The 300{mu}s, 400 MJ SSC proton beam must be contained when extracted to the external beam dump. The current design for the SSC beam dump can tolerate the beat load produced if the beam is deflected into a raster scan over the face of the dump. If the high frequency deflecting magnet were to fail, the beam would scan a single strip across the dump face resulting in higher local energy deposition. This could vaporize some material and lead to high pressures. Since the beam duration is comparable to the characteristic time of expected hydrodynamic motions, we have combined the static energy deposition capability of the MARS computer code with the two- and three-dimensional hydrodynamics of the MBA and SPHINX codes. EOS data suggest an energy deposition threshold of 15 kJ/g, below which hydrodynamic effects are minimal. Above this our 2D calculations show a hole boring rate of 7 cm/{mu}s for the nominal beam, and pressures of a few kbar. Scanning the nominal beam faster than 0.08 cm/{mu}s should minimize hydrodynamic effects. 3D calculations support this.

Stripping efficiencies were measured for 277 MeV/amu Au{sub 33+} ions with Copper foils ranging in thickness from 25{mu}m to 100{mu}m. The charge state distribution was analyzed using the beam line magnets of the transfer line between the AGS Booster and the AGS at Brookhaven. The relative charge state abundances were analyzed to find the optimum foil thicknesses for fully stripped Au{sup 79+} and Helium-like Au{sup T7+}. It was also possible to extract electron stripping and pick-up cross sections.

A Lambertson magnet has been designed to serve as an injector into the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The design is predicted to achieve field uniformity of DB/B < 6 {times}10{sup {minus}4} at B{sub o} = 9.5 KG transverse to the beam direction over the width of the beam path and stray fields in RHIC`s circulating beam pipe of less than 0.2 Gauss. In addition, the magnet is ultra-high vacuum compatible in that only the insides of the beam tubes are exposed to the vacuum and the entire assembly is bakeable in situ to 300{degrees}C.

The AGS operates a varied program of proton, heavy ion, and polarized proton acceleration for fixed-target experiments and will soon serve as the injector of these beams into the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC. The new Booster synchrotron extends the range of intensities and masses that can be accelerated. The 1.5 GeV injection energy increases the space charge limit by a factor of four to more than 6 {times} 10{sup 13} protons per pulse. To accommodate the increased beam current the rf system will be upgraded to provide more power and lower impedance to the beam. The flexibility of the rf system will also be enhanced by virtue of a new rf beam control system and installation of individual tuning servos for the ten rf cavities. The fundamental necessity for upgrading the rf system is to deliver more power to the accelerating beam. Three key ingredients of the upgrade project addressing this problem is (1) new power amplifiers provide the necessary power, and are closely coupled to the cavities, (2) wideband rf feedback reduces the effective impedance by a factor of 10, and (3) the capacitors loading the acceleration gaps (four per cavity) are increased from 275 pF to 600 …

The publicly available Japanese data on the use of slim holes in geothermal exploration and reservoir assessment are reviewed in this report. Slim holes have been used for (1) obtaining core for geological studies, (2) delineating the stratigraphic structure, (3) characterizing reservoir fluid state (pressure, temperature, etc.), and (4) defining the permeability structure for reservoir assessment. Examples of these uses of slim hole data are presented from the Hohi Geothermal Area and the Sumikawa Geothermal Field. Discharge data from slim holes and production wells from the Oguni Geothermal Field indicate that it may be possible to infer the discharge rate of production wells based on slim hole measurements. The Japanese experience suggests that slim holes can provide useful data for cost-effective geothermal reservoir assessment. Therefore, plans for a full scale evaluation of Japanese slim hole data are outlined.

In this article we present the first experimental measurements obtained on PHAROS during the 1992 run cycle at LANSCE. These are data on the phasing of the choppers relative to the accelerator system along with the consequent neutronic resolution, data on the real-space position resolution of the main detectors, a white-beam nickel powder calibration, and our first inelastic scattering measurement made on TiH{sub 2} with an incident energy of 300 MeV. The characteristic features of the new chopper spectrometer PHAROS, designed for low-angle inelastic neutron scattering and neutron Brillouin scattering, are described elsewhere in these proceedings.

This paper describes seismic-response simulations of a base-isolated building subjected to actual earthquakes using the 3-D computer program, SISEC, developed at Argonne National Laboratory. The isolation system consists of six medium shape factor, high damping, and low shear modulus rubber bearings. To ensure the accuracy of analytical simulation, recorded data of full-size reinforced concrete structures located in Sendai, Japan are used as the benchmarks for comparisons of numerical simulations with observations. Results obtained from both analytical simulations and earthquake observations indicate that the advantage of base isolation in mitigating the acceleration of superstructure is very pronounced. For the two representative earthquakes, one had the strongest ground motion and the other one had similar magnitudes as the rest of the earthquakes recorded at the test site, the simulated accelerations at the roof level of the isolated building are about 20% to 30% of the ordinary building accelerations. Also, results reveal that for both ordinary and base-isolated buildings the computed accelerations agree reasonably well with those recorded.

The review guide is based on the shared experiences, approaches, and philosophies of the Environmental Restoration/Decontamination and Decommissioning (ER/D&D) subgroup members. It is presented in the form of a review guide to maximize the benefit to both the safety analyses practitioner and reviewer. The guide focuses on those challenges that tend to be unique to ER/D&D cleanup activities. Some of these experiences, approaches, and philosophies may find application or be beneficial to a broader spectrum of activities such as terminal cleanout or even new operations. Challenges unique to ER/D&D activities include (1) consent agreements requiring activity startup on designated dates; (2) the increased uncertainty of specific hazards; and (3) the highly variable activities covered under the broad category of ER/D&D. These unique challenges are in addition to the challenges encountered in all activities; e.g., new and changing requirements and multiple interpretations. The experiences in approaches, methods, and solutions to the challenges are documented from the practitioner and reviewer`s perspective, thereby providing the viewpoints on why a direction was taken and the concerns expressed. Site cleanup consent agreements with predetermined dates for restoration activity startup add the dimension of imposed punitive actions for failure to meet the date. Approval of the …

This paper presents data compiled by the Photovoltaic Design Assistance Center at Sandia National Laboratories from more than eighty field tests performed at over thirty-five photovoltaic systems in the United States during the last ten years. The recorded performance histories, failure rates, and degradation of post-Block IV modules and balance-of-system (BOS) components are described in detail.

The radiological, fire and electrical hazards posed by a 200 MeV electron Linear Accelerator, which the NSLS Department will install and commission within a newly assembled structure, are addressed in this Preliminary Safety Analysis Report. Although it is clear that this accelerator is intended to be the injector for a future experimental facility, we address only the Linac in the present PSAR since neither the final design nor the operating characteristics of the experimental facility are known at the present time. The fire detection and control system to be installed in the building is judged to be completely adequate in terms of the marginal hazard presented - no combustible materials other than the usual cabling associated with such a facility have been identified. Likewise, electrical hazards associated with power supplies for the beam transport magnets and accelerator components such as the accelerator klystrons and electron gun are classified as marginal in terms of potential personnel injury, cost of equipment lost, program downtime and public impact perceptions as defined in the BNL Environmental Safety and Health Manual and the probability of occurrence is deemed to be remote. No unusual features have been identified for the power supplies or electrical distribution system, …

The authors have developed a unique test-stand for quantifying the generation of perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) in chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) replacement fluids when they are subjected to high electrical stress/breakdown environments. PFIB is an extremely toxic gas with a threshold limit value of 10 ppbv as set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. They have tested several new fluids from various manufacturers for their potential to generate PFIB. Their goal is to determine breakdown characteristics and quantify toxic by-products of these replacement fluids to determine a safe, usable alternative for present CFC`s.

The computer code COMMIX-1C/ATM, which describes single-phase, three-dimensional transient thermofluiddynamic problems, has provided the framework for the extension of the standard k-{var_epsilon} turbulence model to a six-equation model with additional transport equations for the turbulence heat fluxes and the variance of temperature fluctuations. The new, model, which allows simulation of anisotropic turbulence in stratified shear flows, is referred to as the Anisotropic Turbulence Model (ATM) has been verified with numerical computations of stable and unstable stratified shear flow between parallel plates.

Radiation detector grade CdTe crystals are characterized by several crystallographic and metallurgical techniques including infrared microscopy, dislocation etch pitting and X-ray diffraction. Results are presented for a set of 50 detectors fabricated from an ingot produced by the High Pressure Bridgman method. Data on the temperature dependence of leakage current and pulse height analysis are presented, along with measurements of room temperature charge transport properties. Attempts to relate crystal structure to detector performance discussed.

Various electrocatalysis issues of impotance to low platinum loading polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are discussed. Thin film catalyst layer assemblies are used to investigate the effects of CO and CO{sub 2} on the anode as well as efforts to restore performance by oxygen bleeding into the anode feedstream. These electrodes behave differently than ionomer-impregnated E-TEK electrodes because the extra, exposed Pt in the latter case. The tolerance of Pt-Ru alloy thin film anodes to CO and CO{sub 2} are also evaluated. Thin film electrodes are also used to study Pt particle growth in aged electrodes as well as particle size effects on specific activity.

Ensemble averaging theorems are used to derive a two-fluid model describing the flow of a dilute fluid-solid mixture. The model is valid for mixtures containing particles that are small compared to the length scales describing variations in ensemble-averaged field quantities, such as fluid or particle phase density, pressure or velocity. For the case where the mixture is pseudo-homogeneous, the equations obtained reproduce the Einstein viscosity correction.

We present an injector design for high-power cw proton linacs with particular emphasis on intense neutron-spallation sources. Long-term operational reliability and availability dominate over specific beam parameters for these accelerators. We discuss technical requirements for the ion source and low-energy beam transport line and compare different options. A prototype design for a 75-kV, 110-mA cw proton injector is presented.

This report presents the 1992 Air Emission Inventory for the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Originally, this report was in response to the Environmental Oversight and Monitoring Agreement in 1989 between the State of Idaho and the Department of Energy Idaho Field Office, and a request from the Idaho Air Quality Bureau. The current purpose of the Air Emission Inventory is to provide the basis for the preparation of the INEL Permit-to-Operate (PTO) an Air Emission Source Application, as required by the recently promulgated Title V regulations of the Clean Air Act. This report includes emissions calculations from 1989 to 1992. The Air Emission Inventory System, an ORACLE-based database system, maintains the emissions inventory.

Hazards Assessments are performed for a variety of activities and facilities at Rocky Flats Plant. Prior to 1991, there was no guidance for performing Hazards Assessments. Each organization that performed Hazards Assessments used its own methodology with no attempt at standardization. In 1991, DOE published guidelines for the performance of Hazards Assessments for Emergency Planning (DOE-EPG-5500.1, ``Guidance for a Hazards Assessment Methodology``). Subsequently, in 1992, DOE published a standard for the performance of Hazards Assessments (DOE-STD-1027-92, ``Hazard Categorization and Accident Analysis, Techniques for Compliance with DOE Order 5480.23, Nuclear Safety Analysis Reports``). Although these documents are a step in the direction of standardization, there remains a great deal of interpretation and subjective implementation in the performance of Hazards Assessments. Rocky Flats Plant has initiated efforts to develop a uniform and standard process to be used for Hazards Assessments.

The European nuclear power industry is being restructured from an industry drawn along national lines to a European-wide industry. This, in part, reflects growth of the European Economic Community, but it also reflects changes in the international nuclear power industry. The objectives of the participants, beyond better integration of the nuclear industry in Western Europe, are to (1) obtain European leadership of the worldwide commercial nuclear power industry, (2) improve medium- and long-term safety of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (FSU) power reactors, and (3) reduce domestic concerns about nuclear power. The activities to achieve these goals include (1) formation of Nuclear Power International (a joint venture of the German and French nuclear power plant vendors for design and construction of nuclear power plants), (2) formation of a utility group to forge agreement throughout Europe on what the requirements are for the next generation of nuclear power plants, and (3) agreement by regulators in multiple European countries to harmonize regulations. This is to be achieved before the end of the decade. These changes would allow a single design of nuclear power plant to be built anywhere in Europe. The creation of European-wide rules (utility requirements, engineering standards, and …

The design criteria currently used in the design of radioactive material (RAM) transportation containers are taken from the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME, 1992). These load-based criteria are ideally suited for pressure vessels where the loading is quasistatic and all stresses are in equilibrium with externally applied loads. For impact events, the use of load-based criteria is less supportable. Impact events tend to be energy controlled, and thus, energy-based acceptance criteria would appear to be more appropriate. Determination of an ideal design criteria depends on what behavior is desired. Currently there is not a design criteria for inelastic analysis for RAM nation packages that is accepted by the regulatory agencies. This lack of acceptance criteria is one of the major factors in limiting the use of inelastic analysis. In this paper inelastic analysis acceptance criteria based on stress and strain-energy density will be compared for two stainless steel test units subjected to impacts onto an unyielding target. Two different material models are considered for the inelastic analysis, a bilinear fit of the stress-strain curve and a power law hardening model that very closely follows the stress-strain curve. It is the purpose of this paper to stimulate discussion and …

The objectives of this research program are to: (1) Improve the assessment of the character of petroleum reservoirs using tracer technology for the monitoring and improvement of EOR techniques, specifically, (a) to apply the presently available multitracer perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) technology to the study of petroleum reservoirs in characterizing reservoir bulk subsurface flow transport and dispersion rates; and, (b) to demonstrate that PFTs with differing physical properties will interact with differing rates of adsorption and dispersion within such reservoirs, from which may be inferred difference in the character and/or extent of petroleum in those reservoirs. This is accomplished by participation in field experiments so as to fully demonstrate the perfluorocarbon tracer technology in its utility in this aspect. 2. Develop new tracers, compatible with the perfluorocarbon tracer technology, so as to interface these new tracers in a suite of tracers available for petroleum reservoir experiments. 3. Design and performance of a quantitative PFF experiment to demonstrate the potential of calculating a two-dimensional residual oil saturation map based on a multi-PFT tracer experiment in a reservoir. Technical progress is discussed for: (1) Ongoing demonstration experiments at the Naval Petroleum Reservoir in California; (2) development of new tracers; and (3) design of …

The Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP), located at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), has reprocessed irradiated nuclear fuels for the US Department of Energy (DOE) since 1951 to recover uranium, krypton-85, and isolated fission products for interim treatment and immobilization. The acidic radioactive high-level liquid waste (HLLW) is routinely stored in stainless steel tanks and then, since 1963, calcined to form a dry granular solid. The resulting high-level waste (HLW) calcine is stored in seismically hardened stainless steel bins that are housed in underground concrete vaults. A research and development program has been established to determine the feasibility of treating ICPP HLW calcine using pyrochemical technology.This technology is described.

The CCFL model used in RELAP5/MOD3 version 5m5 has been assessed against simple vertical tubes and bundle tests performed at a facility of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. The effect of changes in tube diameter and nodalization of tube section were investigated. The roles of interfacial drags on the flooding characteristics are discussed. Differences between the calculation and the experiment are also discussed. A comparison between model assessment results and the test data showed that the calculated value lay well on the experimental flooding curve specified by user, but the pressure jump before onset of flooding was not calculated.

In this paper, we apply conventional and chaotic time series analyses to the interpretation of pressure-drop measurements from a 250 kW, pilot-scale, bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Our results demonstrate that such analyses can be useful for discriminating different types of fluidization in a practical combustor and offer a basis for improving fluidized bed monitoring and control. A new comparative index that reflects the multivariate structure in pressure-drop measurements is proposed for detecting variations in the fluidized state. We also propose standards for acquiring fluidized bed pressure-drop measurements in pilot and commercial-scale facilities as well as three potential commercial uses. Recent findings regarding the effect of pressure tap location and design on the measured signal fidelity are discussed.