NAFTA raises potential economic and political issues for U.S. relations with Asian countries for whom the agreement presents uncertainties regarding the future of their market opportunities in North America. As countries not associated with a preferential trading arrangement of their own, Asian countries are concerned that a trend toward regional trade agreements may affect the capacity of multilateral institutions to protect their global trading interests. This report examines Asian perceptions of NAFTA in both their economic and political dimensions, how Asian countries may respond in concrete ways to NAFTA, and, assuming that NAFTA gains approval in the U.S. Congress, what steps the United States might take toward facilitating a smooth reception for NAFTA in Asia.

In the Southeast, there are about 3,000 wastewater plants with a capacity of over one million gallons per day. Under this study, operating data and available financial information on a variety of technologies for large and small plans was documented for ten facilities. Studies were done on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with design capacities ranging from 9.5--120 million gallons per day. All of these WWTPs recover the gas produced in their anaerobic digesters and use at least part of it as fuel for boilers and/or internal combustion engines. The engines power generators, blowers, or pumps, and most are equipped with heat recovery systems. Based on the historical data provided by the participants in this study and from the authors` own technical analysis, methane recovery and utilization systems appear to be cost effective, although the degree of cost effectiveness varies widely. The types of energy recovery systems are not uniform among all the participants so that the cases in this limited survey are not precisely comparable to each other. Also, reliance on historical data and cost information generated from portions of total plant operations and estimates makes it difficult to complete analysis of specific variables. The fact remains, however, that regardless …

Following the ideas presented in the proposal to the DoE, we have begun to acquire the equipment needed to design, develop, construct, and test the electronic and mechanical features of detectors used in High Energy Physics Experiments. A guiding principle for the effort is to achieve integrated electronic and mechanical designs which meet the demanding specifications of the modern hadron collider environment yet minimize costs. This requires state of the art simulation of signal processing as well as detailed calculations of heat transfer and finite element analysis of structural integrity.

The design of the quench reactor has been completed. A high temperature furnace, capable of reaching 1540{degrees}C has been ordered. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were carried out in order to determine the maximum possible yields of various products from methane pyrolysis, assuming that the reaction could be quenched at C{sub 10} aromatics. Acetylene, benzene and naphthalene were identified as the major products of such a process. Ethylene, propylene, cyclopentadiene, methylnaphthalene and toluene, vinylacetylene, butadiene, and propadiene were identified as minor products. The yields of benzene and naphthalene are highest in the temperature range between 1350--1550 K, with a maximum aromatic yield of ca. 45% (benzene + naphthalene) expected at about 1475 K (ca. 1200{degrees}C).

This central utilities plant model details the major elements of a central utilities plant for several classes of users. The model enables the analyst to select optional, cost effective, plant features that are appropriate to a fuel cell application. These features permit the future plant owner to exploit all of the energy produced by the fuel cell, thereby reducing the total cost of ownership. The model further affords the analyst an opportunity to identify avoided costs of the fuel cell-based power plant. This definition establishes the performance and capacity information, appropriate to the class of user, to support the capital cost model and the feasibility analysis. It is detailed only to the depth required to identify the major elements of a fuel cell-based system. The model permits the choice of system features that would be suitable for a large condominium complex or a residential institution such as a hotel, boarding school or prison. The user may also select large office buildings that are characterized by 12 to 16 hours per day of operation or industrial users with a steady demand for thermal and electrical energy around the clock.

This model description establishes the revenues, expenses incentives and avoided costs of Operation of a Natural Gas-Fired Fuel Cell-Based. Fuel is the major element of the cost of operation of a natural gas-fired fuel cell. Forecasts of the change in the price of this commodity a re an important consideration in the ownership of an energy conversion system. Differences between forecasts, the interests of the forecaster or geographical areas can all have significant effects on imputed fuel costs. There is less effect on judgments made on the feasibility of an energy conversion system since changes in fuel price can affect the cost of operation of the alternatives to the fuel cell in a similar fashion. The forecasts used in this model are only intended to provide the potential owner or operator with the means to examine alternate future scenarios. The operations model computes operating costs of a system suitable for a large condominium complex or a residential institution such as a hotel, boarding school or prison. The user may also select large office buildings that are characterized by 12 to 16 hours per day of operation or industrial users with a steady demand for thermal and electrical energy around the …

The In-Tank Precipitation (ITP) process will concentrate the Tank 48 contents to approximately 10 wt. percent tetraphenylborate solids by filtration. The filtrate produced during the process flows to the ITP stripping columns where the soluble benzene is removed from the solution. It has been observed that a large pressure differential occurs across the column packing when the filtrate is processed in the column. One potential explanation for the pressure differential is that the filtrate is foaming in the column. Small scale stripping tests have verified that the salt solution foams. Waste Management requested assistance from SRTC in solving the foaming problem through technical task requests HLE-TTR-93013A/B (Benzene Stripper Performance Evaluation) and HLE-TTR-93044 (Kinetics of Benzene and Dissolution). Various tests were completed to determine an effective defoaming agent for use in the stripping columns. This document discusses the tests and the conclusions.

A fully relativistic layer-KKR formalism was developed and implemented for calculating the single-particle Green function in atomic layers parallel to crystalline surfaces magnetic and non magnetic materials: The method was applied to the calculation surface spectroscopies, such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED), angle-resolve ultraviolet photo emission spectroscopy (UPS), and photoelectron scattering. Numeric tests were performed for non magnetic actinide surfaces and magnetic Fe surface Theoretical angle-resolved UPS spectra are presented for uranium monolayers on Pt(111) and for f.c.c. u(lll) surfaces. We find that u island formation can take place if a peak in the UPS spectra appears just before the Fermi energy immediately as u is deposited on P and we suggest an experimental procedure for testing this prediction. An intensity map photo excited electrons from the 2p{sub 3/2} core states of Fe(110) surface is also show Sizable magnetic anisotropy is found due to the interference between exchange and spin-orbit interaction, which is suitable for studying a possible surface-induced magnetism actinide adlayers.

This article reviews recent investigations of nonlinear optical processes in semiconductors. Section II discusses theory of coherent wave mixing in semiconductors, with emphasis on resonant excitation with only one exciton state. Section III reviews recent experimental investigations of amplitude and phase of coherent wave-mixing resonant with quasi-2d excitons in GaAs quantum wells.

This project is concerned with the mechanisms by which polynuclear aromatic (PNA) compounds on the one hand, and ionizing radiation on the other, cause damage to DNA. PNA compounds constitute an important class of environmental pollutants derived from energy-related sources which, upon metabolic activation to diolepoxide derivatives, produce bulky PNA-DNA lesions interfere with the normal DNA replication and transcription processes, and give rise to mutations and the initiation of tumors. Chiral and other stereochemical effects play a key role in determining the biological effects of a given PNA diol epoxide and the potentially mutagenic lesions which are formed. New and efficient methods for synthesizing stereochemically pure and precisely positioned PNA diol epoxide-DNA lesions in small DNA fragments are reported here. We have elucidated the structures of three stereoisomeric benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts. How these adducts affect on DNA polymerase fidelity, transcription, and DNA repair are currently being investigated with respect to detailed structure-biological activity correlations. Spectroscopic techniques such as circular dichroism, fluorescence, and photoionization play an important role in the characterizations of the PNA adducts. A new method was developed for measuring the lifetimes as well as the energies of picosecond duration electronically excited states. Using this technique, it is …

Mexican spotted owls (MSOs) have the largest geographic distribution of the three spotted owl subspecies, with most occurring on National Forest lands in Arizona and New Mexico. Habitat loss and modification due to logging and fire prompted the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to list MSOs as a threatened species in March 1993. As required in Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S. Forest Service (FS) is consulting with the FWS on 125 timber sales proposed for the region. These consultations are to be completed in October 1993 and a critical habitat designation for the species is expected by November 1992

This model defines the methods used to estimate the cost associated with acquisition and installation of capital equipment of the fuel cell systems defined by the central utility plant model. The capital cost model estimates the cost of acquiring and installing the fuel cell unit, and all auxiliary equipment such as a boiler, air conditioning, hot water storage, and pumps. The model provides a means to adjust initial cost estimates to consider learning associated with the projected level of production and installation of fuel cell systems. The capital cost estimate is an input to the cost of ownership analysis where it is combined with operating cost and revenue model estimates.

This phase of the project essentially consists of preparing organometallic reagents which are known or have been reported to act as homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts of aromatic hydrocarbons and studying their properties as homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts under various conditions with the ultimate objective of using these compounds to catalyze the conversion of coal liquids. With regards to this task, we have prepared two rhodium (I) catalysts. These are the dimer of dichloropentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium, [RhCl{sub 2}(C{sub 5}Me{sub 5})], and the dimer of chloro(1,5-hexadiene) rhodium. The dimer of dichloropentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium was prepared by stirring rhodium (III) chloride hydrate with hexamethyldewarbenzene at 65{degrees}C. It was reported to hydrogenate arenes and various substituted arenas such as aryl ethers, esters and ketones at 50{degrees} and 50 atm of dihydrogen. The dimer of chloro (1,5-hexadiene) rhodium was prepared by reacting rhodium (III) chloride hydrate with 1,5-hexadiene at 50{degrees}C for six days in water. Our second task is to investigate the chemistry of base-catalyzed hydrogenation of organic compounds with the ultimate objective of applying the chemistry behind this novel concept to the catalytic conversion of coal liquids. It is not generally known that bases such as the hydroxide ion are capable of activating dihydrogen to form ``solvated hydride`` or hydride-like …

Helium refrigerator performance degrades rapidly when it has to handle a varying or pulsed heat load. A novel scheme is presented to handle highly pulsed 4.5 K cryogenic loads with a standard helium refrigerator by isolating it from these pulses. The scheme uses a relatively simple arrangement of control valves, heat exchangers, and a storage dewar. Applications include pulsed tokamak machines such as TPX (Tokamak Physics Experiment) and ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). For example, the TPX (currently in the conceptual design phase in a DoE contract) requires an average 4.5 K refrigerator capacity of about 10 kW; however, pulsed loads caused by eddy current and nuclear heating will exceed 100 kW. The scheme presented here provides a method for handling these pulsed loads. Because of the simple and proven nature of the components involved and the thermodynamic properties of the helium, the system could be implemented for projects such as TPX or ITER with little or no development.

This executive summary contains a description of the logic diagram format; some examples from the diagram (Vol. 2) and associated technology evaluation data sheets (Vol. 3); a complete (albeit condensed) listing of the RA, D&D, and WM problems at ORNL; and a complete listing of the technology rankings for all the areas covered by the diagram.

The objective of this research is to develop a mechanistic understanding of the oxidation of coal and coal pyrite, and to correlate the intrinsic physical and chemical properties of these minerals, along with changes resulting from oxidation, with those surface properties that influence the behavior in physical cleaning processes. The results will provide fundamental insight into oxidation, in terms of the bulk and surface chemistry, the microstructure, and the semiconductor properties of the pyrite. During the eleventh quarter, dry thermal oxidation tests were done on coal samples from the Pennsylvania State Coal Bank. As-received and oxidized coal samples were studied by ion-exchange methods to determine the carboxylate and phenolic group concentrations. Film flotation tests were done to characterize the flotability of as-received and oxidized coals. In addition, electrokinetic tests were done on different coals, to obtain information pertinent to the selection of flotation reagents. DRIFT analysis was done to characterize the structure of coals.

This is the final report for a subcontract to supply a Doppler Beam Sharpening model to interface with the radar stimulation package running on the Cray supercomputers. The article describes the beam sharpening model, and the way beam sharpening is implemented by the model. Changes from previous work are emphasized in this report.

Work on microwave joining of sintered SiC has showed that small samples could be jointed using Si interlayer (applied as pressed powder); SEM showed a smooth, homogeneous interlayer 50 {mu}m wide. Objective of this contract is to optimize these joints. Results showed that the interlayer could be reduced to 10-20 {mu}m using an oil-based slurry made from Si powder, and to less than 5 {mu}m by plasma spraying Si on one of the SiC surfaces. Direct joints were made in reaction bonded SiC, using the residual Si. Excellent joints with good mechanical properties were obtained in both small specimens and in small scale tube assemblies like in heat exchanger and radiant burner tubes. In situ reaction synthesis from powders to produce a SiC-TiC-SiC joint was demonstrated, as well feasibility of producing SiC from microwave-assisted decomposition of polymer precursors. Finally, new applicator designs, including a compound adjustable iris and a mitered bend single mode cavity, were demonstrated to provide improved heating of larger and longer specimens. This work provides the foundation for scaleup of microwave joining to SiC components for industrial applications.

A report was prepared in Sept 1992, RHIC/DET Note 8, also known as ROCOCO, which estimated the various computing resources which will be required by the RHIC experimental program. A study has now been undertaken to review technical issues associated with supplying these resources. This study, organized by the HEP/NP Computing Group but including other appropriate participants, addresses questions of technologies, manpower, cost and schedule. The following document is an interim summary of this study both in terms of discussions which have occurred and initial conclusions reached.

This report describes the results of a project to improve the generic component failure data base for the Savannah River Site (SRS). A representative list of components and failure modes for SRS risk models was generated by reviewing existing safety analyses and component failure data bases and from suggestions from SRS safety analysts. Then sources of data or failure rate estimates were identified and reviewed for applicability. A major source of information was the Nuclear Computerized Library for Assessing Reactor Reliability, or NUCLARR. This source includes an extensive collection of failure data and failure rate estimates for commercial nuclear power plants. A recent Idaho National Engineering Laboratory report on failure data from the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant was also reviewed. From these and other recent sources, failure data and failure rate estimates were collected for the components and failure modes of interest. This information was aggregated to obtain a recommended generic failure rate distribution (mean and error factor) for each component failure mode.

Phenomenological approaches to describe the spin structure functions an spin sum rules for proton and neutrons at low momentum transfer Q{sup 2} and energy transfer {nu}, i.e. in the region of the nucleon resonances are discussed. Experiments to measure A{sub 1}{sup p}, A{sub 2}{sup p} and N{sub 1}{sup n} structure functions at CEBAF in a Q{sup 2} range from 0.15 to 2.0 GeV{sup 2}, and a W range from threshold to 2.2 GeV are presented.

This is the final report on the N*IMAGE project. It contains a brief abstract of the project background, objectives, efforts taken to achieve the objectives, and publications provided. The Soviet Union has devolved into various autonomous republics, each having individual nationalistic agendas, yet retaining many of the indigenous capabilities and facilities that were present prior to the dissolution of the USSR. Military forces, especially nuclear, still exist in spite of the changes in the overarching control hierarchy. The Commonwealth of Independent States [CIS] has been created, ostensibly maintaining control over the strategic forces of the now-defunct Soviet Union. These changes have created an identifiable need to understand the old forces in a new context. It is important to understand the political, social, and economic structures that bear on the new environment. Information on the individual republics and former Soviet Union is coming in at a staggering rate; it must be assimilated and analyzed while being careful not to lose those existing data points and analysis of Soviet information that are still relevant. The objective of the proposed FSRC work was to provide user-friendly, automated analytical tools to assist the analyst in assessing various aspects of Russia and CIS Nuclear Weapons. …

Structural phase transformation in lanthanides and actinides were investigated as a function of pressure up to 300 GPa at room temperature. Except in Ce and Pr, no large volume changes were noticed for these metals as thy went through several phase changes. The appearance of a bct ultra-high pressure phase in Ce, Sm, Th, and possibly in Np, raises the possibility that the ultimate high pressure structure for the 4f and 5f metals may be the bct structure. On the other hand, it is also possible that this is a precursor to another close-packed structure at even higher pressure.

Figure 7 summarizes the carbon selectivities observed towards the main products. During Period IV, the main products observed were the heavy hydrocarbons, with selectivity for MTBE being less than 3--5%. The only time that high MTBE selectivity was noted was during period III, when the i-butylene feed was shut-off. The large amounts of heavy products and the low selectivity to MTBE were surprising in view of our previous experiments in the gas phase and the high methanol-to-i-butylene ratio used in these runs. In the gas-phase and with methanol/i-butylene = 0.5, over 95% selectivity to MTBE was observed with this catalyst at this temperature. The higher level of methanol used here would be expected to further improve the MTBE selectivity. Perhaps one reason for the poor MTBE selectivity relates to the relative solubilities of the reactants in the Synfluid changing the effective methanol/i-butylene ratio. Figure 8 shows the relative molar concentration of i-butylene during Period III. At 180 minutes, the gas supply of that reactant was shut-off, yet the analyses show that i-butylene continued to elute from the reactor for at least an additional 2 hours. It seems reasonable that the i-butylene is highly soluble in the Synfluid since they are …