This is the final report on the Subscale Combustor Testing performed at Textron Defense Systems` (TDS) Haverhill Combustion Laboratories for the Advanced Coal-Fueled Gas Turbine System Program of the Westinghouse Electric Corp. This program was initiated by the Department of Energy in 1986 as an R&D effort to establish the technology base for the commercial application of direct coal-fired gas turbines. The combustion system under consideration incorporates a modular staged, rich-lean-quench, Toroidal Vortex Slogging Combustor (TVC) concept. Fuel-rich conditions in the first stage inhibit NO{sub x} formation from fuel-bound nitrogen; molten coal ash and sulfated sorbent are removed, tapped and quenched from the combustion gases by inertial separation in the second stage. Final oxidation of the fuel-rich gases, and dilution to achieve the desired turbine inlet conditions are accomplished in the third stage, which is maintained sufficiently lean so that here, too, NO{sub x} formation is inhibited. The primary objective of this work was to verify the feasibility of a direct coal-fueled combustion system for combustion turbine applications. This has been accomplished by the design, fabrication, testing and operation of a subscale development-type coal-fired combustor. Because this was a complete departure from present-day turbine combustors and fuels, it was considered …

Battelle and DOE have been developing the Nested Fiber Filter for high-temperature, high-pressure particulate control as applied to advanced coal-fired power systems. The current program represents a focused effort to develop cleaning techniques for the NFF at pilot plant scale. The filter consists of a 10-inch deep nest of stainless steel fibers collecting particles as dendrites on individual fibers. Tests with a 6-sq ft Nested Fiber Filter (NFF) have demonstrated greater than 99% particulate capture over a limited number of operating hours. Design, development, and testing a 6-sq ft module proceeded in three sequential stages. The NFF test module was integrated with a fluidized bed combustor to provide a realistic particulate laden gas to the NFF. Initial problems with gas and particulate bypassing plus ineffective cleaning by acoustic drivers led to a series of tests on a 1.5 sq ft section of the NFF. The fiber bed was slightly compressed to further prevent voids forming at the side walls during the vibration cleaning cycle. A mechanical vibrator was coupled with the pulse combustor to effectively clean/regenerate the NFF over a limited number of cycles. Testing resumed with the 6-sq ft test module and the above modifications. Two tests totaling 15 …

Recent advances in photoconductive and bolometric semiconductor detectors for wavelength 1 mm > {lambda} > 50 {mu}m are reviewed. Progress in detector performance in this photon energy range has been stimulated by new and stringent requirements for ground based, high altitude and space-borne telescopes for astronomical and astrophysical observations. The paper consists of chapters dealing with the various types of detectors: Be and Ga doped Ge photoconductors, stressed Ge:Ga devices and neutron transmutation doped Ge thermistors. Advances in the understanding of basic detector physics and the introduction of modern semiconductor device technology have led to predictable and reliable fabrication techniques. Integration of detectors into functional arrays has become feasible and is vigorously pursued by groups worldwide.

At Los Alamos we are engaged in applying innovative oxidation and reduction technologies to the destruction of hazardous organics. Non thermal plasmas and relativistic electron-beams both involve the generation of free radicals and are applicable to a wide variety of mixed waste as closed-loop designs can be easily engineered. Silent discharge plasmas (SDP), long used for the generation of ozone, have been demonstrated in the laboratory to be effective in destroying hazardous organic compounds and offer an altemative to existing post-incineration and off-gas treatments. SDP generates very energetic electrons which efficiently create reactive free radicals, without adding the enthalpy associated with very high gas temperatures. A SDP cell has been used as a second stage to a LANL designed, packed-bed reactor (PBR) and has demonstrated DREs as high as 99.9999% for a variety of combustible liquid and gas-based waste streams containing scintillation fluids, nitrates, PCB surrogates, and both chlorinated and fluorinated solvents. Radiolytic treatment of waste using electron-beams and/or bremsstrahlung can be applied to a wide range of waste media (liquids, sludges, and solids). The efficacy and economy of these systems has been demonstrated for aqueous waste through both laboratory and pilot scale studies. We win present recent experimental and …

Obstacles currently facing the solid waste recycling industry are often related to a lack of public and investor confidence, issues of profitability and liability, and insufficient consumer identification with products made from recycled materials. Resolution of these issues may not be possible without major changes in the way the solid waste recycling business is structured. At the same time, we are faced with opportunities which will not likely recur in our lifetimes: access to educated, well trained work forces; and large tracts of land that are contiguous with metropolitan areas and are developed for heavy industry and transportation. Military installations are being converted to civilian use just in time to serve as important a role in our national resource conservation policy. The future of recycling in North America converges with the future of selected bases on the closure list and takes the form of converting these bases into Advanced Recycling and Research Complexes. The premise is simple: use these strategically-located facilities as industrial parks where a broad range of secondary wastes are separated, refined, or converted and made into new products on site. The wastes would include municipal solid waste (MSW), demolition waste, landscape trimmings, used tires, scrap metal, agricultural …

In the fourth quarter of 1992, we continued work on Tasks 2, 3, and 4. In Task 2, we continued preparation of the reversible absorption apparatus for measuring SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} solubilities. We received and installed the gas cabinet necessary for safe handling of these gases and made several modifications to the reversible absorption apparatus aimed at reducing the time required for each measurement. We also began evaluating chromatography columns for their ability to separate SO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}, and O{sub 2}. In Task 3, we synthesized three polymers of dimethylangline (DMA). The first, an oligomer of DMA, resulted in an insoluble (to most solvents) solid that is unsuitable for use as an absorbent. In order to produce a liquid material, we synthesized several DMA copolymers. A 50:50 (mole ratio) copolymer of N-phenylaziridine and propyleneimine also resulted in a solid; however, reducing the N-phenylaziridine to propyleneimine ratio to 30:70 produced a liquid at room temperature. Fourteen grams of the 30:70 copolymer were, prepared for absorption measurements. In Task 4, we performed three sets of BFC experiments. The objective of the first two sets was to determine the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient and the objective of the third …

ABCI (Azimuthal Beam Cavity Interaction) is a computer program which solves the Maxwell equations directly in the time domain when a Gaussian beam goes through an axi-symmetrical structure on or off axis. Many new features have been implemented in the new version of ABCI (presently version 6.6), including the ``moving mesh`` and Napoly`s method of calculation of wake potentials. The mesh is now generated only for the part of the structure inside a window, and moves together with the window frame. This moving mesh option reduces the number of mesh points considerably, and very fine meshes can be used. Napoly`s integration method makes it possible to compute wake potentials in a structure such as a collimator, where parts of the cavity material are at smaller radii than that of the beam pipes, in such a way that the contribution from the beam pipes vanishes. For the monopole wake potential, ABCI can be applied even to structures with unequal beam pipe radii. Furthermore, the radial mesh size can be varied over the structure, permitting to use a fine mesh only where actually needed. With these improvements, the program allows computation of wake fields for structures far too complicated for older codes. …

Recently proposed low energy neutral atom (LENA) imaging techniques use a collisional process to convert the low energy neutrals into ions before detection. At low energies, collisional processes limit the angular resolution and conversion efficiencies of these devices. However, if the intense ultraviolet light background can be suppressed, direct LENA detection is possible. We present results from a series of experiments designed to develop a novel filtering structure based on free-standing transmission gratings. If the grating period is sufficiently small, free standing transmission gratings can be employed to substantially polarize ultraviolet (UV) light in the wavelength range 300 {Angstrom} to 1500 {Angstrom}. If a second grating is placed behind the first grating with its axis of polarization oriented at a right angle to the first`s, a substantial attenuation of UV radiation is achievable. ne neutrals will pass through the remaining open area of two gratings and be detected without UV background complications. We have obtained nominal 2000 {Angstrom} period (1000 {Angstrom} bars with 1000 {Angstrom} slits) free standing, gold transmission gratings and measured their UV and atomic transmission characteristics. The geometric factor of a LENA imager based on this technology is comparable to that of other proposed LENA imagers. In …

Industrial Computerized Tomography has been applied to magnet components in various stages of the manufacturing process. These Computerized Tomographic images can be analyzed to infer detailed dimensional information about magnet component positions (conductor, wedges, collars, etc.) throughout the magnet manufacturing process (cable winding, collaring, yoked/skinned). An analysis technique will be presented and measurement accuracies will be discussed.

The US Department of Energy was directed in the National Energy Strategy to establish a federal interagency task force to identify specific technical and regulatory barriers to the development of five undeveloped North Slope Alaska fields and make recommendations for their resolution. The five fields are West Sak, Point Thomson, Gwydyr Bay, Seal Island/Northstar, and Sandpiper Island. Analysis of environmental, regulatory, technical, and economic information, and data relating to the development potential of the five fields leads to the following conclusions: Development of the five fields would result in an estimated total of 1,055 million barrels of oil and 4.4 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and total investment of $9.4 billion in 1992 dollars. It appears that all five of the fields will remain economically marginal developments unless there is significant improvement in world oil prices. Costs of regulatory compliance and mitigation, and costs to reduce or maintain environmental impacts at acceptable levels influence project investments and operating costs and must be considered in the development decision making process. The development of three of the fields (West Sak, Point Thomson, and Gwydyr Bay) that are marginally feasible would have an impact on North Slope production over the period from …

The ALS Gun Electronics system has been designed to accommodate gun with a custom made socket and high speed electronics circuit which is capable of producing single and multiple electron bunches with time jitters measured at better than 50 PS. The system generates the gated RF signal at ground level before sending it up to the 120 KV-biased gun deck via a fiber optic cable. The current pulse width as a function of grid bias, using an Eimac 8847A planar triode simulating an electron gun, was measured to show the relationship between the two parameters.

The ALS Gun Electronics system has been designed to accommodate gun with a custom made socket and high speed electronics circuit which is capable of producing single and multiple electron bunches with time jitters measured at better than 50 PS. The system generates the gated RF signal at ground level before sending it up to the 120 KV-biased gun deck via a fiber optic cable. The current pulse width as a function of grid bias, using an Eimac 8847A planar triode simulating an electron gun, was measured to show the relationship between the two parameters.

The ALS Storage Ring RF System is characterized by the use of the following features: (1) High power loading of two single cell cavities. (2) The use of a tubular ceramic input window employing aperture coupling. (3) The use of waveguide filters and matchers designed for HOM absorption. (4) A comprehensive HOM monitoring system. (5) The use of waveguide water-wedge loads for the magic tee and circulator loads. The results of cavity measurements and high power tests are reported together with the performance of the system during the commissioning and operation phases of the ALS project. Plans for future window development are discussed.

This report documents the first attempt by the Department of Energy (DOE) to work with states to prepare five-year Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) acquisition plans to identify alternative fuels and vehicles that they are planning on or would like to acquire. The DOE Regional Support Offices (RSOs) met with representatives from the states in their regions and assisted in the preparation of the plans. These plans will be used in conjunction with previously gathered Federal five-year plans to encourage Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to expand the variety of AFVs produced, reduce the incremental cost of AFVs, and to encourage fuel suppliers to expand the alternative fuel infrastructure and alternative fuel availability. By identifying the needs and requirements of state fleets, DOE can begin to describe the specific nature of the future state fleets, and establish a defined market for OEMs and fuel suppliers. DOE initiated the development and collection of the state five-year plans before the signing of the Energy Policy Act, to raise the awareness of states that they will be required by law to acquire AFVs. As a result, several states that had no AFV acquisition plan when queried have developed or are in the process of developing …

A large number of dosimeters that have produced abnormal data during field assignment have been stored, reirradiated, and studied. Results are summarized and comparisons are made with normal dosimeters. Summarized here are anomalous glow curve shapes, distributions of anomalies in the residual luminescent responses, and historical and repeat-irradiation behavior of abnormal dosimeters. The results indicate that by far the most frequent abnormal data involve elevated readings from Chip 3, accompanied by excess luminescence at temperatures higher than that of the normal radiation produced band. There is no sharp division between normal and abnormal dosimeters (dosimeters yielding excess luminescence at high temperature). Rather, dosimeters exhibit a continuum of behavior from very good (little high temperature luminescence) to clearly abnormal behavior. The excess luminescence emitted at high temperature in abnormal dosimeters is not proportional to absorbed dose; it has a radiation-independent average value that depends on the dosimeter but varies erratically above and below that average for consecutive anneals. At relatively high radiation exposures (>100 mR), the amount of excess high temperature luminescence becomes unimportant and abnormal data are rare.

A large number of dosimeters that have produced abnormal data during field assignment have been stored, reirradiated, and studied. Results are summarized and comparisons are made with normal dosimeters. Summarized here are anomalous glow curve shapes, distributions of anomalies in the residual luminescent responses, and historical and repeat-irradiation behavior of abnormal dosimeters. The results indicate that by far the most frequent abnormal data involve elevated readings from Chip 3, accompanied by excess luminescence at temperatures higher than that of the normal radiation produced band. There is no sharp division between normal and abnormal dosimeters (dosimeters yielding excess luminescence at high temperature). Rather, dosimeters exhibit a continuum of behavior from very good (little high temperature luminescence) to clearly abnormal behavior. The excess luminescence emitted at high temperature in abnormal dosimeters is not proportional to absorbed dose; it has a radiation-independent average value that depends on the dosimeter but varies erratically above and below that average for consecutive anneals. At relatively high radiation exposures (>100 mR), the amount of excess high temperature luminescence becomes unimportant and abnormal data are rare.

N/C and S/C ratios show only minor differences between asphaltenes and coal on this basis, the asphaltenes continue to appear to be good surrogates for the characterization of organic acid rain precursors in coal. Alkylmethoxythiophene carboxylic acids (ATCA) are detected in all dichromate oxidation products analyzed to date. Relative concentrations of ATCA compounds are directly proportional to the sample`s bulk organic sulfur contents. Concentrations of ATCA compounds in oxidation products decrease upon repeated oxidation. This may indicate that the thiophenic groups tend to be located in external positions on the coal macromolecular structure and a high proportion of them can be stripped away with only one mild oxidation step. If true, this may make industrial-scale removal of organic sulfur easier than expected. Using analytical micropyrolysis-gas chromatography with a sulfur-selective flame photometric detector, it is possible to easily see a full distribution of organic sulfur forms in a one-step analysis. The predominance of alkylthiophenes in the pyrolyzates lends credence to the discovery of thiophenic compounds in the dichromate oxidation products. The thiophene concentrations in pyrolyzates are directly proportional to bulk organic sulfur values. However, thiophene distributions in IBCSP coals are remarkably similar, regardless of organic sulfur content. It is thus possible …

In order to predict the global energy confinement time in the next generation of large tokamaks it is essential to have data from machines of different sizes and operating parameter regimes. This data can also be used to construct dimensionless scalings and thereby attempt to differentiate between Bohm and gyro-Bohm based transport models. Previously, at the request of the ITER project, H-mode global confinement data was assembled from six machines ASDEX, DIII-D, JET, JFT-2M, PBX-M, and PDX into a single database. This collaboration has continued with the initial database being expanded by extending the plasma parameter space as well as by improving the precision of some of the relevant calculated plasma parameters. This paper summarizes work that has been performed on the newest version (ITERH.DB2) of the confinement database.

Periodic newsletter discussing information related to legislation, state finance, and other topics related to Texas government. This issue focuses on intrastate trucking regulation, disadvantaged business enterprises, commodity restrictions, rate reforms, safety changes, commercial zone expansion, and more.

This report summarizes the results of Phase 2 of Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Joining Silicon Nitride to Metal and Silicon Carbide to Metal for Advanced Heat Engine Applications. A general methodology was developed to optimize the joint geometry and material systems for 650{degrees}C applications. Failure criteria were derived to predict the fracture of the braze and ceramic. Extensive finite element analyses (FEA) were performed to examine various joint geometries and to evaluate the affect of different interlayers on the residual stress state. Also, material systems composed of coating materials, interlayers, and braze alloys were developed for the program based on the chemical stability and strength of the joints during processing, and service. The FEA results were compared with experiments using two methods: (1) an idealized strength relationship of the ceramic, and (2) a probabilistic analysis of the ceramic strength (NASA CARES). The results showed that the measured strength of the joint reached 30--80% of the strength predicted by FEA. Also, potential high-temperature braze alloys were developed and evaluated for the high-temperature application of ceramic-metal joints. 38 tabs, 29 figs, 20 refs.

The Advanced Light Source (ALS) control system is quite unconventional in its design and implementation. This paper discusses the system design considerations, the actual implementation, hardware and software costs, and the measured performance across all layers of the system.

Using the cosmic ray shadows of the sun and moon, we have estimated the angular resolution of the CYGNUS extensive air shower array. With the event sample now available we estimate the angular resolution of the array to be 0.70{sub {minus}0.06}{sup {plus}0.07} degrees. The resolution depends on the total number of detected shower particles. A new parameterization of the measured shower-front timing structure and the use of counters with small pulse areas lead to a {approximately}25% improvement in the resolution. The systematic pointing error of the array is less than 0.4{degree}.

We have carried out a theoretical analysis of the stability and parallel structure of coupled shear-Alfven and slow-magnetosonic waves in the Earth`s inner magnetosphere including effects of finite anisotropic plasma pressure. Multiscale perturbation analysis of the anisotropic Grad-Shafranov equation yields an approximate self-consistent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium. This MHD equilibrium is used in the numerical solution of a set of eigenmode equations which describe the field line eigenfrequency, linear stability, and parallel eigenmode structure. We call these modes anisotropic Alfven-ballooning modes. The main results are: The field line eigenfrequency can be significantly lowered by finite pressure effects. The parallel mode structure of the transverse wave components is fairly insensitive to changes in the plasma pressure but the compressional magnetic component can become highly peaked near the magnetic equator due to increased pressure, especially when P{perpendicular} > P{parallel}. For the isotropic case ballooning instability can occur when the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure, exceeds a critical value {beta}{sub o}{sup B} {approx} 3.5 at the equator. Compared to the isotropic case the critical beta value is lowered by anisotropy, either due to decreased field-line-bending stabilization when P{parallel} > P{perpendicular}, or due to increased ballooning-mirror destabilization when P{perpendicular} > P{parallel}. …

We have carried out a theoretical analysis of the stability and parallel structure of coupled shear-Alfven and slow-magnetosonic waves in the Earth's inner magnetosphere including effects of finite anisotropic plasma pressure. Multiscale perturbation analysis of the anisotropic Grad-Shafranov equation yields an approximate self-consistent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium. This MHD equilibrium is used in the numerical solution of a set of eigenmode equations which describe the field line eigenfrequency, linear stability, and parallel eigenmode structure. We call these modes anisotropic Alfven-ballooning modes. The main results are: The field line eigenfrequency can be significantly lowered by finite pressure effects. The parallel mode structure of the transverse wave components is fairly insensitive to changes in the plasma pressure but the compressional magnetic component can become highly peaked near the magnetic equator due to increased pressure, especially when P[perpendicular] > P[parallel]. For the isotropic case ballooning instability can occur when the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure, exceeds a critical value [beta][sub o][sup B] [approx] 3.5 at the equator. Compared to the isotropic case the critical beta value is lowered by anisotropy, either due to decreased field-line-bending stabilization when P[parallel] > P[perpendicular], or due to increased ballooning-mirror destabilization when P[perpendicular] > P[parallel]. …