In 1990, Sony corporation announced their intention to manufacture a rechargeable lithium ion battery, based on the intercalation of lithium ions into a carbonaceous anode. The cells were first introduced for portable telephone use in June, 1991. (1) A 3.6V average cell voltage (4.1-2.75V range); (2) Excellent cycle life (1200 @ 100% DOD); (3) Good capacity retention (70% after 6 months); (4) Wide temperature range performance ({minus}20 to +60{degrees}C); (5) Excellent Discharge rate (82% capacity at 30 min. discharge rate); (6) Excellent Charge rate (100% Charge in <3 hrs); and (7) High energy density (264 W*hr/1 and 120 Whr/kg for ``D`` size cell. These specifications show significant promise for application of these batteries in low earth orbit (LEO) small satellites, particularly when compared to existing NiH{sub 2} and NiCd technology. The very high energy density and specific energy will reduce power system volume and weight. The wide temperature range enables simpler thermal design, particularly for new, small, high power satellites. The materials used in the lithium ion batteries are relatively inexpensive and benign, so that we expect costs to come down substantially in the future. The specified cycle life at 100% DOD is also 50% longer than most NiCds, so …

The principal objective of this research is to gain information on the role that host petroleum-derived oils (1000 F+), as well as that of catalytically treated host oils, play when used as liquefaction solvents in coprocessing with coal. The host oil will be extensively characterized and then pretreated in a number of ways which involve catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation, hydrocracking, and isomerization. The pretreated oils will then be characterized by elemental analysis, catalytic dehydrogenation, distillation, GC-MS, and NMR. The effects of the host oil on coprocessing with coal will be compared to those obtained using catalytically modified heavy oils. When appropriate, model compounds will be used to study specific reactions brought about by the pretreatments. In the progress report for January, 1993--March, 1993, we concluded that the dispersed iron based catalysts were not effective in hydrotreating the AMOCO VTR at 400{degree}C. During the second quarter of this year, several pretreatment runs were conducted at 440{degree}C using molybdenum naphthenate, a known active hydrotreatment catalyst. The reaction time was increased from one hour to two hours, during which time the reaction pressure leveled off. hen Mo naphthenate was added at a concentration of 500 ppM of Mo, coke production was drastically …

This report is the first in a series of documents that will evaluate nuclear criticality safety in the Decontamination and Recovery Facility, X-705, Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant. It provides an overview of the facility, categorizes its functions for future analysis, reviews existing NCS documentation, and explains the follow-on effort planned for X-705. A detailed breakdown of systems, subsystems, and operational areas is presented and cross-referenced to existing NCS documentation.

We demonstrate that nonlinear optical fiber arrays can support stable soliton-like pulses with finite energy. The bound state that we have found is localized both in time and in a spatial domain in the direction perpendicular to the pulse propagation. We have proved the boundedness of the Hamiltonian function for the array. Finally, numerical studies support our analytical conclusions.

Much of the activity and growth in the field of pulsed power technology has been spawned by government-sponsored research for military applications. During the last two decades significant advances have been made in pulsed power modulators and accelerators. Pollution control systems for large industrial applications could benefit a great deal by exploring the results of this research and development. In this paper I will present the history of how pulsed power technology got involved in pollution control applications. Emphasis will be placed on the application of pulsed power to pollution control in utility and industrial coal-fired power plants. The use of pulsed techniques for improving the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators will first be discussed; then the parallel developments in electron beam and pulsed corona processing for flue gas treatment will be presented. Pulsed power techniques are essential as supporting technologies for these advanced pollution control methods. To illustrate the large scale of these applications, I will discuss the power requirements of these methods.

We have performed a comprehensive study of the radiation environment for the proposed GEM detector at the SSC. As a result of this study, we have developed a shielding scenario that will ensure that the detector will operate with its design performance for at least 10 years at the luminosity of 10{sup 33} cm {sup {minus}2}{sub s}{sup {minus}1}.

The anomalously fast relaxation of the perturbations to the electron temperature profile caused by a sawtooth crash has been studied extensively on TFTR. We will show that on a short timescale the heat pulse is not simply diffusive as has been generally assumed, but that modeling of the heat pulse requires a transient enhancement in {chi}{sub e} following the sawtooth crash. It will be shown that the time-dependent enhancement in {chi}{sub e} predicted by non-linear thermal transport models, i.e., incremental {chi} models or the Rebut-Lallia-Watkins transport model, is much smaller than that required to explain the anomalies in the heat pulse propagation.

None

The objective of the project was to identify, define, and resolve the issues pertaining to the production of a certifiable cemented salt waste form (``saltcrete``) using the existing cementation equipment in the Building 374 liquid waste treatment facility. This reportdescribes the saltcrete process, issues precluding waste form certification, issues resolution where appropriate, and formulation optimization results. This report summarizes acceptance criteria, waste characterization, problem assessment, and formulation study results for the period October 1, 1992, to June 30, 1993.

The liquid waste streams from chemical processing of reactor-irradiated targets and fuel are neutralized with excess NaOH and discharged to mild steel waste tanks for interim storage. To reduce the number of tanks required, and thus the cost of waste storage, the supernate is evaporated to about 70% solids, discharged while hot into clean waste tanks. As the solution cools, solids crystallize from the saturated solution and form a solid layer on the bottom of the tank. The supernate is re-evaporated to concentrate the volume further. Evaporation and crystallization are continued until, for tank 41, the tank is almost filled with crystallized salts. In the DWPF processing scheme, these salts will be redissolved in water and {sup 137}Cs precipitated with sodium tetraphenylborate in the in-tank precipitation facility. The decontaminated supernate is now mixed with cement and stored as a solid monolith; the precipitated Cs and the base-insoluble solids are encapsulated in glass for permanent storage. Questions have been raised about the nuclear safety of these operations, particularly for tank 41, where the waste source was waste from the H-Area fuel processing. One scenario for a potential nuclear accident considers that the salts in tank 41 would dissolve in water, but …

This article makes two principal points. First the author argues that the Russian federation has never been a state and is not sustainable as a state. Four centrifugal indicators are presented to support this claim: ethnic divisiveness; uncertainty about the legitimacy of Russia`s current borders; competing claims for legitimacy on the part of federal and regional leaders; and army units` unpredictable allegiances. Second, she argues that Soviet policies intended to facilitate central control of the periphery had the perverse effect of creating ethnic identity and demands for national autonomy where, in many cases, they did not exist prior to the Communist regime. Following the introduction, part one briefly reviews the concepts of state, nation, and nationalism and the roles they play in Russia. Criteria for state-hood are discussed. Part two lists the main ethnic groups in Russia and considers the roots of ethnic nationalism in the Russian Federation. Part three discusses confusion over the legitimacy of the physical, economic, and political boundaries of the Russian Federation. Part four discusses political disarray in the center and the regions and the lack of unity among order-enforcing entities. The Volga-Ural region -- where there is a large concentration of nuclear weapons and facilities, …