RADCON code was used as the vadose zone/groundwater transport module. As expected, simulations of preliminary test problems where the cap should have an effect showed that peak concentrations arrived at the receptor later and were reduced in magnitude compared to the no-cap case. Simple criteria were derived to indicate the degree to which results could be affected by violation of …

Complexes formed by actinides with carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids, and aminopolycarboxylic acids play a central role in both the basic and process chemistry of the actinides. Recent studies of f-element complexes with phosphonic acid ligands indicate that new ligands incorporating doubly ionizable phosphonate groups (-PO{sub 3}H{sub 2}) have many properties which are unique chemically, and promise more efficient separation processes for waste cleanup and environmental restoration. Simple diphosphonate ligands form much stronger complexes than isostructural carboxylates, often exhibiting higher solubility as well. In this manuscript recent studies of the thermodynamics and kinetics of f-element complexation by 1,1 and 1,2 diphosphonic acid ligands are described.

Man`s impact on the environment is increasing with time. To be able to evaluate anthropogenic impacts on an ecosystems, it is necessary first to understand all facets of how the ecosystems works: what the main processes (physical, biological, chemical) are, at what rates they proceed, and how they can be manipulated. Arctic ecosystems are dominated by physical processes of energy exchange. This project has concentrated on a strong program of hydrologic and meteorologic data collection, to better understand dominant physical processes. Field research focused on determining the natural annual and diurnal variability of meteorologic and hydrologic variables, especially those which may indicate trends in climatic change. Comprehensive compute models are being developed to simulate physical processes occurring under the present conditions and to simulate processes under the influence of climatic change.

The use of fine-particle size (< 40 nm) unsupported catalysts in direct coal liquefaction may result in improved economics due to possible enhanced yields of desired products, the potential for decreasing reaction severity, and the possibility of using less catalyst. Sandia has developed a standard testing procedure for evaluating and comparing the fine-particle catalysts. The test procedure uses phenanthrene as the reaction solvent, the DECS-17 Blind Canyon Coal, and a statistical experimental design to enable evaluation of the catalysts over ranges of temperature (350 to 400{degrees}C), time (20 to 60 minutes), and catalyst loading (0 to 1 wt % on a dmmf coal basis). Product analyses include tetrahydrofuran (THF) conversion, heptane conversion, solvent recovery, and gas analyses. Phenanthrene as the solvent in the testing procedure yielded significant differences between thermal and catalytic reactions, whereas using a good hydrogen donor such as 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) showed no catalytic effects.

Path planning needs to be fast to facilitate real-time robot programming. Unfortunately, current planning techniques are still too slow to be effective, as they often require several minutes, if not hours of computation. To overcome this difficulty, we present an adaptive algorithm that uses previous experience to speed up future performance. It is a learning algorithm suitable for incrementally-changing environments such as those encountered in manufacturing of evolving products and waste-site remediation. The algorithm extends our previous work for stationary environments in two directions: For minor environmental change, an object-attached experience abstraction scheme is introduced to increase the flexibility of the learned experience; for major environmental change, an on-demand experience repair scheme is also introduced to retain those experiences that remain valid and useful. In addition to presenting this algorithm, we identify three other variants with different repair strategies. To compare these algorithms, we develop an analytic model to compare the costs and benefits of the corresponding repair processes. Using this model, we formalize the concept of incremental change, and prove the optimality of our proposed algorithm under such change. Empirically, we also characterize the performance curve of each variant, confirm our theoretical optimality results, and demonstrate the practicality of …

Expedited site characterizations offer substantial savings in time and money when assessing hazardous waste sites. Key to some of these savings is the ability to adapt a sampling program to the ``real-time`` data generated by an expedited site characterization. This paper presents a two-prong approach to supporting adaptive sampling programs: a specialized object-oriented database/geographical information system for data fusion, management and display; and combined Bayesian/geostatistical methods for contamination extent estimation and sample location selection.

Several years ago the SRF--community was unpleasantly surprised by the discovery that superconducting RF-cavities made from high purity niobium showed significant degradations of the Q-values when kept for longer periods of time at intermediate temperatures around 100 K. The first temperature map taken on such a degraded cavity showed a rather uniform distribution of the additional losses. This fact and the roughly 100 K holding temperature resulted in the hypothesis of precipitation of hydride phases in niobium. A large number of investigations in several laboratories followed this discovery and the results supported the initial explanation of hydride precipitation. It was experimentally verified that the Q-degradation could be avoided, if the cavities were quickly cooled down through the dangerous temperature region; hydrogen degassing at elevated temperatures eliminated the cavity deterioration, but subsequent extensive chemical surface treatment seemed to reverse the process. A summary of the recent experimental observations has been given, but the detrimental effect of hydrogen precipitation in niobium cavities has been known for many years. For large scale accelerator projects like CEBAF the cryogenic system might prefer certain cooldown cycles and it is important to know the cooling conditions under which the cavity performance is not effected. Such investigations …

This report describes the technical progress made on the Advanced Coal Conversion Process (ACCP) Demonstration Project from April 1, 1992, through June 30, 1992. This project demonstrates an advanced thermal coal drying process coupled with physical cleaning techniques designed to upgrade high-moisture, low-rank coals into a high-quality, low-sulfur fuel, registered as the SynCoal{reg_sign} process. The coal is processed through three stages (two heating stages followed by an inert cooling stage) of vibrating fluidized bed reactors that remove chemically bound water, carboxyl groups, and volatile sulfur compounds. After drying, the coal is put through a deep-bed stratifier cleaning process to separate the pyrite-rich ash from the coal. The SynCoal{reg_sign} process enhances low-rank, western coals, usually with a moisture content of 25 to 55 percent, sulfur content of 0.5 to 1.5 percent, and heating value of 5,500 to 9,000 British thermal units per pound (Btu/Ib), by producing a stable, upgraded coal product with a moisture content as low as 1 percent, sulfur content as low as 0.3 percent, and heating value up to 12,000 Btu/lb. The 45-ton-per-hour unit is located adjacent to a unit train loadout facility at Western Energy Company`s Rosebud coal mine near Colstrip, Montana. The demonstration plant is sized …

The Advanced Light Source (ALS), a third-generation synchrotron light source, has been recently commissioned. Beam diagnostics were very important to the success of the operation. Each diagnostic system is described in this paper along with detailed discussion of its performance. Some of the systems have been in operation for two years. Others, in the storage ring, have not yet been fully commissioned. These systems were, however, working well enough to provide the essential information needed to store beam. The devices described in this paper include wall current monitors, a beam charge monitor, a 50 ohm Faraday cup, DC current transformers, broad-hand striplines, fluorescence screens, beam collimators and scrapers, and beam position monitors. Also, the means by which waveforms are digitized and displayed in the control room is discussed.

The Penn State program in advanced thermally stable coal-based jet fuels has five broad objectives: (1) development of mechanisms of degradation and solids formation; (2) quantitative measurement of growth of sub-micrometer and micrometer-sized particles suspended in fuels during thermal stressing; (3) characterization of carbonaceous deposits by various instrumental and microscopic methods; (4) elucidation of the role of additives in retarding the formation of carbonaceous solids; and (5) assessment of the potential of production of high yields of cycloalkanes by direct liquefaction of coal. Some of our accomplishments and findings are: The product distribution and reaction mechanisms for pyrolysis of alkylcyclohexanes at 450{degree}C have been investigated in detail. In this report we present results of pyrolysis of cyclohexane and a variety of alkylcyclohexanes in nitrogen atmospheres, along with pseudo-first order rate constants, and possible reaction mechanisms for the origin of major pyrolysis products are presented. Addition of PX-21 activated carbon effectively stops the formation of carbonaceous solids on reactor walls during thermal stressing of JPTS. A review of physical and chemical interactions in supercritical fluids has been completed. Work has begun on thermal stability studies of a second generation of fuel additives, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l-naphthol, 9,10-phenanthrenediol, phthalan, and 1,2-benzenedimethanol, and with careful selection …

The Clean Air Act of 1990 requires the monitoring of air toxics including those from incinerator emissions. Continuous emission monitors (CEM) would demonstrate the safety of incinerators and address public concern about emissions of hazardous organic compounds. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can provide the technology for continuous emission monitoring of stacks. Stack effluent can be extracted and analyzed in less than one minute with conventional FTIR spectrometers. Passive-remote FTIR spectrometers can detect certain emission gases over 1 km away from a stack. The authors discuss advances in both extractive and passive-remote FTIR technology. Extractive systems are being tested with EPA protocols, which will soon replace periodic testing methods. Standard operating procedures for extractive systems are being developed and tested. Passive-remote FTIR spectrometers have the advantage of not requiring an extracted sample; however, they have less sensitivity. We have evaluated the ability of commercially available systems to detect fugitive plumes and to monitor carbon monoxide at a coal-fired power plant.