Soil washing laboratory tests performed at Hanford in support of 100 Area Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) feasibility studies included characterization of soils, physical separation, chemical extraction, and water treatment. Results to date show that < 20 % of the soil is finer than 0.25 mm ({minus}40 mesh). The highest concentration of {sup 60}Co, {sup 152}Eu, and {sup 137}Cs contaminants is generally associated with fine soil particles. However, measurable concentrations of contaminants were found in all sizes of soil particles. In initial testing, attrition scrubbing was generally sufficient to treat soils to meet selected performance levels for {sup 60}Co and {sup 152}Eu. However, more intense attrition scrubbing, autogenous grinding, or chemical extraction was required to enhance removal of {sup 137}Cs. Additional tests and assessment of the feasibility of using soil washing techniques are in progress.

This report contains short papers on research being conducted throughout the world on magnetically levitated systems, mainly consisting of trains, and magnetic linear drives. These papers have been index separately elsewhere on the data base.

This report provides a status of the expedited response action (ERA) projects currently being implemented at the Hanford Site. A detailed review of the accomplishments to date, the technologies employed, the problems encountered, and an analysis of the lessons learned are included. A total of nine ERAs have been initiated at the Hanford Site and are presented in a case study format with emphasis on the progress being made and the challenges ahead.

Versions of the CINDER code have been used over three decades for determination of reactor fuel inventories and aggregate neutron absorption and radioactive decay properties. The CINDER`90 code, an evolving version which requires no predetermined nuclide chain structure, is suitable for a wider range of transmutation problems including those treated with older versions. In recent accelerator transmutation studies, the CINDER`90 code has been linked with the LAHET Code System (LCS) and, for high-energy calculations, with SUPERHET. A description of the nature of these linked calculational tools is given; data requirements for the transmutation studies are described; and, examples of linked calculations are described for some interesting accelerator applications.

The foundations of many of the subdisciplines of radiological protection laid in accelerator laboratories began with the invention of accelerators. This paper suggests that the discipline of accelerator radiological protection has played and will continue play a more significant part in our lives than is generally recognized. A brief review of some existing uses of accelerators by society is given, and a few probable future uses are described. These future applications will result in the exposure of accelerator (or {open_quotes}mixed{close_quotes}) radiation fields to an increased population. Consequently, what are perceived to be the rather specialized concerns of today`s accelerator health physicists will -- by necessity -- become of general interest to all health physicists.

In addition to the accuracy-through-order requirement that the defining polynomials not all be divisible by z, as required for Pade and integral approximants, there is the further problem of deficiency as pointed out by McInnes. I prove a finite bound on the deficiency and also prove the accuracy-through-order property for algebraic approximants. In addition I prove the equivalence property for algebraic approximants.

The objective of the Clean Option Strategy is to reduce the volume of waste from Hanford Storage tanks that must be vitrified and subsequently buried in a deep geologic repository to less than 1000 canisters (1) Advanced chemical separations in support of the Clean Option Strategy comprise a series of novel processes that are designed to extract and recover U, TRUs (Np, Pu, Am, Cm), {sup 90}Sr, {sup 99}Tc and {sup 137}Cs from dissolved sludge waste obtained from Hanford storage tanks. All inert constituents and the balance of the fission products, including barium and the lanthanides (Ln), will remain in the raffinates and effluent streams generated in these processes. The aim of the advanced chemical processes is to reduce the complexity and cost of the chemical pretreatment of the dissolved sludge from the single- and double-shelled tanks. To achieve this goal, Hanford must minimize the number of processes to extract U, TRUs, {sup 90}Sr, {sup 99}Tc and {sup 137}Cs, minimize the number of times that the initial volume of dissolved sludge must be handled, and concentrate product streams to reduce the scale of operation. To meet the requirements of advanced chemical separation processes, all systems must: Readily achieve the desired …

While Tidd has achieved many of its original performance and test objectives, current emission standards and the projected performance of competing technologies have caused a reassessment of the goals of AEP`s PFBC program, particularly with regard to sulfur removal and sorbent utilization. The original goal of 90 percent sulfur removal at a Ca/S molar ratio of 1.6 (using Plum Run dolomite) has now been revised to 95 percent removal at a ratio of less than 1.8. While 95 percent sulfur capture is within the capability of today`s PFBC units, the desired Ca/S molar ratio is not presently possible. Therefore, the test program has been redirected to attain this goal. The remainder of the three-year demonstration period will focus on achieving better sorbent utilization, conducting feedstock testing, and performing process evaluations. In addition, a significant part of the remaining test effort at Tidd will focus on establishing and validating the design basis for future commercial PFBC plants. Items being considered to improve sorbent utilization include better sorbent distribution in the bed, optimization of sorbent sizing, ash recycling or recirculation, and selection of sorbent.

Many organic materials have been completely oxidized to CO{sub 2}, CO, and inorganic acids in a 0.1M HNO{sub 3}/14.8M H{sub 3}PO{sub 4} solution with air sparging. Addition of 0.001M Pd{sub +2} reduces the CO to near 1% of the released carbon gases. To accomplish complete oxidation the solution temperature must be maintained above 130--150{degrees}C. Organic materials quantitatively destroyed include neoprene, cellulose, EDTA, TBP, tartaric acid, and nitromethane. The oxidation is usually complete in a few hours for soluble organic materials. The oxidation rate for non-aliphatic organic solids is moderately fast and surface area dependent. The rate for aliphatic organic compounds (polyethylene, PVC, and n-dodecane) is relatively very slow. This is due to the large energy required to abstract a hydrogen atom from these compounds, 99 kcal/mole. The combination of NO{sub 2}{center_dot} and H{center_dot} to produce HNO{sub 2} releases only 88 kcal/mole. Under conditions of high NO{sub 2}{center_dot} concentration it should be possible to oxidize these aliphatic compounds.

Our work couples the formalism of universal algebras with the engineering techniques of mathematical modeling to develop a new approach to the software engineering process. Our purpose in using this combination is twofold. First, abstract data types and their specification using universal algebras can be considered a common point between the practical requirements of software engineering and the formal specification of software systems. Second, mathematical modeling principles provide us with a means for effectively analyzing real-world systems. We first use modeling techniques to analyze a system and then represent the analysis using universal algebras. The rest of the software engineering process exploits properties of universal algebras that preserve the structure of our original model. This paper describes our software engineering process and our experience using it on both research and commercial systems. We need a new approach because current software engineering practices often deliver software that is difficult to develop and maintain. Formal software engineering approaches use universal algebras to describe ``computer science`` objects like abstract data types, but in practice software errors are often caused because ``real-world`` objects are improperly modeled. There is a large semantic gap between the customer`s objects and abstract data types. In contrast, mathematical modeling …

Currently the Advanced Photon Source (APS) is under construction at the Argonne National Laboratory. The APS is a 7-GeV synchrotron light source which will be used for basic research in material science, chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine to name a few of the participating disciplines. The commissioning phase for the APS is planned to start at the beginning of 1995. This paper describes the general parameters of the Advanced Photon Source, the required survey and alignment tolerances, and the alignment concept and instrumentation used to position storage ring beam components.

A literature/technical paper search to determine current/in-use design methods regarding high temperature piping systems, and material performance and development was completed. After review of the information, those manufacturers whose products were deemed potentially viable were contacted for further technical discussion and information gathering. This information was reviewed and candidate materials were selected. Investigation of the applicability of specific systems such as Mirror All Metal Reflective Insulation and Insulated Steam Injection Tubing were pursued with the manufacturer. ``Blue Sky`` discussions were held with G/C representatives of nuclear, fossil, and advanced technology systems engineering to identify design issues associated with the hot gas system and to investigate concepts and approaches to developing alternative designs. In order to develop an understanding of the design and operational issues associated with similar high temperature flue gas systems, G/C investigated the performance of the flue gas system at American Electric Power Corporation`s PFBC at the Tidd facility. The discussions included design, operation, performance, and modification history. The results of this investigation were that proven methods of protecting flue gas piping from the corrosive effect of acid and the erosive effects of gas stream particulate while providing, thermal insulating capabilities for operating temperatures at or above 1500{degrees}F …

The Human-Specific (HS) subfamily of Alu sequences is comprised of a group of 500 nearly identical members which are almost exclusively restricted to the human genome. Individual subfamily members share an average of 97.9% nucleotide identity with each other and an average of 98.9% nucleotide identity with the HS subfamily consensus sequence. HS Alu family members are thought to be derived from a single source ``master`` gene, and have an average age of 2.8 million years. We have developed a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based assay using primers complementary to the 5 in. and 3 in. unique flanking DNA sequences from each HS Alu that allows the locus to be assayed for the presence or absence of an Alu repeat. Individual HS Alu sequences were found to be either monomorphic or dimorphic for the presence or absence of each repeat. The monomorphic HS Alu family members inserted in the human genome after the human/great ape divergence (which is thought to have occurred 4--6 million years ago), but before the radiation of modem man. The dimorphic HS Alu sequences inserted in the human genome after the radiation of modem man (within the last 200,000-one million years) and represent a unique source …

In the early years at Los Alamos National Laboratory, rockfall hazards were intuitively recognized and avoided. Hence mesa tops were selected over canyon floors for construction sites, although some canyon bottoms were still used. The Omega West reactor site was located in a narrow portion of Los Alamos Canyon adjacent to 400 foot high vertical cliffs. In 1944, a quarter-mile long rock catcher was installed above the reactor to protect the facility from occasional rockfalls. In addition, an annual rock catcher inspection was initiated. Between 1944 and 1993, 24 separate rockfall events were documented; individual rocks trapped in the catcher ranged in size from 300 to 21,000 pounds. These rockfall inspection data were arranged into an annual exceedance series, and a frequency analysis was performed. This type of analysis is routinely employed in flood studies when stream gaging records are available. Prior to this study, however, such techniques had never been used with rockfall data. This analysis indicates that the annual rockfall series is approximately log-normally distributed, and that the 500-year rockfall event will probably exceed 187 tons. In addition, a Markov generation scheme, which preserves the statistics of observed logarithms from the historical data, was used to generate a …

Hydrogen transfer processes involving radical intermediates are of key importance in the liquefaction of coal. While the primary function of donor solvents is to transfer H{lg_bullet} to coal-derived radicals that form when weak bonds are cleaved thermolytically, growing evidence suggests that the donor solvent can play a role in promoting cleavage of strong {alpha}-bonds. McMillen and Malhotra have explained the results in terms of a single-step mechanism referred to as radical H-transfer (RHT). Mechanistic kinetic models have been used to suggest the importance of RHT pathways in anthracene- and pyrene-based solvent systems. However, we question the reliability of these approaches because little experimental data exists to support the 16.5 kcal/mol intrinsic barriers they assume for RHT reactions. Unambiguous evidence for RHT is very difficult to obtain experimentally because at the temperatures required to activate the RHT reaction, a suite of multistep reactions can occur, which yield the same products, i.e. H-elimination from hydroaryl radicals followed by ipso addition. For this reason, we have sought to gain insight to barrier heights for RHT from theory. This paper reports our use of Marcus theory in combination with ab initio and semiempirical molecular orbital methods to show how the intrinsic barriers for RHT …

We are developing a Traffic Volume and Classification Monitoring (TVCM) system based on adaptive and neural network computational techniques. The value of neutral networks in this application lies in their ability to learn from data and to form a mapping of arbitrary topology. The piezoelectric strip and magnetic loop sensors typically used for TVCM provide signals that are complicated and variable, and that correspond in indirect ways with the desired FWHA 13-class classification system. Further, the wide variety of vehicle configurations adds to the complexity of the classification task. Our goal is to provide a TVCM system featuring high accuracy, adaptability to wide sensor and envirorunental variations, and continuous fault detection. We have instrumented an experimental TVCM site, developed PC-based on-line data acquisition software, collected a large database of vehicles` signals together with accurate ground truth determination, and analyzed the data off-line with a neural net classification system that can distinguish between class 2 (automobiles) and class 3 (utility vehicles) with better than 90% accuracy. The neural network used, called the Connectionist Hyperprism Classification (CHC) network, features simple basis functions; rapid, linear training algorithms for basis function amplitudes and widths; and basis function elimination that enhances network speed and accuracy. …

Transuranic waste containers in retrievable storage trenches at the Hanford Site and their storage environment are described. The containers are of various types, predominantly steel 0.21-m{sup 3} (55-gal) drums and boxes of many different sizes and materials. The storage environment is direct soil burial and aboveground storage under plastic tarps with earth on top of the tarps. Available data from several transuranic waste storage sites are summarized and degradation rates are projected for containers in storage at the Hanford Site.

The contract is arranged as a base contract with three options. The objective of the base contract is to develop conceptual design(s) of moving granular bed filter and ceramic candle filter technology for control of particles from integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems, pressurized fluidized-bed combustors (PFBC), and direct coal fueled turbine (DCFT) environments. The conceptual design(s) of these filter technologies are compared, primarily from an economic perspective. The granular bed filter was developed through low pressure, high temperature (1600{degree}F) testing in the late 1970`s and early 1980`s. Collection efficiencies over 99% were obtained. In 1988, high pressure, high temperature testing was completed at New York University, Westbury, N.Y., utilizing a two advanced power generating plants were chosen for developing conceptual designs and cost estimates of the commercial sized filters. One is the 450 MWe, second generation pressurized fluidized bed combustion plant defined by Foster Wheeler. This plant originally included cross-flow filters for hot gas cleanup. The other plant under study is a 100 MWe, KRW air blown gasifier. A cross-flow filter was utilized for gas stream cleanup in this study also. Granular bed and ceramic candle filters were substituted for the cross-flow filters in both these plants, and the …

Generalized-geometry models and methodologies for calibration and assay of nuclear material holdup in process equipment are described. Four important keys to success in satisfying portable measurement needs for inventory of nuclear materials are: improvements in compact, single, rugged, reliable instrumentation for gamma-ray spectroscopy; real-time automation; design and automation of generalized models and methods to satisfy multiple measurements needs; and real-time automation of data acquisition/analysis.

We describe an investigation into the use of the Aurora parallel Prolog system in two applications within the area of computational molecular biology. The computational requirements were large, due to the nature of the applications, and were large, due to the nature of the applications, and were carried out on a scalable parallel computer the BBN ``Butterfly`` TC-2000. Results include both a demonstration that logic programming can be effective in the context of demanding applications on large-scale parallel machines, and some insights into parallel programming in Prolog.

Max-Clique is the problem of finding the largest clique in a given graph. It is not only NP-hard, but, as recent results suggest, even hard to approximate. Nevertheless it is still very important to develop and test practical algorithms that will find approximate solutions for the maximum clique problem on various graphs stemming from numerous applications. Indeed, many different types of algorithmic approaches are applied to that problem. Several neural networks and related algorithms were applied recently to combinatorial optimization problems in general and to the Max-Clique problem in particular. These neural nets are dynamical system which minimize a cost (or computational ``energy``) function that represents the optimization problem, the Max-Clique in our case. Therefore they all belong to the class of integer programming algorithms surveyed in the Pardalos and Xue review. The work presented here is a development and improvement of a neural network algorithm that was introduced recently. In the previous work, we have considered two Hopfield type neural networks, the INN and the HcN, and their application to the max-clique problem. In this paper, I concentrate on the INN network and present an improved version of the t-A algorithm that was introduced in. The rest of this …

Work on the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) involves the construction and supporting research and development for a national user facility for synchrotron radiation research in the x-ray region. The facility, when operational in 1997, will provide super-intense x-ray beams for many areas of basic research and will serve the entire US x-ray research community of several thousand users. This paper describes the pertinent features of the design, construction and planned operation of the facility; and the impact quality has had in these areas. In addition, the introduction of several quality management techniques such as total quality management, reliability/availability planning, and user interface are discussed concerning their status and success.

The US Department Energy`s Office of Technology Development has sponsored the development of generic robotics technologies for application to a wide range of remote systems. Of primary interest is the development of technologies which enable faster, safer, and cheaper cleanup of hazardous waste sites than is possible using conventional human contact or remote manual approaches. The development of model-based sensor-directed robot control approaches supports these goals by developing modular control technologies which reduce the time and cost of development by allowing reuse of control system software. In addition, the use of computer models improves the safety of remote site cleanup by allowing automated errors detection and recovery while reducing the time for technology development.

Bottom hadron lifetime measurements have been performed using B {yields} J/{psi} {yields} {mu}+{mu}{sup {minus}}X dacays recorded with the collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) during the first half of the 1992--1993 Tevatron collider run. These decays have been reconstructed in a silicon vertex detector. Using 5344 {plus_minus} 73 inclusive J/{psi} events, the average lifetime of all bottom hadrons produced in 1.8 TeV p{bar p} collisions and decaying into a J/{psi} events, the average lifetime of all bottom hadrons produced in 1.8 TeV p{bar p} collisions and decaying into a J/{psi} is found to be 1.46 {plus_minus} 0.06(stat) {plus_minus}0.06(sys)ps. The charged and neutral B meson lifetimes have been measured separately using 75 {plus_minus}10 (charged) and 61{plus_minus}9 (neutral) fully reconstructed decays; preliminary results are {tau}{sup {plus_minus}} = 1.63 {plus_minus} 0.21(stat) {plus_minus} 0.16(sys) {plus_minus} 0. 10(sys) ps, yielding a lifetime ratio of {tau}{sup {plus_minus}}/{tau}{sup 0} = 1.06{plus_minus} 0.20(stat){plus_minus}0.12(sys).